R&D EXPENDITURES - GROWTH NEXUS IN TURKEY

Öz

Technological development and investment in knowledge seem to be very important in order for countries to demonstrate effective growth performance. The first concept that comes to mind when investing in information is the R&D activities. In the past, efforts to develop in countries for years can be realized within months nowadays and technological developments have rapidly changed and can be worn out in a short period of time. Therefore, it can be said that the information economy is the speed economy. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures and GDP in Turkey for the period 1996-2014 with the help of VAR analysis. Before the study, it was determined whether the series were stationary by Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Peron (PP) unit root tests and it was determined that the variables of GDP and R&D expenditure were stationary in the level values. According to the results of variance decomposition and effect-response functions; It is seen that the effect of GDP changes in Turkey on R&D expenditures is negligible. However, it is seen that R&D expenditures are significantly affected by the changes in GDP.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• R&D Investments,R&D Incentives,Technological Development,Economic Growth,Innovation

R&D EXPENDITURES - GROWTH NEXUS IN TURKEY

Öz

Technological development and investment in knowledge seem to be very important in order for countries to demonstrate effective growth performance. The first concept that comes to mind when investing in information is the R&D activities. In the past, efforts to develop in countries for years can be realized within months nowadays and technological developments have rapidly changed and can be worn out in a short period of time. Therefore, it can be said that the information economy is the speed economy. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures and GDP in Turkey for the period 1996-2014 with the help of VAR analysis. Before the study, it was determined whether the series were stationary by Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Peron (PP) unit root tests and it was determined that the variables of GDP and R&D expenditure were stationary in the level values. According to the results of variance decomposition and effect-response functions; It is seen that the effect of GDP changes in Turkey on R&D expenditures is negligible. However, it is seen that R&D expenditures are significantly affected by the changes in GDP.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• R&D Investments,R&D Incentives,Technological Development,Economic Growth,Innovation

Kaynakça

1. Anlağan, Ö. (2011). Temel Ar-Ge ve Yenilik Kavramları. 27 Ocak, Ankara, http://www.emo.org.tr
2. Bebczuk, R. N. (2002). R&D Expenditures And The Role Of Government Around The World. Estudios De Economia, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 109-121, p.110.
3. Bilbao-Osorio, B. & Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2004). From R&D To Innovation and Economic Growth In The EU. Growth and Change, 35 (4), pp.434-455.
4. Bozkurt, C. (2015). R&D Expenditures and Economıc Growth Relationship in Turkey. International Journal of Economıcs and Financial Issues, Vol:5, No:1, pp. 188-198, (p. 188)
5. Bursa Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Müşavirler Odası. (2016). (çevrimiçi) http://www.bursa.smmmo.org.tr/bsmmmo2/?blm=makale&ksm=132AGE.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2016
6. Ceo, D. T. & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D Spillovers”, European Economic Review. Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 859-887.
7. Doruk, Ö.T. & Söylemezoğlu, E. (2014). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Ar-Ge’ye Dayalı Büyümenin Varlığının Sınanması. Üretim Ekonomisi Kongresi, ss. 1-13, s. 2.
8. Eid, A. (2012). Higher Education R&D and Productivity Growth: An Emprical Study on High Income OECD Countries. Education Economics, 20(1), pp.53-68.

