Sudan'ın Kuzey Kordofan Eyaleti'nde Çevresel Faktörlerin Sudan Çöl Keçisi Yavrularının Doğum Ağırlığı, Sütten Kesim ve Ölüm Oranlarına Etkisi

Öz

Bu deney, Kuzey Kordofan eyaleti Sudan'daki yerli çöl keçisi yavrularının doğum, doğum sayısı ve büyüme oranlarına mevsimin etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Toplam otuz yedi yavru, doğum mevsimine göre (yağmurlu ve kurak mevsimler) iki gruba ayrılarak, yavrular doğal otlatmaya tabi tutulmuştur. Sonuçlar, yavrulama mevsiminin ve parite sayısının yavru doğum ağırlığı, büyüme performansı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığını ve yağışlı mevsimde doğan oğlakların, kurak mevsimde doğanlara göre (2.12±0.08 kg) en yüksek doğum ağırlığını (2.07±0.11 kg) sağladığını göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, doğum tipi boyutunun oğlakların doğum ağırlığı üzerinde anlamlı (P≤0.05) bir etki yaptığını göstermiştir. Tek doğan oğlaklar doğumda (2,31±0,10) ikiz doğanlardan (1,96±0,12 kg) daha ağırdı. Oğlakların cinsiyetinin doğum ağırlığı üzerinde oldukça anlamlı (P≤0.01) etkisi olduğu ve erkek oğlakların dişilere göre daha kilolu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğum tipi ve oğlakların cinsiyeti, oğlaklarının büyüme performansını sütten kesme dönemine kadar etkilemezken, ikiz ve dişi oğlakların ikiz ve dişi oğlaklar için sırasıyla (4.06, 6.52 ve 9.01 kg ve 3.96, 6.37 ve 8.53 kg) en hafif vücut ağırlığı artışı gösterdiği görülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre doğum mevsimi; parite sayısı ve doğum tipi, 90 günlük yaşta sütten kesme ağırlığı ve günlük kazancı etkilememiştir. Yavruların cinsiyeti, sütten kesme ağırlığını önemli ölçüde etkilerken (P≤0.05), erkek oğlaklar (9.19 kg), dişilere göre (8.53 kg) olarak kaydedildi. İki doğum mevsimi (yağmurlu ve serin kurak mevsim), parite sırası, sütten kesim öncesi mortalite üzerinde anlamlı bir etki göstermedi. İkiz doğan oğlaklar, tek doğan oğlaklarla (%5) karşılaştırıldığında %22 ile yüksek bir oran (P≤0.05) göstermiştir. Ayrıca oğlakların cinsiyeti (P≤0.05) ölüm oranını önemli ölçüde etkiledi. Burada dişi oranı erkek oranına (%9) kıyasla %18 oranıyla daha yüksektir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada en önemli varyasyon kaynağı doğum mevsimi olmuş ve çevresel faktörlerin keçilerinde canlı ağırlık ve büyüme oranları üzerine olumlu etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Keçi
• çöl
• oğlaklar
• doğum mevsimi
• parite sırası
• büyüme oranı
• Sudan

The Influence of Environmental Factors on Sudanese Desert Goat Kids' Birth Weight, Weaning and Mortality in the Province of North Kordofán, Sudan

Öz

The recent experience was aimed to evaluate the effect season on birth, parity and growth performance on of Sudanese desert goat kids' in Northern Kordofán province Sudan. Thirty seven (37) kids of desert goats which were divided in (2) flocks according to the birth season (rainy and dry seasons). Kids were subjected to natural grazing. The results indicated that the season of kidding and parity number seemed to had no significant influence on kids' birth weight, growth performance and kids born during autumn time secured highest birth weight (2.12±0.08 kg) compared with kids born during the dry time (2.07±0.11 kg). The results showed that the birth type girth significant (P<0.05) effect on kids' birth weight; single born kids were heavier at birth (2.31±0.10) than twin born kids (1.96±0.12 kg). The gender of kids has highly significant (P≤0.01) influence on birth weight; male kids' were heavier than the female kids'. Type of birth and gender of kids' were not statistically significant affect growth performance of desert kids to weaning period, where Twin and female kids showed lightest body weight growth (4.06, 6.52 and 9.01kg and 3.96, 6.37 and 8.53 kg) respectively for twin and female