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BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 134 - 142, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.803959

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Huzayyin AS., Bawady AH., Rady MA.and Dawood A. 2004. “Experimental Evaluation of Diesel Engine Performance and Emission using Blends of Jojoba Oil and Diesel Fuel”, Energy Conversion and Management, 45, 13-14, 2093-2112.
  • Van Gerpen J.H, Peterson C.L. and Goering C.E. 2007. “Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines”, Agricultural Equipment Technology Conference, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 1-22, 11-14 February.
  • Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. 1999. “Biodiesel production viaacid catalysis” Transactions of the ASAE, 42(5), 1203.
  • Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. 2001. “Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids” Transactions of the ASAE, 44(6), 1429.
  • Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. J. R. E. 2004. “Use of vegetable oils as IC engine fuels—a review” Renewable energy, 29(5), 727-742.
  • He Y. and Bao Y.D. 2003. “Study on Rapeseed Oil as Alternative Fuel for A Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy, 28, 1447-1453.
  • Rakopoulos, C.D., Antonopoulos, K.A., Rakopoulos, D.C., Hountalas, D.T. and Giakoumis, E.G. 2006 “Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins” Energy conversion and management, 47(18-19), 3272-3287.
  • D’Ippolito S.A., Yori J.C., Iturria M.E., Pieck CL. and Vera C.R. 2007. “Analysis of a Two-Step, Noncatalytic, Supercritical Biodiesel, Production Process with Heat Recovery”, Energy & Fuels, 21, 339-346.
  • Kalam M.A., Husnawan M. and Masjuki H.H. 2003. “Exhaust Emission and Combustion Evaluation of Coconut Oil Powered Indirect Injection Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy, 28, 2405-2415.
  • Kafadar, A. B. 2010. Investigation of factors affecting the production of biodiesel from oils. "Dicle University Institute of Science, PhD Thesis, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, F. 2002. “environmentally-friendly renewable fuel nominee for Turkey: the biodiesel”. World of Ecogeneration-Journal of Cogeneration, ICC1, 50-56.
  • Kaya, A. 2007, “Obtaining Biodiesel From Frying Waste Oils Using Super Critical Alcohol Transesterification Method”. Master Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Science, Konya, Turkey.
  • Artukoğlu, B. D. 2006. “Biodiesel production from animal waste oils and improving their properties”. Doctoral dissertation, Master's Thesis, Gazi University Institute of Science, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Nakpong, P. and Wootthikanokkhan, S. 2010. “High free fatty acid coconut oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Thailand”. Renewable Energy, Volume 35, 8, 1682-1687.
  • Adiyaman, A. and Gunay, S. 2008. The location of the biodiesel in the solution of the problem of high cost of farming in Turkey ". Eastern Geographical Journal, 13 (19), 105-122.
  • Reşitoğlu, İ. A. 2010. “Experimental investigation of the effect of diesel engine performance and emission of biodiesel from waste oils”. Master Thesis, Mersin University Institute of Science, Department of Machine Education, Mersin, Turkey.
  • Çelik M., Bayındırlı C. 2020. Enhancement performance and exhaust emissions of rapeseed methylester by using n-hexadecane and n-hexane fuel additives. Energy, 202(117643), 1-12.
  • Bayındırlı C., Çelik M. 2019. Investigation of combustion and emission characteristics of n-hexane and n-hexadecane additives in diesel fuel. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 33(4), 1937-1946.
  • Rathore, D., Nizami, A. S., Singh, A. and Pant, D. 2016. “Key issues in estimating energy and greenhouse gas savings of biofuels: challenges and perspectives.” Biofuel Research Journal, 3(2), 380-393.
  • Knothe, G., 2006. Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83, 823-833.
  • www.biodieselfillingstations.co.uk/approvals.html, [Aviabile date: 8.04.2016]
  • www.dieselnet.com/tech/fuel_biodiesel_std.php, [Aviabile date: 9.04.2016]
  • Koçtürk, D. Y. and Avcıoğlu, A. O. T. D. 2011. “Environmental and economic evaluation of the use of ethanol-gasoline mixed fuels with different properties in spark ignition engines”. Doctoral dissertation, Ankara Uni. Institute of Science, Department of Agricultural Machinery.
  • Balat, M. and Balat, H. 2009. “Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel.” Applied Energy, 86(11), 2273-2282.
  • Özdemir, Z. Ö. and Günduğar, K. 2019. “First, Second Generation Bioethanol Production of Bioethanol Production and Availability & Capacity in Turkey. " Düzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 7(3), 1290-1298.
