A Turkish CHP case study; techno-economic, environmental and policy analysis

Öz

The Turkish energy policy requires a strategic framework for sustainable economic growth, energy security and to meet the continuously rising energy demand. The 2030 energy plan of Turkey has a target to achieve 30% of its electricity generation from renewable technology with a significant reduction in global Green House Gas emissions by utilizing local renewable energy resources and clean technologies. Also, the Turkish energy network requires a significant contribution from other technologies such as combined heat and power and integrated energy systems to develop a strong, efficient and effective renewable energy network.

This case study involves a techno-economic, policy and environmental assessment of a combined heat and power system for the Izmir Institute of Technology. It highlights the inefficiency of the existing system and proposes a CHP system to meet the current and future energy requirement. Two systems were taken into consideration, a gas turbine and a reciprocating engine based combined cycle systems to analyze the best possible scenario to achieve sustainability.

The result shows that the reciprocating engine based system provided a reduction of 77% of CO2 emissions with increased overall efficiency of 47% and 0.166 million USD annual savings in comparison with the grid-based system and gas turbine with a reduction of 8% of CO₂ emissions and increased overall efficiency of 43.5%. The outcome depict the importance of the CHP system on universities, institutes, and residential applications and emphasize on the modification of the policies towards the 5th generation energy network, including a combination of different technologies to achieve the energy and environmental targets for strengthening the Turkish energy network.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Energy Efficiency,Combined Heat and Power,Energy Policy,Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis,Sustainability

Kaynakça

1. [1] https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015SpecialReportonEnergyandClimateChange.pdf
2. [2] Nami, H., Mahmoudi, S., & Nemati, A. 2017, “Exergy, economic and environmental impact assessment and optimization of a novel cogeneration system including a gas turbine, a supercritical CO2 and an organic Rankine cycle (GT-HRSG/SCO2)”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 110, 1315-1330.
3. [3] Gopalakrishnan, H., & Kosanovic, D. 2014, “Economic optimization of combined cycle district heating systems”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 7, 91-100.
4. [4] Mondol, J. D., & Carr, C. 2017, “Techno-economic assessments of advanced Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) technology for the new electricity market in the United Arab Emirates”. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 19, 160-172.
5. [5] Balli, O., Aras, H., & Hepbasli, A. 2007, “Exergetic performance evaluation of a combined heat and power (CHP) system in Turkey”, International Journal of Energy Research, 31(9), 849-866.
6. [6] Celador, A. C., Erkoreka, A., Escudero, K. M., & Sala, J. 2011, “Feasibility of small-scale gas engine-based residential cogeneration in Spain”, Energy Policy, 39(6), 3813-3821.
7. [7] Nemati, A., Nami, H., Ranjbar, F., & Yari, M. 2017, “A comparative thermodynamic analysis of ORC and Kalina cycles for waste heat recovery: a case study for CGAM cogeneration system”. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 9, 1-13.
8. [8] Giarola, S., Forte, O., Lanzini, A., Gandiglio, M., Santarelli, M., & Hawkes, A. 2018, “Techno-economic assessment of biogas-fed solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power system at industrial scale”, Applied Energy, 211, 689-704.

9. [9] Karlsson, J., Brunzell, L., & Venkatesh, G. 2018, “Material-flow analysis, energy analysis, and partial environmental-LCA of a district-heating combined heat and power plant in Sweden”, Energy, 144, 31-40.
10. [10] Havukainen, J., Nguyen, M. T., Väisänen, S., & Horttanainen, M. 2018, “Life cycle assessment of small-scale combined heat and power plant: Environmental impacts of different forest biofuels and replacing district heat produced from natural gas”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 837-846.
11. [11] Szega, M., & Żymełka, P. 2018, “Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of the Production of Electricity, Heat, and Cold in the Combined Heat and Power Unit With the Absorption Chillers”, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 140(5), 052002.
12. [12] Keynia, F. 2018, “ An optimal design to provide combined cooling, heating, and power of residential buildings”, International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 1-16.
13. [13] Tataraki, K. G., Kavvadias, K. C., & Maroulis, Z. B. 2018, “A systematic approach to evaluate the economic viability of Combined Cooling Heating and Power systems over conventional technologies”, Energy, 148, 283-295.
14. [14] http://www.inforse.org/europe/eu_cogen-di.htm
15. [15] https://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/eu2020_en.pdf
16. [16] https://www.cogeneurope.eu/images/profiles/COGEN%20Europe%20ECR%20-20Germany%20Preview.pdf
17. [17] https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/CTF_Presentation_2_Turkey_update.pdf
18. [18] https://www.oe-eb.at/dam/jcr:c4a98592-294b-49db-8536-4104286d2ce3/OeEB-Study-Energy-Efficiency-Finance-Serbia.pdf
19. [19] http://www.stadinilmasto.fi/hyvia-esimerkkeja/viikin-ymparistotalo-suomen-vahiten-energiaa-kuluttava-toimistorakennus/.
20. [20] https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/bmuimport/files/english/pdf/application/pdf/klimapaket_aug2007_en.pdf
21. [21] https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/3168
22. [22] Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2011, “Climate Tech Book: Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.
23. [23] http://www.bbc.com/weather/
24. [24] https://www.solarturbines.com/en_US/products/power-generation-packages/centaur-40.html
25. [25] https://www.clarke-energy.com/wp-content/uploads/ETS_E_T4_update13_rz.pdf
26. [26] Duzen, M. 2014, “Natural Gas Measurement”, Flow Control Magazine.
27. [27] Flagan, Richard C. and Seinfeld, John H. 1988, “Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering”, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood CLiffs, New Jersey.
28. [28] McAllister, S., Chen, J.-Y., & Fernandez-Pello, A. C. 2011, “Fundamentals of Combustion Processes”, New York, NY: Springer New York.
29. [29] Ganapathy, V. 1991, “Waste heat boiler deskbook”, Fairmont Press, University of Michigan.
30. [30] Ganapathy, V. 1997, “Efficiently generate steam from cogeneration plants”, Chemical Engineering, 104(5).
31. [31] Ganapathy, V. 2001, “Options for Improving the Efficiency of Heat Recovery Steam Generators”, EE Online.
32. [32] https://www.pbs.cz/en/our-business/powergineering/turbines/steam-condenser-turbines
33. [33] https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/power-generation/steam-turbines.html
34. [34] https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/emission factors_2014.pdf
35. [35] https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/emission-factors_2014.pdf
36. [36] Brander, M., Sood, A., Wylie, C., Haughton, A., & Lovell, J. 2011, “Technical Paper | Electricity-specific emission factors for grid electricity”, ecometrica, August 2011.
37. [37] https://www.garantiinvestorrelations.com/en/images/pdf/2015-Electricity-Market-Report.pdf
38. [38] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS
39. [39] http://www1. eere. energy. gov/industry/pdfs/webcast_2009-0514_chp_in_facilities. pdfml.
40. [40] https://understandingchp.com/chp-applications-guide/6-8-rules-of-thumb-for-chp-engineering-and-installation-costs/
41. [41] http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21586