kid. The findings stated that time of birth; parity number & birth type were not affected weaning weight and daily gain at 90 days of age. Gender of kids' was exerted significant (P<0.05) effected weaning weight, where male kids recorded (9.19 kg) compared to their counterparty female (8.53 kg). The two seasons of birth (rainy & cool, dry season), parity order did no exerted any significant effect on the pre weaning mortality. Twin born kids showed a high rate (P<0.05) of morality with 22% as compared with kids' born as single (5%). Also gender of kids significantly (P<0.05) effects mortality rate, where female had higher rate 18% as compared with male 9%. In conclusion, season of birth was the supreme important exporter of the variation in this treatment. As a result, in this study, the most important source of variation was the birth season and it was determined that environmental factors had a positive effect on live weight and growth rates in goats.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Goat
• desert
• kids
• season of birth
• parity order
• growth rate
• Sudan

Kaynakça

1. Bello, A., and Babiker, S.A. (2010). Growth and carcass characteristics of desert goat kids and their temperate cross. Animal science journal Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 September 2010.
2. Adenaike, A. S and Bemji, M.N. (2011). Effects of environmental factors on birth weights and weaning weights of West African dwarf goats under intensive and extensive management systems.Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology1:9-14.
3. Alabi, O.O. (2019). ‘Animal agriculture: A viable tool for rural women empowerment and redemption from poverty’, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(2): 2365-2373. Alexandre, G., Aumont, G., Fleury, J. and Arquet, R. (2000). Reproductive performance of Creole goats of Guadeloupe. In: Proc.7th Inter. Conf. on goat, 15-21 May2000, France P.1039.
4. Andries, K.M. (2013). Growth and performance of meat goat kids from two seasons of birth in Kentucky. Sheep & Goat Research Journal, 28: 16-20.
5. AOAD, (1990). Arab organization for agricultural development. Goats resources in Arab states. II-Sudan (Arabic). AOAD printing press. Sudan: Khartoum; 1990.
6. Atoui, A., Hajejji, Z., Abaennebi, M., Gaddour, A. and Najari, S. (2015). Environmental factors affecting birth weight of Tunisian local goat population kids. Journal of new sciences, 38 (1).
7. Baiden, R.Y. (2007). Birth weight, birth type and pre-weaning survivability of west African dwarf goats raised in the dangme west district of the greater accra region of Ghana. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 39: 141-147.
8. Ballal, KME, M-KA A, LMA M. (2008). Estimates of phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits in the Sudanese Nubian goat. Res J Anim Vet Sci. 3: 9-14.

9. Baneh, H., Hafezian, S.H., Gholizadeh, A.R.M. and Rahimi, G., (2010). Estimation of genetic parameters of body weight traits in Ghezel sheep. Asian Australia Journal Animal Science, 23 (2): 149-153.
10. Boujenane, I.and El Hazzab, A., (2008). Genetic parameters for direct and maternal effects on body weights of Draa goats. Small Rumin. Res, 80: 16–21.
11. Browning, Jr, R., Leite-Browning, M.L. (2014). Birth to weaning kid traits from a complete diallel of Boer, Kiko, and Spanish meat goat breeds semi-intensively managed on humid subtropical pasture. Journal of Animal Science, 89(9): 2696-2707.
12. Bushara, I and Abu Nikhaila, M.M.A.A. (2012). Productivity Performance of Taggar Female Kids under Grazing Condition. J. Anim. Prod. Adv., 2 (1): 74-79.
13. Bushara, I., Hind, A. Salih and Mudalal, M.O. (2017a). Birth and Weaning Weight of Sudanese Desert Goat as Affected by Management System. International Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, 2(3): 10-11.
