Investigation of Geological and Gemological Characteristics of Opal-Chalcedony Formations Observed in Listvenites in the Hatip-Çayırbağı (Meram-Konya) Region

Öz

The geological and gemological features of the chalcedony formations in the listvenites found in the ophiolitic rocks in the Hatip-Çayırbağı (Meram-Konya) region are emphasized. The basis of the study area is the Late Triassic-Late Cretaceous Loras Mountain Formation and the Late Cretaceous Midostepe Formation. These units cover the Late Cretaceous Hatip ophiolite complex with a tectonic contact. All these units are overlain by the Late Cretaceous Çayırbağı Ophiolite with a tectonic contact. It is associated with the Çayırbağı ophiolite, which is unconformably overlain by the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene Ulumuhsine formation. It is thought that the chalcedony formations in the region are composed of siliceous solutions associated with listvenites and entering into fractures and cracks due to tectonism. As a result of the geological, gemological, Raman, and FTIR studies, it was determined that the formations in the listvenite were chalcedony. Chalcedony formations are generally found between 1-15 cm. Yellow, white and brown banded colorations were observed in the chalcedony formations formed in the spaces in the listvenites. The samples were processed as cabochons and facets in the gemstone processing laboratory. As a result of shaping, it was determined that the samples were of cuttable, workable, and polishable quality. In line with the data obtained, it was concluded that it would be appropriate to study other listvenite occurrences in the region and Turkey regarding gemstones.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gemology
• Hatip-Çayırbağı
• chalcedony
• listvenite
• gemstone

Kaynakça

1. [1] Horasan, B.Y., Yüksel, O. & Öztürk, A. The geological–geochemical characteristics of the Binbir Church (Karaman, Turkey) archaeological site and the alteration of the rocks used in the buildings. Environ Earth Sci 81, 322 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10428-3
2. [2] Horasan, B. Y. & Öztürk, A. (2021). Features of Andesites Used in Buildings Around İncesu (Seydişehir) Region . Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology , 11 (3) , 2079-2090 . DOI: 10.21597/jist.877230
3. [3] Schumann, W., 1997. Gemstones of the world .NY Sterling Publishing Co.
4. [4] Vieil, M., Çavuşoğlu, İ., Celep, O., Alp, I., Yılmaz, A.O., (2004). Opal Ve Genel Özellikleri, 5. Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu, 13-14 Mayıs, İzmir.
5. [5] Rose, G., 1837. Mineralogisch-geognostiche Reise nach dem Ural, dem Altai und dem Kaspischen Meere. Volume 1: Reise nach dem nördlichen Ural und dem Altai. C.W., Eichoff (Verlag der Sanderschen Buchhandlung), Berlin.
6. [6] Buisson, G., and Leblanc, M., 1985. Gold in carbonatized ultramafic rocks from ophiolite complexes. Economic Geology, 80, 2026–2029.
7. [7] Halls, C., and Zhao, R., 1995. Listvenite and related rocks: perspectives on terminology and mineralogy with reference to an occurrence at Cregganbaun, Co. Mayo, Republic of Ireland. Mineralium Deposita, 30, 303–313.
8. [8] Kashkai, M.A., and Allakhverdiev S.H.I., 1965. Listvenites, their origin and classification. Institute Geologim. Akad. I. M. Gubkina; Izdat. Akad. Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Baku, 142 p [in Russian].

9. [9] Capedri, S., and Rossi, A., 1973. Conditions governing the formation of ophi-calcites and listwaenites. Bulletin of Geological Society of Greece, X (1), 278-297.
10. [10] Buisson, G., and Leblanc, M., 1986. Gold-bearing listwaenites (carbonatized ultramafic rocks) from ophiolite complexes. In: J.M. Gallagher, R.A. Ixer, C.R. Neary (eds.) Metallogeny of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks, Instution of Mining and Metalurgy, London, pp.121-132.
11. [11] Tsikouras, B., Karapi, S., Grammatikopoulos, A.T., and Hatzipanagiotou, K., 2006. Listwaenite evolution in the ophiolite mélange of Iti Mountain. European Journal Mineralogy, 18, 243-255.
12. [12] Niehoff, W., 1961, 1/100 000 ölçekli Akşehir 90/2 paftası, Ilgın 91/1, 91/3 ve 91/4 paftaları üzerine yapılan revizyon çalışmaları, M.T.A. Derleme Rap. No: 3387 (Yayınlanmamış).
13. [13] Kaaden, V.D. G., 1966, “The significance and distribution of glaucophane rocks in Turkey” M.T.A. Bulletin, 67, 36-67.