  • Şenol, H., Elibol, E. A., Açıkel, Ü. and Şenol, M. 2017. “The main sources of biomass for biogas production in Turkey". Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science, 6(2), 81-92.
  • Yürük F. and Erdoğmuş P. 2015. “Determination of the Biogas Potential of Düzce Province that can be Produced from Animal Wastes and the Optimum Plant Location by K-Means Clustering". Advanced Technology Sciences Journal, 4(1): 47-56
  • Batzias, F.A.,. Sidiras, D.K. and Spyrou, E.K., 2005. “Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: a GIS based method”. Renewable Energy, 30, 1161–1176.
  • Martyr A.J., 2006. Engine Testing. Pages: 375-378
  • www.sekizsilindir.com. (Aviabile date: 8.09.2020.)
  • https://www.meidensha.com/products/automobile/prod_01/prod_01_01/index.html (18.09.2020.)
  • Eyidoğan, M., Çanakçı, M., Özsezen, A. N., Aalptekin, E., Türkcan, A. and Kılıçaslan, İ. 2011. “Investigation of the Effects of Ethanol-Gasoline and Methanol-Gasoline Mixtures on Combustion Parameters and Exhaust Emissions of a Spark-ignited Engine”. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering & Architecture of Gazi University, 26(3).
  • Sakthivel, P., Subramanian, K. A. and Mathai, R. 2019. “Experimental study on unregulated emission characteristics of a two-wheeler with ethanol-gasoline blends (E0 to E50)”. Fuel, 262: 116504.
  • Sakthivel, P., Subramanian, K. A. and Mathai, R. 2019. “Comparative studies on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a two-wheeler with gasoline and 30% ethanol-gasoline blend using chassis dynamometer”. Applied Thermal Engineering, 146, 726-737.
  • Bannister, C.D., Hawley, J.G Ali, H.M., Chuck, C.J., Price, P., Chrysafi, S.S., Brown, A. and Pickford, W. 2009. “The İmpact of Biodiesel Blend Ratio On Vehicle Performance and Emissions”. Automobile Engineering, Vol:224, 405-421.
  • Talibi, M., Hellier, P., Watkinson, M. and Ladommatos, N. 2019. “Comparative analysis of H2-diesel co-combustion in a single cylinder engine and a chassis dynamometer vehicle”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(2), 1239-1252.
  • Chen, L., Wang, Z., Liu, S. and Qu, L. 2018. “Using a chassis dynamometer to determine the influencing factors for the emissions of Euro VI vehicles”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, 564-573.
  • Ors, I. 2007. “The effect of gasoline-ethanol mixtures on vehicle performance and exhaust emissions”. Ph.D. thesis, Selcuk University Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Konya, Turkey.
  • Costagliola MA., Prati MV., Florio S., Scorletti P., Terna D., Iodice P., Buono D. and Senatore A. 2016. “Performances and emissions of a 4-stroke motorcycle fuelled with ethanol/gasoline blends”. Fuel, 183:470-477.
  • Subramanian KA., Mathad VC., Vijay VK. and Subbarao PMV. 2013. “Comparative evaluation of emission and fuel economy of an automotive spark ignition vehicle fuelled with methane enriched biogas and CNG using chassis dynamometer”. Applied Energy, 105, 17–29.
  • Peterson CL., Taberski JS., Thompson JC.and Chase CL.2000. “The Effect of Biodiesel Feedstock on Regulated Emissions in Chassic Dynamometer Test of a Pickup Truck”. Transactions of the ASAE, 43(6).
  • Lim C., Kim D., Song C., Kim J., Han J. and Cha J.2015. “Performance and emission characteristics of a vehicle fueled with enriched biogas and natural gases”. Applied Energy, 139, 17–29.
  • Yanowıtz J., Graoski M., Ryan LBA., Alleman TL.and Mccormick RL.1999. “Chassis Dynamometer Study of Emissions from 21 In-Use Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles”. Environ. Sci. Technol, 33, 2.
  • Aydın, M., Afşar, M. and Çelik, M. 2017. “The effects of waste biodiesel usage on engine performance and emissions at a single cylinder diesel engine”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 21 (5), 871-878.
  • Brace, C. J., Burke, R. and Moffa, J. 2009. “Increasing accuracy and repeatability of fuel consumption measurement in chassis dynamometer testing”. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 223(9), 1163–1177.
  • Rajak, U. and Verma, T. N. 2018. “Comparative assessment of the emission characteristics of first, second and third generation biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine”. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 496-510.
  • İlker, Ö., Tarakçıoğlu, N. and Ciniviz, M. 2009. “Effects of Gasoline – Ethanol Blends on Vehicle Performance and Exhaust Emissions”. Journal of Polytechnic, 12(1), 13-19.
  • Özçelik, A.E., Aydoğan, H. and Acaroğlu, M. 2015. “A study of the effects of bioethanol-gasoline blends on vehicle emissions”. J. Clean Energy Technol, 3, 332-335.

Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 134 - 142, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.803959

Öz

Most of the world's energy needs are met from fossil sources. However, the decrease in fossil resources and the burning of the fuels obtained from these sources have negative aspects such as environmental pollution, acid rain or global warming. The sensitivity shown to the environment is directly related to the economic and welfare levels of the countries. Therefore, the amount of harmful substances that can be found in the exhaust emission in economically developed countries has been determined by standards. Due to such negative effects, studies are carried out on alternative energy sources. Alternative energy sources are a product that is released as a result of the reaction of vegetable oils or animal oils obtained from oilseed plants such as canola, sunflower, corn, cotton, camelina etc. with methanol, a short-chain alcohol, in the presence of a catalyst and used as fuel. Domestic frying oils and animal based oils can also be used as biodiesel raw materials. The eurodiesel fuel used in diesel engines is the main energy source for transportation and freight transportation. Biodiesel produced from oils are important alternative fuels for diesel engines. In this study, the effects of vehicles using different biofuels and mixtures in our country and the world on the chassis dynamometer were investigated, especially on vehicle performance and emissions.

Kaynakça

  • Huzayyin AS., Bawady AH., Rady MA.and Dawood A. 2004. “Experimental Evaluation of Diesel Engine Performance and Emission using Blends of Jojoba Oil and Diesel Fuel”, Energy Conversion and Management, 45, 13-14, 2093-2112.
  • Van Gerpen J.H, Peterson C.L. and Goering C.E. 2007. “Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines”, Agricultural Equipment Technology Conference, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 1-22, 11-14 February.
  • Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. 1999. “Biodiesel production viaacid catalysis” Transactions of the ASAE, 42(5), 1203.
  • Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. 2001. “Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids” Transactions of the ASAE, 44(6), 1429.
  • Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. J. R. E. 2004. “Use of vegetable oils as IC engine fuels—a review” Renewable energy, 29(5), 727-742.
  • He Y. and Bao Y.D. 2003. “Study on Rapeseed Oil as Alternative Fuel for A Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy, 28, 1447-1453.
  • Rakopoulos, C.D., Antonopoulos, K.A., Rakopoulos, D.C., Hountalas, D.T. and Giakoumis, E.G. 2006 “Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins” Energy conversion and management, 47(18-19), 3272-3287.
  • D’Ippolito S.A., Yori J.C., Iturria M.E., Pieck CL. and Vera C.R. 2007. “Analysis of a Two-Step, Noncatalytic, Supercritical Biodiesel, Production Process with Heat Recovery”, Energy & Fuels, 21, 339-346.
  • Kalam M.A., Husnawan M. and Masjuki H.H. 2003. “Exhaust Emission and Combustion Evaluation of Coconut Oil Powered Indirect Injection Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy, 28, 2405-2415.
  • Kafadar, A. B. 2010. Investigation of factors affecting the production of biodiesel from oils. "Dicle University Institute of Science, PhD Thesis, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, F. 2002. “environmentally-friendly renewable fuel nominee for Turkey: the biodiesel”. World of Ecogeneration-Journal of Cogeneration, ICC1, 50-56.
  • Kaya, A. 2007, “Obtaining Biodiesel From Frying Waste Oils Using Super Critical Alcohol Transesterification Method”. Master Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Science, Konya, Turkey.
  • Artukoğlu, B. D. 2006. “Biodiesel production from animal waste oils and improving their properties”. Doctoral dissertation, Master's Thesis, Gazi University Institute of Science, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Nakpong, P. and Wootthikanokkhan, S. 2010. “High free fatty acid coconut oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Thailand”. Renewable Energy, Volume 35, 8, 1682-1687.
  • Adiyaman, A. and Gunay, S. 2008. The location of the biodiesel in the solution of the problem of high cost of farming in Turkey ". Eastern Geographical Journal, 13 (19), 105-122.
  • Reşitoğlu, İ. A. 2010. “Experimental investigation of the effect of diesel engine performance and emission of biodiesel from waste oils”. Master Thesis, Mersin University Institute of Science, Department of Machine Education, Mersin, Turkey.
  • Çelik M., Bayındırlı C. 2020. Enhancement performance and exhaust emissions of rapeseed methylester by using n-hexadecane and n-hexane fuel additives. Energy, 202(117643), 1-12.
  • Bayındırlı C., Çelik M. 2019. Investigation of combustion and emission characteristics of n-hexane and n-hexadecane additives in diesel fuel. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 33(4), 1937-1946.
  • Rathore, D., Nizami, A. S., Singh, A. and Pant, D. 2016. “Key issues in estimating energy and greenhouse gas savings of biofuels: challenges and perspectives.” Biofuel Research Journal, 3(2), 380-393.
  • Knothe, G., 2006. Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83, 823-833.
  • www.biodieselfillingstations.co.uk/approvals.html, [Aviabile date: 8.04.2016]