14. Bushara, I., Hind, A. Salih., Mohamed, O. Mudalal. and Dafalla M. Mekki. (2017c). Comparative Study on Productive and Reproductive Traits of Desert and Taggar Goats under Natural Grazing during Rainy Season. International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 4(5): 1- 9.
15. Bushara, I., Mohamed, O. Mudalal , Hind, A. Salih , A.O. Idris , O.M.A. Abdelhadi , Elemam, M.B., Dafalla, M. Mekki. (2017b). Effect of Sex of Desert and Taggar Kids on Growth Performance under Extensive System in South Kordofan State. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 3(6): 14-20.
16. Chai, Jianmini., Qiyu Diao., Haichao, Wang., Yan, Tu., Xiaojing,Tao and Naifeng, Zhang. (2015). Effects of weaning age on growth, nutrient digestibility and metabolism, and serum parameters in Hu lambs. Journal of Animal Nutrition, 1(4): 344- 348.
17. Chowdhury, S.A., Bhuiyan, M.S.A. and Faruk, S. (2002). Rearing Black Bengal goats under semi-intensive management, physiological and reproductive performances. Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 15: 477-484.
18. Dadi, H., Duguma, G., Shelima, B., Fayera, T., Tadesse, M., Woldu, T. and Tucho, T. A. (2008). Non-genetic factors influencing post-weaning growth and reproductive performances of Arsi-Bale goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development: 20(7).
19. Dereje,T., Mengistu, U., Getachew, A. and Yoseph, M. (2015). A review of productive and reproductive characteristics of indigenous goats in Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(2). Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42.
20. El-Naim, Y.A. (1979). Some reproductive and productive traits of Sudan Nubian goats. In: MVSc dissertation. Sudan: University of Khartoum; 1979.
21. Epstein H, Mason IL. The origin of the domestic animals of Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Escareño, L. et al. (2012). Dairy goat production systems, Tropical animal health and production. 45(1): 17-34.
22. El-Hag, F.M., Fadlalla, B. and Mukhtar, H.K. (2001). Some Production Characteristics of Sudan Desert Sheep under Range Conditions in North Kordofan, Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 33: 229-239.
23. FAOSTAT, (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http:// www.fao.org/faostat/en/ (2014). Accessed 05 Sep 2015 Goetsch, A.L., Zeng, S.S. and Gipson, T.A. (2011). Factors Affecting Goat Milk Production and Quality. Small Rumin Res, 101: 55-63.
24. Gubartalla, K.E.A., Abu Nikhaila, A.M. and El Khidir, O.A. (2002). Production and reproductive performance of flock of Sudanese Nubian goats fed on Molasses or sorghum based diets (1) Production. Sudan. J. Anim. Prod., 15: 33-41.
25. Hagan, B.A., Nyameasem, J.K., Asafu-Adjaye, A. and Duncan, J.L. (2014). Effects of non-genetic factors on the birth weight, litter size and pre-weaning survivability of West African Dwarf goats in the Accra Plains. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 26(1).
26. Hailu, D., Mieso, G., Nigatu, A., Fufa, D. and Gamada, D. (2006). The effect of environmental factors on preweaning survival rate of Borana and ArsiBale kids. Small Ruminant Res, 66: 291-294.
27. Haldar, Avijit., Prasenjit, P., Datta, M., Rajesh, Paul., Saumen, K. Pal., Debasis Majumdar., Chanchal K. Biswas., and Subhransu, Pan. (2014). Prolificacy and Its Relationship with age, body weight, parity, previous litter size and body linear type traits in meat-type goats. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 27(5): 628-634.
28. Htoo, Nay Nang., Aung, Tun. Khaing., Yusuf, Abba., Nwe, New. Htin., Jesse, Faez. Firdaus. Abdullah., Than, Kyaw., Mohd, Azam. Khan. Goriman Khan., andMohd, Azmi. Mohd. Lila. (2015). Enhancement of growth performance in pre-weaning suckling Boer kids supplemented with creep feed containing alfalfa. Veterinary World, 8 (6): 718-722.
