Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Contemporary Approaches to Identifying Organizational Factors in Aviation Safety

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 120 - 135, 01.01.2026

Öz

Flight safety is considered a fundamental priority in ensuring the protection of life and property in the aviation industry. Recent studies have shown that the majority of aviation accidents stem not only from individual errors but also from systemic deficiencies at the organizational level. This situation necessitates the continuous analysis of not only operational but also institutional structures within safety management systems. The aim of this study is to systematically identify organizational factors involved in aviation accidents and to evaluate them within a conceptual framework grounded in safety management. The study focuses on the impact of organizational-level elements such as communication, decision-making, training, managerial responsibility, and resource management on flight safety. The Swiss Cheese Model, along with ICAO’s Annex 13 and Annex 19 documents, serve as foundational sources for understanding the multi-layered structure of organizational factors. Within this framework, three example cases have been examined. The 2009 Air France 447 accident revealed the critical role of communication deficiencies and insufficient training among the flight crew as key organizational contributors. In the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 accident, hierarchical pressure, political interference, and distortions in authority-based decision-making processes were prominent. From the Turkish context, the 2007 Atlasjet Isparta accident highlighted internal training deficiencies, lack of oversight in contracted maintenance processes, and weaknesses in the quality management system. These cases were selected to exemplify the study’s conceptual framework due to their well-documented organizational dimensions, extensive literature coverage, and public availability of investigation reports. This paper, which does not include empirical data, aims to provide a theoretical foundation for future research and contribute to the development of safety-oriented institutional strategies. Ultimately, it emphasizes the need for aviation safety systems to be restructured with transparency, accountability, and a learning-oriented organizational approach.

Kaynakça

  • Başcı Özmert, E. (t.y.). Havacılık emniyeti ve güvenliği [PDF]. Atatürk Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi. https://m.ataaof.edu.tr/pdf.aspx?du=Jc26Nouub%201oAjEVxQVi2A
  • Dekker, S. (2014). The field guide to understanding ‘human error’ (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
  • EASA. (2015). Annual safety review 2015. Cologne, Germany: European Union Aviation Safety Agency. https://www.easa.europa.eu
  • EASA. (2021). Annual safety review 2021. European Union Aviation Safety Agency. https://www.easa.europa.eu
  • FAA. (Federal Aviation Administration). (2015). Safety management system (SMS) manual. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/sms/library/manual
  • Hardy, K., & Guarnieri, F. (2011). Using a systemic model of accident for improving innovative technologies: Application and limitations of the STAMP model to a process for treatment of contaminated substances. Proceedings of the 15th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI 2011). International Institute of Informatics and Systemics.
  • Hawkins, F. H. (1993). Human factors in flight (2nd ed.). Aldershot, UK: Avebury Aviation.
  • Helmreich, R. L., & Merritt, A. C. (2001). Culture at work in aviation and medicine: National, organizational and professional influences. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2004). Barriers and accident prevention. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2009). The Functional Resonance Analysis Method: Modelling complex socio-technical systems. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2014). Safety-I and Safety-II: The past and future of safety management. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  • ICAO. (2013). Annex 19 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Safety Management. International Civil Aviation Organization.
  • ICAO. (2013). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 3rd ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • ICAO. (2018). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 4th ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • ICAO. (2021). Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859, 4th ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization.
  • ICAO. (2022). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 5th ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • ICAO. (2023). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 6th ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • Leveson, N. G. (2004). A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42(4), 237–270.
  • Leveson, N. G. (2011). Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT Press.
  • Li, W.-C., & Harris, D. (2006). Pilot error and its relationship with higher organizational levels: HFACS analysis of 523 accidents. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 77(10), 1056–1061.
  • Maurino, D. E., Reason, J., Johnston, N., & Lee, R. B. (1995). Beyond aviation human factors: Safety in high technology systems. Aldershot, UK: Avebury Aviation.
  • NTSB. (National Transportation Safety Board). (2015). Descent below visual glidepath and impact with seawall, Asiana Airlines Flight 214, Boeing 777-200ER, HL7742, San Francisco, California, July 6, 2013 (Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR-14/01). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.
  • Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Reason, J. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Salas, E., & Maurino, D. (Eds.). (2010). Human Factors in Aviation (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
  • Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2000). The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) (DOT/FAA/AM-00/7). Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration.
  • Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2000). The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System–HFACS (DOT/FAA/AM-00/7). Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration.
  • Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2003). A human error analysis of general aviation controlled flight into terrain accidents occurring between 1990 and 1998 (Report No. DOT/FAA/AM-03/4). Federal Aviation Administration.
  • SHGM (Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü). (2008). Uçuş Emniyeti Yönetim Sistemi (SMS) El Kitabı. Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • SHGM (Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü). (2016). Emniyet Yönetim Sistemi (SMS) El Kitabı. SHGM Yayınları. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sms-elkitabi.pdf
  • SHGM. (2008). Atlasjet MD-83, Isparta Uçak Kazası Araştırma Raporu. Ankara, Türkiye: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Thomas, J., Davis, A., & Samuel, M. P. (2020). Integration‑In‑Totality: The 7th system safety principle based on systems thinking in aerospace safety. Aerospace, 7(10), Article 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7100149
  • Tuna, B. (2020). Havacılık emniyeti. In D. Rodoplu Şahin (Ed.), Hava Taşımacılığı Yönetiminin Temelleri (ss. 420–456). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Wiegmann, D. A., & Shappell, S. A. (2003). A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: The human factors analysis and classification system. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Havacılık Emniyetinde Örgütsel Faktörlerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 120 - 135, 01.01.2026

