Treatment of Barber Salon Greywater by Adsorption Process: Comparison of Activated Carbon, Human Hair, and Basalt

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 28 - 37, 25.06.2020

Hüdaverdi Arslan , Mohammed Saleh , Mutlu Yalvaç , Melis Gün

Öz

Personal care products (PCP's) are products used
commonly to maintain personal hygiene. It has been found that PCP's is affecting
the water bodies over the world. Conventional treatment methods are not
sufficient for the treatment of PCPs. In this study, the removal of PCP's from
barber salon wastewater - grey part by the adsorption process was investigated.
The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by different adsorbents;
active carbon, raw human hair, and basalt were assessed and compared. To
achieve that, 1 g of the proposed materials were added to 100 mL of the grey
barber wastewater. The combinations were inserted into 250 mL beaker to prevent
any unpredicted loss. The beakers were agitated at 150 rpm in an orbital shaker
for 24 h at room temperature. The initial value of the COD was measured and
founded to be 2400 mg/L. The COD removal efficiency by active carbon, raw human
hair, and basalt was founded to be 63%, 85%, and 38.3% respectively. Since the
maximum removal efficiency was obtained when basalt was used as an adsorbent,
the response surface method was used to design and optimize the adsorption
process onto the basalt only. When 0, 2318 g of the basalt was used, the
adsorption capacity increased until 40th minute, the capacity had been constant
at 721 mg/g. The use of waste material in the treatment of wastewater is a
green engineering application.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Barber salon grey wastewater, Basalt, Adsorption, Response surface method

BERBER SALONU GRI ATIK SUYUNUN ADSORPSIYON PROSESI ILE ARITIMI: AKTIF KARBON, INSAN SAÇI VE BAZALT ADSORBENTLERININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Kişisel bakım ürünleri (PCP), kişisel hijyeni korumak için yaygın olarak kullanılan ürünlerdir. PCP'lerin dünyadaki su kaynaklarını etkilediği daha önceki çalışmalarda bulunmuştur. Geleneksel arıtım yöntemleri ise PCP içeren atık suların arıtımı için tek başına yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmada, PCP içeren berber salonundan alınan gri atık suyun adsorpsiyon işlemi ile arıtımı araştırıldı. Adsorpsiyon işleminin farklı adsorbanlar (aktif karbon, ham insan saçı ve bazalt) tarafından, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (COD) üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirildi ve karşılaştırıldı. Bu amaçla, 100 mL berber salonunun gri suyuna 1 g adsorban ilave edildi. Deneyler sırasında beklenmedik bir taşmayı önlemek için 250 mL'lik behere karışımlar ilave edildi. Beherler, oda sıcaklığında 24 saat boyunca bir orbital çalkalayıcıda 150 rpm'de çalkalandı. Atık suyun, KOİ'nin başlangıç değeri 2400 mg/L olarak ölçüldü. Aktif karbon, ham insan saçı ve bazalt adsorpsiyonu ile KOİ giderim verimi sırasıyla; %63.0, %5.0 ve %38.3 olarak tespit edildi. Yanıt yüzeyi yöntemi (RSM), sadece maksimum giderim verimliliği elde edilen bazalt adsorbanı için, adsorpsiyon işlemini tasarlama ve optimize etme için kullanıldı. Adsorpsiyon kapasitesi, adsorbent miktarı 0.228 g olduğunda 40. dakikaya kadar arttı, daha sonra kapasite 721 mg/g'da sabitlendi. Sonuç olarak adsorpsiyon işlemi; Freundlich izotermi ve Pseudo ikinci dereceden kinetik reaksiyonuna sahip olduğu bulundu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Berber salonu gri suyu, Bazalt, Adsorpsiyon, Tepki yüzeyi yöntemi