9. European Commission. (2013). Research and Innovation Performance in Turkey. (Online) http://www.abmerkezi-arastirma.itu.edu.tr, Date of Access: 25.10.2016
10. Falk, M. (2007). R&D Spending in The High-Tech Sector and Economic Growth. Research in Economics, 61, pp 140-147.
11. Goel, R. K., James E.P. and Rati, P. (2008). R&D Expenditures and U.S. Economic Growth: A Disaggreted Approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 30, Issue.2, pp237-250.
12. Griliches, Z. (1998). R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence. National Bureau of Economic Research, (Online), http://www.nber.org\books\gril198-1, Date of Access: 10.09.2016, pp.251-268.
13. Güzel, S. (2009). Ar‐Ge Harcamaları ve Vergi Teşvikleri: Belirli Ülkeler Karşısında Türkiye’nin Durumu. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2),ss. 29‐48. (s.32).
14. Hall, B. H. & J. Lerner. (2009). The Financing of R&D and Innovation. Handbook of The Economics of Innovation, Elsevier-North Holland, (Online), http://eml.berkeley.edu, Date of Access:12.08.2016
15. Horvath, R. (2011). Research & Development and Growth: A Bayesian Model averaging Analysis. Economic Modelling, 28, pp.2669-2673.
16. İstka (2012). Türkiye ve İstanbul Bölgesinde Ar-Ge ve Yenilik. (Online), http://www.istka.org.tr/content/pdf/AA-turkiye-ve-istanbul-bolgesinde-arge-ve-yenilik.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2016,
17. İncekara, A., Selim D. ve Mehmet A. (2014). Ar-Ge Harcamalarına Yapılan Teşviklerin Etkinliği: Türkiye Brıcs Ülkeleri Karşılaştırmalı Analiz, Journal of Economıc Policy Researches, Cilt:1, Sayı: 2, ss. 1-30.
18. Jones, C. I. (1995). R&D Based Models of Economic Growth. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 103, Issue. 4, pp. 759-784.
19. Korkmaz, S. (2010). Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin VAR Modeli İle Analizi. Journal Of Yasar Universty, 20(5), ss.3320-3330.
20. Lichtenberg, Frank R. (1992) R&D Investment and International Productivity Differences. NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. W4161, pp1-37
21. Luh, Y. H. & Chang, S.K. (1997). Building The Dynamic Linkages Between R&D and Productivity Growth. Journal of Asian Economics, 8(4), pp 525-545.
22. Mıke, F. & Oransay, G. (2015) Altyapı ve İnovasyon Değişimlerinin Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama”, The Journal of Academic Social Science, 3(12), ss. 372-381.
23. OECD (2004). Frascati Manual; The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Prpposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development. 6th Edition, (Online), http://www.oecd.org\sciencelinnal, Date of Access:10.05.2016
24. OECD (2005). Oslo Manual, The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities. (Online), http://www.oecd.org, Date of Access:10.05.2016
25. OECD (2013). OECD Factbook 2013. (Online), http://dx.doi.org\10.1787\factbook-2013-en. Date of Access: 15.07.2016
26. OECD (2015). Frascati Manual; The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development”, 7th Edition, (Online), http://www.oecd.org\sti\inno\Frascati-Manual-2015-Flyer-EN.pdf, Date of Access:12.08.2016.
27. Öz, S. (2011). Sürdürülebilir Büyümenin Kaynağı: Teknolojik Gelişme, Politika notu 11-04. Ekonomik Araştırma Formu, Nisan, (Çevrimiçi), http://www.eaf.ku.edu.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2016.
28. Park, W., G. (1995). International R&D Spillovers and OECD Economic Growth. Economic Inquir, Vol. 33, No, 4, pp. 571-591.
29. Rosenberg, N. (2004) Innovatıon and Economic Growth. (Online), http://www.oecd.org\dataoecd\55\49\34267902.pdf, Date of Access: 01.09.2016, (pp 1-2)
30. Samimi, A. J. & Alerasoul, S. M. (2009). R&D and Economic Growth: New Evidence From Some Developing Countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), ISSN: 1991-8178, pp.3464-3469
31. Sylwester, K. (2001). R&D and Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 71-84.
32. TÜBİTAK (2011). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi 2023 Yılı Hedefleri (2011\101). (Çevrimiçi), https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files//BTYPD/BTYK/btyk23/BTYK_23_yeni_kararlar_toplu.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2016.
33. TÜBİTAK (2016). (Çevrimiçi), https:\\www.tubitak.gov.tr\tr\destekler\sanayi\sanayi-teşvikleri\icerik-tc-maliye-bakanlığı-ar-ge-indirimi. Erişim Tarihi: 11.08.2016.
34. Ünal, T. & Nisa S. (2013). Ar-Ge Göstergeleri Açısından Türkiye ve Gelişmiş Ülkelerle Kıyaslaması. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt:1, Sayı:1, ss.12-25.
35. YASED (2013). Uluslararası Yatırımcıların Ar-Ge Yatırımlarını Türkiye’ye Çekmek İçin Gereksinimlerin Belirlenmesi. (Çevrimiçi), http://www.yased.org.tr, Date of Access:12.08.2016.
36. Zachariadis, M. (2004). R&D Induced Growth In The OECD?. Review of Development Economics, 8(3), pp 423-439.
37. Zerenler, M. Türker, N. ve Şahin, E. (2007). Küresel Teknoloji, Araştırma-Geliştirme ve Yenilik İlişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, ss 653-668. Wang, E. C. (2007). R&D Efficiency and Economic Performence: A Cross Country Analysis Using The Stochastic Frontier Approach”, Journal of Policy Modelling, 29, (2), pp 345-360.