14. [14] Kıyıcı, B., Şimşek, M., Baybörü, R., Aslan, İ. ve Denizci, F., 1974, Konya – Meram (Çayırbağı) manyezit yatakları, M.T.A. Rapor No: 31307.
15. [15] Pehlivan, N., 1976, Konya Sızma- Ladik cıva cevherleşmeleri hakkında rapor. M.T.A. Raporu No: 5757 (Yayımlanmamış).
16. [16] Aytekin, V., 1977, Konya civarındaki manyezit cevherlerinin konsantrasyonu ve sinterleşmesi ile ilgili etütaraştırma çalışmaları hakkında kesin rapor, İ.T.Ü. Maden Fakültesi, 15-20 s.
17. [17] Becker – Platen, J.D., 1977, “Litho-Und Biostratigraphische Deutung Radiometrischer Altersbestimmungen Aus Dem Jungtertiar Der Türkei (Kanozakum Und Braunkohlen Der Türkei)”. 18, Geol. Jb., 25, 139-167.
18. [18] Keller, J., Dieter, J., Burgath, K. and Wolf, F., 1977, “Geologie und Petrologie des neogenen KalkalkaliVulkanismus von Konya”, Geologishes Jahrbuch, Reihe B, Heft 25, 37-117.
19. [19] Yeniyol, L. M., 1979; Yunak (Konya) Magnezitlerinin oluşum sorunları, değerlendirilmeleri ve yöre kayaçlarının petrojenezi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul.
20. [20] Umut, M., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Saraç, G., Bulut, V., Demirci A.R.,Erkan, M., Kurt, Z.,Metin, S., Özgönül E., 1987, Tuzlukçu-Ilgın-Doğanhisar-Doğanbey (Konya ili) ve dolayının jeolojisi, M.T.A. Derleme Rapor No: 8246 (Yayımlanmamış).
21. [21] Metin, S., Genç, Ş., Bulut, V., Ölmez M., Kılıç İ., Akıncı, A., Umut, M., Kurt Z., 1988, Bolvadin (Afyon) – Yunak (Konya) dolayının Jeolojisi, M.T.A. Raporu No: 8522 (Yayımlanmamış).
22. [22] Özcan, A., Güncüoğlu, M.C., Turhan,N., Uysal, Ş, Şentürk, K. and Işık, A., 1988, “Late Paleozoic Evolution Of The Kütahya-Bolkardağı Belt”, METU Journal Of Pure And Appl. Sci. 21, 1/3, 211- 220.
23. [23] Özcan, A., Güncüoğlu, M.C., Turhan, N., Uysal, Ş., Şenturk, K. ve Işık, A., 1990, Konya-Kadınhanı-Ilgın Dolayının Temel Jeolojisi, M.T.A. Genel Müd., Jeo. Etüd. Dai. 42135.
24. [24] Eren, Y. 1993, “Konya Kuzeybatısında Bozdağlar masifinin otokton ve örtü birimlerinin stratigrafisi (Stratigraphy of autochthonous cover units of the Bozdağlar massif, NW Konya)”, Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 36, 7-23.
25. [25] Karakoç, İ. , 1996, Hatip - Çayırbağı- Çaldağı (Konya) ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya, 60 s. (yayınlanmamış)
26. [26] Aydın, Y., Eren,Y., Aksoy, R. ve Dinç, S., 2000, Çayırbağı-Dutlukırı-Kırankaya Mukbil ve Beypınarı tatlı su kaynakları çevresinin jeolojisi, Müh. Mim. Fak. Döner Sermaye İşletme Projesi 74 s.
27. [27] Tuncay, A, 1998, Çayırbağı-Meram (Konya) magnezitlerinin jeolojik, mineralojik ve ekonomik özelliklerinin araştırılması. İ.T.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 167 s.
28. [28] Tuncay, A., 2000, Çayırbağı-Meram (Konya) Magnezitlerinin Kökeni Üzerine; Türkiye Jeoloji Bül., 43,2, 21-31.
29. [30] Soğucaklı, Ö., 2006, Hatunsaray-Çatören (Konya batısı) Arasının Jeolojisi Yüksek Lisans Tezi Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya, 146 s.
30. [31] Daşçı, H.T., 2007, Konya Melanjı İçerisinde Yer Alan Amfibolitlerin Kökeni, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana , 57 s.
31. [32] Önal, G., 2007, Meram-Çayırbağı (Konya) ve Sarıkavak (Mersin) Manyezit Yataklarının Jeokimyasal İncelemesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, 93 s.