29. Islam, M.R., Amin, M.R., Kabir, A.K.M.A. and Ahmed, M.U. (2009). Comparative study between semi-intensive and scavenging production system on the performances of Black Bengal goat. Journal Bangladesh Agriculture University, 7(1): 79-86.
30. Ismail AM, Yousif IA, Fadlelmoula AA. (2011) Phenotypic variations in birth and body weights of the Sudanese Desert goats. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2011;23
31. Keskin, Mahmut., Sabri GuL., Osman, Bicer. and İrfan, Daskirsn. (2017). Some reproductive, lactation, and kid growth characteristics of Kilis goats under semiintensive conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 41: 248-254.
32. Khan, M.S., Khan, M.A. and Mahmood, S. (2008). Genetic resources and diversity in Pakistani goats. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 10: 227-31.
33. Yaqoob, M.F., Shahzad, M. Aslam. M. Younas and Bilal, G. (2009). Production performance of Dera Din Panah goat under desert range conditions in Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 41: 1413-1419.
34. Mabrouk, O., Najari, S., Roberto, G.C., Gaddor, A., Ben, A., Elgaaied, A., Juan, V.D. (2010). The effect of non-genetic factors on the early body weights of Tunisian local goats. R. Bras. Zootec. 39: 1112-1117. Mahal, Zinat., Khandoker, M.A.M.Y., and Haque, M.N. (2013). Effect of non genetic factors on productive traits of Black Bengal goats. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 79-86.
35. Mahjoub, O., L.U., C.D., Hameed, M.S. (2005). Performance of omani goats fed diets containing various metabolisable energy densities. Small Ruminant Research, 58: 175-180.
36. Mason, I.L., Maule, J.P. (1960) The indigenous livestock of eastern and southern Africa. In: Technical communication N0, vol. 14. Edinburgh, UK: Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics;
37. Merlos-Brito, M. I., Martínez-Rojero, R. D., Torres-Hernández, G., Mastache-Lagunas, A. A. and Gallegos-Sánchez,J. (2008). Evaluation of productive traits in Boer × local, Nubian × local and local kids in the dry tropic of Guerrero, Mexico. Veterinaria (Mex) 39: 323-333.
38. MFEP, (1994) Annual Report 1993/94, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MFEP), (Khartoum, Sudan).
39. Oseni, S.O. and Ajayi, B.A. (2014). Phenotypic characterization and strategies for genetic improvement of WAD goats under backyard system. Open Journal of Animal Science 4: 253-262.
40. Otal, J., Martı´nez, M., Quiles, A., Hevia, M. L. and Ramı´rez, A. (2010). Effect of litter size and sex on the birth weight of newborn kids and in the behaviour of primiparous goats before, during and after the parturition. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90:483-490.
41. Otuma, M. O. and Onu, P. N. (2013). Genetic effects, relationships and heritability of some growth traits in Nigeria crossbreed goats. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 4(4): 388-392.
42. Pan, Subhransu., Chanchal, Kanti. Biswas., Debasis, Majumdar., Dipyaman Sengupta., Aditi, Patra.,Saurabh, Ghosh. And Avijit, Haldar. (2015). Influence of age, body weight, parity and morphometric traits on litter size in prolific Black Bengal goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 43(1).
43. Rashidi, A., Mokhtari, M. S., Safi, J. A. and Mohammad, A. M. R. (2008). Gen etic param eter estimates of pre-weaning growth traits in Kermani sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 74: 165–171.
44. Sahlu, T., and A. L. Goetsch. 2005. A foresight on goat research. Small Rumin. Res., 60: 7–12.
45. Siham A. Rahmatalla , Danny Arends, Monika Reissmann, Ammar Said Ahmed1, Klaus Wimmers, Henry Reyer 3 and Gudrun, Brockmann, A. (2017). Whole genome population genetics analysis of Sudanese goats identifies regions harboring genes associated with major traits. Rahmatalla et al. BMC Genetics (2017) 18:92.