  • www.dieselnet.com/tech/fuel_biodiesel_std.php, [Aviabile date: 9.04.2016]
  • Koçtürk, D. Y. and Avcıoğlu, A. O. T. D. 2011. “Environmental and economic evaluation of the use of ethanol-gasoline mixed fuels with different properties in spark ignition engines”. Doctoral dissertation, Ankara Uni. Institute of Science, Department of Agricultural Machinery.
  • Balat, M. and Balat, H. 2009. “Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel.” Applied Energy, 86(11), 2273-2282.
  • Özdemir, Z. Ö. and Günduğar, K. 2019. “First, Second Generation Bioethanol Production of Bioethanol Production and Availability & Capacity in Turkey. " Düzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 7(3), 1290-1298.
  • Şenol, H., Elibol, E. A., Açıkel, Ü. and Şenol, M. 2017. “The main sources of biomass for biogas production in Turkey". Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science, 6(2), 81-92.
  • Yürük F. and Erdoğmuş P. 2015. “Determination of the Biogas Potential of Düzce Province that can be Produced from Animal Wastes and the Optimum Plant Location by K-Means Clustering". Advanced Technology Sciences Journal, 4(1): 47-56
  • Batzias, F.A.,. Sidiras, D.K. and Spyrou, E.K., 2005. “Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: a GIS based method”. Renewable Energy, 30, 1161–1176.
  • Martyr A.J., 2006. Engine Testing. Pages: 375-378
  • www.sekizsilindir.com. (Aviabile date: 8.09.2020.)
  • https://www.meidensha.com/products/automobile/prod_01/prod_01_01/index.html (18.09.2020.)
  • Eyidoğan, M., Çanakçı, M., Özsezen, A. N., Aalptekin, E., Türkcan, A. and Kılıçaslan, İ. 2011. “Investigation of the Effects of Ethanol-Gasoline and Methanol-Gasoline Mixtures on Combustion Parameters and Exhaust Emissions of a Spark-ignited Engine”. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering & Architecture of Gazi University, 26(3).
  • Sakthivel, P., Subramanian, K. A. and Mathai, R. 2019. “Experimental study on unregulated emission characteristics of a two-wheeler with ethanol-gasoline blends (E0 to E50)”. Fuel, 262: 116504.
  • Sakthivel, P., Subramanian, K. A. and Mathai, R. 2019. “Comparative studies on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a two-wheeler with gasoline and 30% ethanol-gasoline blend using chassis dynamometer”. Applied Thermal Engineering, 146, 726-737.
  • Bannister, C.D., Hawley, J.G Ali, H.M., Chuck, C.J., Price, P., Chrysafi, S.S., Brown, A. and Pickford, W. 2009. “The İmpact of Biodiesel Blend Ratio On Vehicle Performance and Emissions”. Automobile Engineering, Vol:224, 405-421.
  • Talibi, M., Hellier, P., Watkinson, M. and Ladommatos, N. 2019. “Comparative analysis of H2-diesel co-combustion in a single cylinder engine and a chassis dynamometer vehicle”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(2), 1239-1252.
  • Chen, L., Wang, Z., Liu, S. and Qu, L. 2018. “Using a chassis dynamometer to determine the influencing factors for the emissions of Euro VI vehicles”. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, 564-573.
  • Ors, I. 2007. “The effect of gasoline-ethanol mixtures on vehicle performance and exhaust emissions”. Ph.D. thesis, Selcuk University Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Konya, Turkey.
  • Costagliola MA., Prati MV., Florio S., Scorletti P., Terna D., Iodice P., Buono D. and Senatore A. 2016. “Performances and emissions of a 4-stroke motorcycle fuelled with ethanol/gasoline blends”. Fuel, 183:470-477.
  • Subramanian KA., Mathad VC., Vijay VK. and Subbarao PMV. 2013. “Comparative evaluation of emission and fuel economy of an automotive spark ignition vehicle fuelled with methane enriched biogas and CNG using chassis dynamometer”. Applied Energy, 105, 17–29.
  • Peterson CL., Taberski JS., Thompson JC.and Chase CL.2000. “The Effect of Biodiesel Feedstock on Regulated Emissions in Chassic Dynamometer Test of a Pickup Truck”. Transactions of the ASAE, 43(6).
  • Lim C., Kim D., Song C., Kim J., Han J. and Cha J.2015. “Performance and emission characteristics of a vehicle fueled with enriched biogas and natural gases”. Applied Energy, 139, 17–29.
  • Yanowıtz J., Graoski M., Ryan LBA., Alleman TL.and Mccormick RL.1999. “Chassis Dynamometer Study of Emissions from 21 In-Use Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles”. Environ. Sci. Technol, 33, 2.
  • Aydın, M., Afşar, M. and Çelik, M. 2017. “The effects of waste biodiesel usage on engine performance and emissions at a single cylinder diesel engine”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 21 (5), 871-878.
  • Brace, C. J., Burke, R. and Moffa, J. 2009. “Increasing accuracy and repeatability of fuel consumption measurement in chassis dynamometer testing”. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 223(9), 1163–1177.
  • Rajak, U. and Verma, T. N. 2018. “Comparative assessment of the emission characteristics of first, second and third generation biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine”. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 496-510.
  • İlker, Ö., Tarakçıoğlu, N. and Ciniviz, M. 2009. “Effects of Gasoline – Ethanol Blends on Vehicle Performance and Exhaust Emissions”. Journal of Polytechnic, 12(1), 13-19.
  • Özçelik, A.E., Aydoğan, H. and Acaroğlu, M. 2015. “A study of the effects of bioethanol-gasoline blends on vehicle emissions”. J. Clean Energy Technol, 3, 332-335.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliği
Bölüm Review Article
Yazarlar