32. [33] Uysal, F., 2008, Hatip-Pamukçu-Dikmeli-Karadiğin (Konya) Civarının Jeolojisi ve Yöredeki Karbonatlı
33. [34] Göncüoğlu, M. C., Dirik, K., Kozlu, H., 1996-1997. Pre-alpine and alpine terranes in Turkey: explanatory notes to the terane map of Turkey, Ann Geol Pays Hell 37:1-3.
34. [35] Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Sevin, M., Dilek, Y., 2017. Turkey Ophiolites. MTA Special Publication Series-35 Ankara:100 p.
35. [36] Görür N., Oktay F.Y., Seymen İ., Şengör A.M.C.,1984. Paleotectonic evolution of Tuz Gölü basin complex, central Turkey. In J.E. Dixon andA.H.F. Robertson (eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geology. Society. London Special Publisher, 17: 81-96.
36. [37] Özgül, N., 1976; Torosların bazı temel jeolojik özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Kur.Bült., 19, 65-78
37. [38] Özgül , N. 1984. Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the central Taurides. In Geology of the Taurus Belt (eds O. Tekeli and M. C. Gonc ¨ uo¨ glu), pp. 77–90. Proceedings of ˇ International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, 1983. Ankara, Turkey.
38. [39] Monod, O. 1977. Recherches g ´ eologiques dans les Taurus ´ occidental au sud de Beys¸ehir (Turquie). These de ` Doctoral, Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay (published ´ thesis)
39. [40] Şengör , A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 81–241.
40. [41] Lytwyn, J. N. & Casey, J. F. 1995. The geochemistry of postkinematic mafic dyke swarms and subophiolitic metabasites, Pozantı–Karsantı ophiolite, Turkey: evidence for ridge subduction. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107, 830–50.
41. [42] Polat, A., Casey, J. F. 1995. A structural record of the emplacement of the Pozantı–Karsantı ophiolite onto the Menderes–Taurus block in the Late Cretaceous, eastern Taurides, Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology 17, 1673–88.
42. [43] Dilek, Y. & Whıtney, D. L. 1997. Counterclockwise P–T–t trajectory from the metamorphic sole of a Neotethyan ophiolite (Turkey). Tectonophysics 280, 295–310.
43. [44] Collins, A. S. & Robertson, A. H. F. 1998. Processes of late Cretaceous to late Miocene episodic thrust-sheet translation in the Lycian Taurides, SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 759–72.
44. [45] Dilek, Y., Thy, P., Hacker, B. & Grundvig, S. 1999. Structure and petrology of Tauride ophiolites and mafic dyke intrusions (Turkey): implications for the Neotethyan ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 1192–1216.
45. [46] Parlak O., Robertson A.H.F.,(2004) Tectonic setting and evolution of the ophiolite-related Mersin Melange, southern Turkey: its role in the tectonic-sedimentary setting of the Tethys in the eastern Mediterranean region. Geoligical. Magazine, 141, 257-286.
46. [47] Öztürk, A., Arık, F., and Özen, Y., 2016, Investigation in Terms of Formation, Genetic Relation and Ore Deposit of the Ophiolitic Rocks in Çayırbağı-Hatıp-Yükselen-Altınekin (Konya) Regions, Selçuk University Department of Geological Engineering, Project number: 14401023.
47. [49] Sazanov, V.N., 1975. Listvenitization And Mineralization (Listvenitizaciya İorudeneniye) Izdatelistvo Nauka (Science Publishers, Moscow).
48. [50] Halls, C. And Zhao, R. (1995). Listvenite And Related Rocks: Perspectives On Terminology And Mineralogy With Reference To An Occurrence At Cregganbaun, Co. Mayo, Republic Of Ireland. Mineral. Deposita 30, 303-313
49. [51] Hansen, L.D., Dipple, G.M., Gordon, T.M., And Kellet, D.A. (2005). Carbonated Serpentinite (Listwanite) At Atlin, British Columbia: A Geological Analogue To Carbon Dioxide Sequestration. Canad Mineral. 43, 225–239.
50. [51] Ploshko, V.V. (1963) Listvenitization And Carbonatization At Ter¬minal Stages Of Urushten İgneous Complex, North Caucasus. Internat. Geol. Rev. 7 (3): 446-463
51. [52] Akbulut M., Pişkin, Ö, And Karayiğit, A.I. (2006). The Genesis Of The Carbonatized And Silicified Ultramafics Known As Listwaenite: A Case Study From The Mihaliççik Region (Eskişehir), Nw Turkey. Geol J 41: 557–580
52. [53] Zharikov, V.A., Pertsev, N.N., Rusinov, V.L., Callegari, E. And Fettes, D.J. (2007). A Systematic Nomenclature For Metamorphic Rocks. 9. Metasomatism And Metasomatic Rocks. In: Recommendations By The Iugs Subcommission On The Systematics Of Metamorphic Rocks, Web Version 01.02.07, (Https://Www.Bgs.Ac.Uk/Downloads/Start.Cfm?İd=3193).