Öz

Uçuş emniyeti, havacılık sektöründe can ve mal güvenliğinin sağlanmasında temel bir öncelik olarak görülmektedir. Günümüzde yapılan araştırmalar, kazaların büyük kısmının yalnızca bireysel hatalardan değil, örgütsel düzeydeki sistemsel yetersizliklerden kaynaklandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum, emniyet yönetim sistemlerinin yalnızca operasyonel değil, aynı zamanda kurumsal yapıların da sürekli olarak analizini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, havacılık kazalarında rol oynayan örgütsel faktörlerin sistematik biçimde tanımlanması ve emniyet yönetimi bağlamında kavramsal bir düzlemde değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma; iletişim, karar alma, eğitim, yönetim sorumluluğu ve kaynak kullanımı gibi unsurların emniyet üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Swiss Cheese Model ile ICAO’nun Annex 13 ve Annex 19 belgeleri, örgütsel faktörlerin çok katmanlı yapısını anlamada temel kaynaklardır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada üç örnek vaka değerlendirilmiştir. 2009 yılında meydana gelen Air France 447 kazasında, uçuş ekibi arasındaki iletişim eksiklikleri ile eğitim yetersizlikleri örgütsel faktörler açısından belirleyici olmuştur. 2010 yılında gerçekleşen Polish Air Force Tu-154 kazasında ise hiyerarşik baskı, siyasi müdahale ve karar alma süreçlerindeki otorite temelli bozulmalar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Türkiye bağlamında ele alınan 2007 tarihli Atlasjet Isparta Kazası ise, şirket içi eğitim zaafiyetleri, bakım hizmetlerindeki denetim eksiklikleri ve kalite yönetim sistemindeki yetersizliklerle dikkat çekmektedir. Bu vakalar, çalışmanın kuramsal çerçevesini örneklemek amacıyla, örgütsel boyutu literatürde detaylı biçimde tartışılmış, kamuya açık ve çok yönlü analizlere konu olmuş olaylar olması nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Ampirik veri içermeyen bu bildiri, gelecekteki araştırmalara teorik bir temel oluşturmayı ve emniyet odaklı stratejilere katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Emniyetin sürdürülebilirliği için örgütsel yapıların şeffaf, öğrenen ve hesap verebilir biçimde yeniden ele alınması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Başcı Özmert, E. (t.y.). Havacılık emniyeti ve güvenliği [PDF]. Atatürk Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi. https://m.ataaof.edu.tr/pdf.aspx?du=Jc26Nouub%201oAjEVxQVi2A
  • Dekker, S. (2014). The field guide to understanding ‘human error’ (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
  • EASA. (2015). Annual safety review 2015. Cologne, Germany: European Union Aviation Safety Agency. https://www.easa.europa.eu
  • EASA. (2021). Annual safety review 2021. European Union Aviation Safety Agency. https://www.easa.europa.eu
  • FAA. (Federal Aviation Administration). (2015). Safety management system (SMS) manual. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/sms/library/manual
  • Hardy, K., & Guarnieri, F. (2011). Using a systemic model of accident for improving innovative technologies: Application and limitations of the STAMP model to a process for treatment of contaminated substances. Proceedings of the 15th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI 2011). International Institute of Informatics and Systemics.
  • Hawkins, F. H. (1993). Human factors in flight (2nd ed.). Aldershot, UK: Avebury Aviation.
  • Helmreich, R. L., & Merritt, A. C. (2001). Culture at work in aviation and medicine: National, organizational and professional influences. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2004). Barriers and accident prevention. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2009). The Functional Resonance Analysis Method: Modelling complex socio-technical systems. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  • Hollnagel, E. (2014). Safety-I and Safety-II: The past and future of safety management. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  • ICAO. (2013). Annex 19 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Safety Management. International Civil Aviation Organization.