46. Singh, D.K. 2002. Factors affecting pre-weaning relative growth rate in Black Bengal kids. Indian Veterinary Journal, 79: 948-951.
47. Snyman, M.A. (2010). Factors affecting pre-weaning kid mortality in South African Angora goats. South African Journal of Animal Science 40: 54-64.
48. SPSS, (2005). Statistical Package for Social Sciences, windows evaluation program version 15, Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL.19-182 http://www.spss.com
49. Sumartono, Hartutik. And Nuryadi, Suyadi. (2016). Productivity Index of Etawah Crossbred Goats at Different Altitude in Lumajang District, East Java Province, Indonesia. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 9(4): 24-30.
50. Technoserve, (1987). Credit component baseline survey. Technoserve Inc. agricultural bank of Sudan and US Agency for Agricultural development, ELobied, Sudan. 204 pp.
51. Tedonkeng-Pamo, E., Tendonkeng, F., Kadjio, J. T. T., Kwami, H. N., Taboum, R. K., Kana, J. R. and Tegodjeu, A. (2002). Evaluation of the comparative growth and reproductive performance of West Africa Dwarf goats in the western highlands of Cameroon. In Development and field evaluation of animal feed supplementation packages, proceedings of the final review meeting of an IAEA, 25-29 Nov (2000), Cairo, Egypt, Vienna. P: 87-96.
52. Toplu, HDO, Altinel A. (2008) Some production traits of indigenous Hair goats bred under extensive conditions in Turkey.2nd communication: Viability and growth performances of kids. Arch Tierz 51: 507-514.
53. Trevor, Wilson R., (2018). Livestock in the Republic of the Sudan: Policies, production, problems and possibilities. Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science. doi: 10.15761/AHDVS.1000142.
54. Turkson, P.K., Antiri, Y.K. and Baffuor-Awuah, O. (2004). Kid mortality in West African Dwarf Goats under an intensive management system in Ghana. Tropical Anim. Health and Prod. 36: 353-364.
55. Ugur F., Savas T. and Dosay, M. (2004). Growth and behavioural traits of Turkish Saanen kids weaned at 45 and 60 days. Small Ruminant Research, 52: 179-184.
56. Wang, D. H., Xu, G. Y., Wu, D. J. and Liu, Z. H. (2011). Characteristics and production performance of Tianfu goat, a new breed population. Small Rumin. Res. 95: 88-9.
57. Wenzhong, L., Yuan, Z. and Zhongxiao, Z. (2005). Adjustment for non-genetic effects on body weight and size in Angora goats. doi:10.1016/ j.smallrumres. 2004.11.006. Small Ruminant Research, 59: 25-31.
58. Wilson, T. (1991). Small ruminant production and the small ruminant genetic resource in tropical Africa. FAO Anim Prod Health Pap. 1991;8.
59. Yakubu, A., A.E. Salako, I.G. Imumorin, A.O. Ige and Akinyemi, M.O. (2010). Discriminant analysis of morphometric differentiation in the West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats. South African Journal of Animal Science 40(4): 381-387.
60. Zahraddeen, D., Butswat, I.S.R. and Mbap, S.T. (2008). Evaluation of some factors influencing growth performance of local goats in nigeria. African Journal of food Agricultural Nutrition and Development, 8(4): 464-479.
61. Zahraddeen, D., Butswat, I.S.R. and Mbap, S.T. (2007). Factors affecting birth weight, litter size and survival rates of goats in Bauch, Nigeria. Animal Production Research Advances, 3: 46-51.
62. Zhang, C.Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, D.Q., Xiang, Li., Jie, Su. and Yang, L.G. (2009). Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for growth traits in Boer goat. Livest. Sci. 124: 66-71.
63. Zhang. C.Y., Shen, Z., Zhou, Z.Q. and Yang, L.G. (2006). Studies on the growth and developmental rules of young Boer goat. J. Huazhong Agric. University. 12: 640-644.