Kaynakça

• [1] Yang, Y., Ok, Y.S., Kim, K.-H., Kwon, E.E., Tsang, Y.F. (2017). "Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: a review." Sci. Total Environ. Vol. 596-597, pp. 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.102.
• [2] Rajapaksha, A.U., Premarathna, K.S.D., Gunarathne, V., Ahmed, A., Vithanage, M. (2019). "Sorptive removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products from water and wastewater" Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Waste Management and Treatment Technology: Emerging Contaminants and Micro Pollutants. Butterworth-Heinemann, United Kingdom, pp. 213-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-03544-9
• [3] Kümmerer, K. (2008). Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
• [4] Daughton, C.G., Ternes, T.A. (1999). "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?" Environ. Health Perspect. Vol. 107, pp. 907-938.
• [5] Chen, Y., Vymazal, J., Brezinov A., T., Kozeluh, M., Kule, L., Huang, J., Chen, Z. (2016). "Occurrence, removal and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in rural wastewater treatment wetlands." Sci. Total Environ. Vol. 566, pp. 1660-1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.069.
• [6] Petrie, B., Barden, R., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. (2015)."A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring." Water Res. Vol. 72, pp 3-27.
• [7] Lester, Y., Mamane, H., Zucker, I., Avisar, D., 2013. Treating wastewater from a pharmaceutical formulation facility by biological process and ozone. Water Res. 47, 4349-4356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.059.
• [8] Ebele, A.J., Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, M., Harrad, S. (2017). "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment." Emerg. Contam. Vol. 3, pp. 1-16.
• [9] Archer, E., Petrie, B., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Wolfaardt, G.M. (2017). "The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters." Chemosphere Vol. 174, pp. 437-446.
• [10] McClellan, K., Halden, R.U. (2010). "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived U.S. biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey."Water Res. Vol. 44, pp. 658-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.032
• [11] Feng, Y., Wang, C., Liu, J., Zhang, Z. (2010). "Electrochemical degradation of 17-alphaethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrogenic activity changes." J. Environ. Monit. Vol. 12, pp. 404-408.https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.451173.
• [12] Boudreau, J., Bejan, D., Li, S., Bunce, N.J. (2010). "Competition between electrochemical advanced oxidation and electrochemical hypochlorination of sulfamethoxazole at a borondoped diamond anode." Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 49, pp. 2537-2542.
• [13] Romao, J., Barata, D., Ribeiro, N., Habibovic, P., Fernandes, H., Mul, G. (2017)." High ~ throughput screening of photocatalytic conversion of pharmaceutical contaminants in water." Environ. Pollut. Vol. 220, pp. 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envpol.2016.11.015.
• [14] Sire´s, I., Brillas, E. (2012). "Remediation of water pollution caused by pharmaceutical residues based on electrochemical separation and degradation technologies: a review." Environ. Int. Vol. 40, pp. 212-229.
• [15] Wang, Y., Ma, J., Zhu, J., Ye, N., Zhang, X., Huang, H. (2016). "Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with selected properties for dynamic filtration of pharmaceuticals and personal care products." Water Res. Vol. 92, pp. 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.watres.2016.01.038.
• [16] Sheng, C., Nnanna, A.G.A., Liu, Y., Vargo, J.D. (2016). "Removal of trace pharmaceuticals from water using coagulation and powdered activated carbon as pretreatment to ultrafiltration membrane system." Sci. Total Environ. Vol. 550, pp. 1075-1083. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.179.
• [17] Nghiem, L.D., Sch¨afer, A.I., Elimelech, M. (2004). "Removal of natural hormones by Nano filtration membranes: measurement, modeling, and mechanisms." Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 15, pp. 1888-1896.
• [18] Xu, Y., Liu, T., Zhang, Y., Ge, F., Steel, R.M., Sun, L. (2017). "Advances in technologies for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal." J. Mater. Chem. A. Vol. 5, pp. 12001-12014.
• [19] Saleh, M., Yalvaç, M.; Arslan, H. (2019) "Optimization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Adsorption onto Xanthium Italicum using the Response Surface Method." Karbala International Journal of Modern Science. Vol. 5, Iss. 1, Article 8.DOI: 10.33640/2405-609X.1017.
• [20] Ateia, M., Ceccato, M., Budi, A., Ataman, E., Yoshimura, C., Johnson, M.S. (2018). "Ozone-assisted regeneration of magnetic carbon nanotubes for removing organic water pollutants." Chem. Eng. J. Vol. 335, pp. 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cej.2017.10.166.
• [21] Dai, C.-M., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y.-L., Zhou, X.-F., Duan, Y.-P., and Liu, S.-G. (2012). Selective removal of acidic pharmaceuticals from contaminated lake water using multi-templates molecularly imprinted polymer. Chemical Engineering Journal, 211–212, 302 – 309. Doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.090
• [22] Jing, X.R., Wang, Y.Y., Liu, W.J., Wang, Y.K., Jiang, H. (2014). "Enhanced adsorption performance of tetracycline in aqueous solutions by methanol-modified biochar." Chem. Eng. J. Vol. 248, pp. 168-174.
• [23] Nielsen, L., Bandosz, T.J. (2016). "Analysis of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim adsorption on sewage sludge and fish waste derived adsorbents." Microporous Mesoporous Mater. Vol. 220, pp. 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.micromeso.2015.08.025.
• [24] Styszko, K., Nosek, K., Motak, M., Bester, K. (2015). "Preliminary selection of clay minerals for the removal of pharmaceuticals, bisphenol A and triclosan in acidic and neutral aqueous solutions." C.R. Chim. Vol. 18, pp. 1134-1142.
• [25] Tsai, Y.L., Chang, P.H., Gao, Z.Y., Xu, X.Y., Chen, Y.H., Wang, Z.H., et al. (2016). "Amitriptyline removal using palygorskite clay." Chemosphere. Vol. 155, pp. 292-299.
• [26] Li, Z., Chang, P.H., Jean, J.S., Jiang, W.T., Hong, H. (2011). "Mechanism of chlorpheniramine adsorption on Ca-montmorillonite."Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. Vol. 385, pp. 213-218.
• [27] Saleh, M, Yalvaç, M, Sime, F, Mazmanci, M. (2019). "Study the effect of hair style products on the quality of domestic wastewater- wax as case study." Turkish Journal of Engineering. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 97-101.
• [28] Closed Reflux, Titrimetric Method 5220 C (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. AWWA, WEF, APHA. [29] Mestre, A.S., Pires, J., Nogueira, J.M.F., Carvalho, A.P. (2007). "Activated carbons for the adsorption of ibuprofen." Carbon. Vol. 45, pp. 1979-1988.
• [29] Mestre, A.S., Pires, J., Nogueira, J.M.F., Carvalho, A.P. (2007). "Activated carbons for the adsorption of ibuprofen." Carbon. Vol. 45, pp. 1979-1988.