Muhammet Yıldız Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1999-0353

Abdullah Özçelik 0000-0002-8646-0950

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi 24 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, M., & Özçelik, A. (2020). Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, 7(4), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.803959
AMA Yıldız M, Özçelik A. Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions. IJEAT. Aralık 2020;7(4):134-142. doi:10.31593/ijeat.803959
Chicago Yıldız, Muhammet, ve Abdullah Özçelik. “Investigation of the Effects of Biofuels on Vehicle Performance and Emissions”. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies 7, sy. 4 (Aralık 2020): 134-42. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.803959.
EndNote Yıldız M, Özçelik A (01 Aralık 2020) Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies 7 4 134–142.
IEEE M. Yıldız ve A. Özçelik, “Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions”, IJEAT, c. 7, sy. 4, ss. 134–142, 2020, doi: 10.31593/ijeat.803959.
ISNAD Yıldız, Muhammet - Özçelik, Abdullah. “Investigation of the Effects of Biofuels on Vehicle Performance and Emissions”. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies 7/4 (Aralık 2020), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.803959.
JAMA Yıldız M, Özçelik A. Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions. IJEAT. 2020;7:134–142.
MLA Yıldız, Muhammet ve Abdullah Özçelik. “Investigation of the Effects of Biofuels on Vehicle Performance and Emissions”. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, c. 7, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 134-42, doi:10.31593/ijeat.803959.
Vancouver Yıldız M, Özçelik A. Investigation of the effects of biofuels on vehicle performance and emissions. IJEAT. 2020;7(4):134-42.