  • ICAO. (2013). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 3rd ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • ICAO. (2018). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 4th ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • ICAO. (2021). Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859, 4th ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization.
  • ICAO. (2022). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 5th ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • ICAO. (2023). Safety management manual (SMM) (Doc 9859, 6th ed.). Montreal, Canada: ICAO.
  • Leveson, N. G. (2004). A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42(4), 237–270.
  • Leveson, N. G. (2011). Engineering a safer world: Systems thinking applied to safety. MIT Press.
  • Li, W.-C., & Harris, D. (2006). Pilot error and its relationship with higher organizational levels: HFACS analysis of 523 accidents. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 77(10), 1056–1061.
  • Maurino, D. E., Reason, J., Johnston, N., & Lee, R. B. (1995). Beyond aviation human factors: Safety in high technology systems. Aldershot, UK: Avebury Aviation.
  • NTSB. (National Transportation Safety Board). (2015). Descent below visual glidepath and impact with seawall, Asiana Airlines Flight 214, Boeing 777-200ER, HL7742, San Francisco, California, July 6, 2013 (Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR-14/01). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.
  • Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Reason, J. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Salas, E., & Maurino, D. (Eds.). (2010). Human Factors in Aviation (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
  • Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2000). The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) (DOT/FAA/AM-00/7). Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration.
  • Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2000). The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System–HFACS (DOT/FAA/AM-00/7). Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration.
  • Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2003). A human error analysis of general aviation controlled flight into terrain accidents occurring between 1990 and 1998 (Report No. DOT/FAA/AM-03/4). Federal Aviation Administration.
  • SHGM (Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü). (2008). Uçuş Emniyeti Yönetim Sistemi (SMS) El Kitabı. Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • SHGM (Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü). (2016). Emniyet Yönetim Sistemi (SMS) El Kitabı. SHGM Yayınları. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sms-elkitabi.pdf
  • SHGM. (2008). Atlasjet MD-83, Isparta Uçak Kazası Araştırma Raporu. Ankara, Türkiye: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Thomas, J., Davis, A., & Samuel, M. P. (2020). Integration‑In‑Totality: The 7th system safety principle based on systems thinking in aerospace safety. Aerospace, 7(10), Article 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7100149
  • Tuna, B. (2020). Havacılık emniyeti. In D. Rodoplu Şahin (Ed.), Hava Taşımacılığı Yönetiminin Temelleri (ss. 420–456). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Wiegmann, D. A., & Shappell, S. A. (2003). A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: The human factors analysis and classification system. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Strateji, Yönetim ve Örgütsel Davranış (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sevdiye Kemik 0000-0001-7516-8252

Didem Rodoplu 0000-0000-2177-9847

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Kemik, S., & Rodoplu, D. (2026). Contemporary Approaches to Identifying Organizational Factors in Aviation Safety. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries, 9(17), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.55775/ijemi.1765525