NİJERYA'DA BOKO HARAM VE TERÖRİZM: KÖKEN, ETKİ VE HÜKÜMET TEPKİSİ ÜZERİNE YANSIMALAR

Öz

On yılı aşkın Boko Haram, yalnızca Nijerya'nın değil, daha çok Sahel ve Çad Gölü Havzasının karşı karşıya olduğu en büyük güvenlik tehditlerinden biri olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Hükümetin bu gruba karşı koyma çabaları, terör tehdidini ortadan kaldırmada henüz başarılı olamamıştır. Bu makale, Boko Haram'ın ortaya çıkışını, sömürge döneminden ülkenin diğer bölgelerine benzemeyen eski siyasi direniş kalıplarına dikkat çeken tarihsel bir perspektiften incelemektedir. Çalışma, terör örgütünün derin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik etkilerini vurgulamakta ve hükümetin verdiği tepkinin niteliğini yansıtmaktadır. Bu makale, bu grubun ortaya çıkışının yoksulluk, azgelişmişlik ve siyasi marjinalleşme gibi ekonomik ve politik şikayetlere güçlü bir şekilde bağlı olmasına rağmen, bu şikayetlerin Nijerya'daki Boko Haram terör faaliyetlerini sürdüren yerleşik etnik-dini prizmaların sürdürdüğü radikal bir ideolojiye dönüştürülmesi olduğunu tartışmaktadır. Makale, terörle mücadelesinde hükümet tarafından alınan önlemleri takdir ederken, aynı zamanda bu önlemlerin daha etkili olmaları için nasıl güçlendirilebilecekleri konusunda eleştirel önerilerde bulunmaya çaba sarf etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nijerya
• Boko Haram
• Terörle Mücadele
• Marjinalleşme
• Azgelişmişlik

BOKO HARAM AND TERRORISM IN NIGERIA: REFLECTIONS ON THE ORIGINS, IMPACT AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSE

Öz

For over a decade, Boko Haram has emerged as one of the biggest security threats facing not only Nigeria, but the larger Sahel and Lake Chad Basin. Government efforts to counter the group are yet to prove successful in eliminating this threat. This article examines the emergence of Boko Haram from a historical perspective that draws attention to old patterns of political resistance dissimilar to other parts of the country from the colonial era. The study highlights the deep social, economic and political impacts of the organization and reflects on the nature of government response. This article argues that while the emergence of the group has strong attachment to economic and political grievances such as poverty, underdevelopment and political marginalization, it is the framing of these grievances into a radical ideology sustained by entrenched ethnoreligious prisms that sustains Boko Haram terror activities in Nigeria. While the article appreciates the counterterrorism, measures adopted the by government, it also provides a critic of those measures and attempts to offer recommendations on how they can be strengthened to be more effective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nigeria
• Boko Haram
• Counterterrorism
• Marginalization
• Underdevelopment

Kaynakça

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