53. [54] Sımıć, V., Mıladınovıć, Z., Šarıć, K., Andrıć-Tomaševıć, N., Vukovıć, N., & Kondžulovıć, R. (2022). Listvenite As Gemstone: The Antina Čuka Occurrence (Eastern Serbia). Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 27(4).
54. [55] Ateş, H. Y., & Ünlü, T. T. D. Malatya-Hekimhan Güvenç Köyü Listvenitlerine Bağlı Bakır-Altın (Cu-Au) Oluşumu (Doctoral Dissertation, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı).
55. [56] Çiftçi, Y. (2001). Kızıldağ (Refahiye-Erzincan) Lisfenitlerinin Jeolojisi, Mineralojisi Ve Au-Pge Jeokimyası. İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 14(1-2), 27-49.
56. [57] Uçurum, A. (1998). Application Of The Correspondence-Type Geostatistical Analysis On Theco, Ni, As, Ag And Au Concentrations Of The Listvenits Fromserpentinites İn The Divrigi And Kuluncak Ophiolitic Mélanges. Turkish Journal Of Earth Sciences, 7(2), 87-96.
57. [58] Romanovich I.F. (1986). Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits, Nedra, Moskva, 366 Pp (In Russian).
58. [59] Frondel C (1978) Characters Of Quartz Fibers. Am Mineral 63:17¬27
59. [60] Frondel C (1982) Structural Hydroxyl İn Chalcedony (Type B Quartz). Am Mineral 67:1248-1257
60. [61] Sözeri, K., Günel, H., & Duran, E. (2022). Tokat-Artova Bölgesinde Bulunan Kalsedon Oluşumlarının Mineralojik-Petrografik Ve Gemolojik Özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 65(3), 1-14.
61. [62] Akbudak, İ. K., Başıbüyük, Z., Gürbüz, M. (2018). Yozgat “Aydıncık” Kalsedon-Ametist Oluşumlarının Mineralojisi-Petrografisi Ve Ekonomikliliğinin İncelenmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 9(1), 313-324.
62. [63] Flörke, O. W., Graetsch, H., Mıehe, G. (1983). Crystalstructure And Microstructure Of Chalcedony, Fortschritte Der Mineralogie, 61/1, 62 - 63.
63. [64] Flörke, O.W., Graetsch, H., Martin, B., Roller, K., And Wirth, R. (1991) Nomenclature Of Micro- And Non-Crystalline Silica Minerals, Based On Structure And Microstructure. Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie Abhand- Lungen, 163, 19-42
64. [65] Gislason, S.R., Heaney, P.J., Veblen, D.R., Livi, K.J.T., (1993). The Difference Between The Solubility Of Quartz And Chalcedony: The Cause? Chemical Geology, 107, 363-366.
65. [66] Graetsch, H., (1994). Structural Characteristics of Opaline And Microcrystalline Silica Minerals, Reviews İn Mineralogy And Geochemistry, 29/1, 209-232.
66. [67] White, J. F., & Corwin, J. F. (1961). Synthesis And Origin Of Chalcedony. American Mineralogist: Journal Of Earth And Planetary Materials, 46(1-2), 112-119.
67. [68] Michel-Levy, A., And Munier-Chalmas, C.P.E. (1892) Memoire Sur Dı- Verses Formes Affectees Par Le Reseau Elementaire Du Quartz. Bulletın De La Societe Française De Mineralogie, 15, 159-190.
68. [69] Frondel C (1962) The System Of Mineralogy, 7th Edn, Vol Iıı. Wiley, New York
69. [70] Fournier Ro, Rowe Jj (1966) Estimation Of Underground Tempera¬tures From The Silica Content Of Water From Hot Springs And Wet-Steam Wells. Am J Sci 264:685-697
70. [71] Walther Iv, Helgeson Hc (1977) Calculation Of The Thermodynam¬ic Properties Of Aqueous Silica And The Solubility Of Quartz And İts Polymorphs At High Pressures And Temperatures. Am J Sci 277:1315-1351
71. [72] Bean. L., And Tregoning. L.L. (1944) Reactivity Of Aggrcgate Constituents İn AlkalineSolutions. Journal Of The American Concrete Institute, 16, 37-51.
72. [73] Pelto, C.R. (1956) A Study Of Chalcedony. American Journal Of Science, 254,32-50.
73. [74] Heaney, P. J. (1993). A Proposed Mechanism For The Growth Of Chalcedony. Contributions To Mineralogy And Petrology, 115(1), 66-74.