Energy outlook of Japan: A economic and econometric analysis

Öz

Japan is a country that started its industrial movements in the beginning of the 20th century. Thanks to its existing coal resources, this country met the energy it needed and took a certain distance on the path of development by improving its industry before 1950. However, Japan's coal resources were not sufficient to make rapid strides towards industrialization. In this case, the large amount of cheap oil that was injected into the world markets after 1950 allowed Japan to make a great leap forward in industrialization. It has found the opportunity to develop its industries with oil imported from the Middle East and Indonesia with tankers with a carrying capacity of 500 million tons, and thus, it has taken its place among the countries of the world. In this study, causality analysis proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) was used to examine the relationship between Japan's real import level and oil consumption. After the econometric analysis, a bidirectional causality relationship was determined. Japan's oil demand, import and consumption have moved in direct proportion. In addition, in the axis of the study, Japan's energy policy, energy supply security, liquefied natural gas (LNG) demand, energy infrastructure investments, transportation of energy resources within the country, the logistics and the effect of pipelines, the functions of sea routes and unloading ports in oil demand will be examined. This study clarifies the transformation of Japan's renewable energy transformation strategy around the axis of hydrogen economy. The bidirectional causality relationship between energy consumption and import is also consistent with the hydrogen economy. For the first time, the study contributed to the literature by addressing Japan's energy consumption and imports from an interdisciplinary perspective such as transportation, logistics, economy, energy geopolitics, foreign policy, hydrogen economy, energy economics, and econometrics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Japan
• Energy
• Import
• Logistics
• Economics

Kaynakça

1. [1] Chu HP, Chang T. Nuclear energy consumption: Oil consumption and economic growth in G6 countries: bootstrap panel causality test. Energy Policy. 2012; 48:762-769.
2. [2]U.S. Energy Information Administration. Japan Energy Statistic Data ; [accessed: 01.02.24]
3. [3] Lee C. C, Chiu Y. B. Oil Prices, Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence using a heterogeneous panel analysis. Energy Policy 2011; 39(4):2111-2120.
4. [4]Tomoko H. Japan’s Energy Policy And Energy Security. ; accessed: [05.04.24]
5. [5] Yermakov V. Oies Energy Comment, Arctic LNG 2: The Litmus Test For Sanctions Against Russian LNG. ; [accessed: 26.10.24]
6. [6]The Japan Times. A lesson in energy diversification.; [accessed: 08.02.24]
7. [7] Mbarek MB, Nasreen S, Feki R. The contribution of nuclear energy to economic growth in France: short and long run. Quality and Quality. 2017; 51: 219-238.
8. [8]Terra Daily. China, Japan vie for African oil. ; [accessed:08.12.21]

9. [9] Omri A, Mabrouk NB, Tmar AS. Modeling the causal linkages between nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in developed and developing countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015; 42:1012-1022.
10. [10] Akhmat G, Zaman K. Nuclear energy consumption: Commercial energy consumption and economic growth in south asia: Bootstrap panel causality test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013; 25:552-559.
11. [11]U.S. Energy Information Administration. Kazakhstan Energy Data and Statistics. ; [accessed: 10.03.24]
12. [12]Chiyoda Corporation. Receiving Terminal. 2024 ; [accessed: 28.10.24]
13. [13]Strategy and Approaches of Japan Energy Diplomacy” available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/energy/diplomacy.html, Accessed Date: 01.03.2024
14. [14] Tsukimori O, Kebede R. Japan on gas, coal power building spree to fill nuclear void. Reuters, [acessed 15.03.24].
15. [15] Electricity Business. Japan's Energy Supply Situation and Basic Policy (FEPC). ; [accessed: 18.06.24]
16. [16]IEA. Energy Information Administration. ; [acessed: 20.07.24]
17. [17] Pollack A. Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved With Public Works. New York Times. 1997; [accessed: 22.06.24]
18. [18] Nazlioğlu S, Lebe F, Kayhan S. Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: Cross sectionally depend heterogeneous panel causality analysis. Energy Policy. 2011; 39(10):6615-6621,
19. [19] Momirlan M, Veziroğlu TN. Current status of hydrogen energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2002; Vol. 6, Issues 1-2:141-179.
20. [20] Goltsov Victor A, Veziroğlu TN. From hydrogen economy to hydrogen civilization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2001; Vol. 26, Issue 9:909-915.
21. [21] Toda HY, Yamamoto T. Statistical inference in vector autoregression with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics. 1995; 66:225-250.
22. [22]Solomon Barry D, Banerjee A. A global survey of hydrogen energy research, development and policy. Energy Policy. 2006; Vol. 34, Issue 7:781- 792.
23. [23]Bocobza J, Tanabe M. Japan Hydrogen Basic Strategy. 2023 ; [accessed: 07.11.24]