Charismatic Leadership: A Traditional Review

Öz

Leadership as a concept has captured the interest of countless people from ancient times to the present, and is becoming increasingly popular today. Some of the exemplary and influential military, political, religious and social leaders in historical texts have been described as charismatic leaders. Charismatic leaders are defined as leaders who are characterized by an ability of divine inspiration, those who possess this ability or have this impact. There are a number of leadership behaviors that distinguish charismatic leaders from non-charismatic leaders. The fundamental behaviors of charismatic leadership may differ between theories and sometimes between older and newer versions of the same theory. As we look at examples of charismatic leaders, we see both positive and negative aspects of charismatic leadership. Charismatic leaders, to whom followers unconditionally submit and unquestioningly trust, may choose to glorify themselves by ignoring common values and mission if they cannot be subjected to scrutiny. In such cases, we are faced with negative and toxic charismatic leaders. Followers' approval of the toxic leader's behavior, for whatever reason, ensures the continuation of negative attitudes and behaviors. The emergence of toxic leaders can be prevented by finding and preventing the reasons that lead the leader to become a toxic leader. In studies conducted on leadership and leadership styles in the health sector, it is seen that the effects of charismatic leadership are indirectly addressed and that charismatic leadership makes significant contributions to areas such as patient care quality and team performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Leadership
• Charismatic Leadership
• Contemporary Leadership.

Karizmatik Liderlik: Geleneksel Derleme

Öz

Liderlik, konusu eski dönemlerden bugüne kadar birçok insanın dikkatini çekmiş ve günümüzde popülerliği giderek artan bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Tarih metinlerinde askeri, siyasi, dini ve toplumsal örnek ve etkili liderlerden bazıları karizmatik liderler olarak tanımlanmıştır. İlahi ilham yeteneği vurgusu ile anılan ve bu yeteneği taşıyan ya da bu etkiyi gösteren liderler karizmatik lider olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Karizmatik liderliği karizmatik olmayan liderlikten ayıran bir dizi lider davranışı vardır. Karizmatik liderliğin temel davranışları teoriden teoriye ve bazen de aynı teorinin eski versiyonlarından yeni versiyonlarına farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Lider örneklerine baktığımızda olumlu ve olumsuz karizmatik lider örnekleri ile karşılaşmaktayız. Takipçilerinin koşulsuz olarak boyun eğdiği, sorgulamadan güvendiği karizmatik liderler denetlenemez ise ortak değerler ve misyona önem vermeyerek kendini yüceltmeyi seçebilmektedirler. Bu durumda olumsuz ve toksik karizmatik liderler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Toksik liderler, bulundukları kurum ya da toplumun performansını olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Takipçilerin hangi nedenle olursa olsun toksik liderin davranışlarını onaylaması, olumsuz tutum ve davranışların devamlılığını sağlar. Lideri, toksik lider olmaya yönlendiren sebeplerin bulunup, önlenmesi ile birlikte toksik liderlerin ortaya çıkışı engellenebilir. Sağlık sektöründe liderlik ve liderlik tarzları üzerine yapılan araştırmalarda, karizmatik liderliğin etkilerinin dolaylı olarak ele alındığı, karizmatik liderliğin hasta bakım kalitesi ve ekip performansı gibi alanlarda önemli katkılar sağladığı görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Liderlik
• Karizmatik Liderlik
• Çağdaş Liderlik.

Kaynakça

1. Akbulut, D., & Yavuz E. (2022). Toxic leadership behavior in organizations: Descriptive content analysis. Uluslararası Liderlik Çalışmaları Dergisi: Kuram ve Uygulama, 5(2), 107-122. https://doi.org/10.52848/ijls.1097752
2. Akdemir, A. (2018). Leadership and vision management. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A. Ş.
3. Bell, R. M. (2013). Charismatic leadership case study with Ronald Reagan as exemplar. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 65(1), 83-91.
4. Bryman, A. (2020). Charisma and leadership in organizations. Sage Pubns.
5. Buldu, T. (2016). The relationship between charismatic leadership and employee performance: A case study [Unpublished master's thesis]. Okan University.
6. Chavagli, S. R. R., Dela Coleta, M. F., Dela Coleta, J. A., Mendes, I. A. C., & Trevizan, M. A. (2013). Adaptation and validation of the socialized charismatic leadership scale. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 26, 444-454.
7. Ciampa, D. (2016). When charismatic leadership goes too far. Harvard Business Review.
8. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637-647.

9. Çetin, M., & Çayak, S. (2018) Sustainable leadership. Nobel Academic Publishing.
10. Çetin, Ş., & Baltacı, R. (2018). Leadership in organizations. (G. Yukl, Trans.). Nobel Academic Publishing. (Original work published 2013).
11. Demir, B. (2020). Toxic leaders and toxic relationships in organizations. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6, 31-35.
12. Doriane, B., & Manon, D. (2013). Toxic leadership an understanding on how a business environment is ‘contaminated’ by leaders [Unpublished master thesis]. Linnaeus University.
13. Elkhwesky, Z., Salem, I. E., Ramkissoon, H., & Castañeda-García, J. A. (2022). A systematic and critical review of leadership styles in contemporary hospitality: A roadmap and a call for future research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
14. Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
15. Günçavdı, G. (2017). Charismatic leadership: A literature review. Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (Ek 1), 21-34.
16. Işik, O., Uğurluoğlu, Ö., Akbolat, M., Öner, Z. H., & Pisapia, J. (2012). Charismatic leadership: Impulse factor for initiative-oriented health care personnel in the Turkish public hospitals. HealthMED, 6(5), 1523-1535.
17. Izgüden, D., Eroymak, S., & Erdem, R. (2016). Toxic leadership behaviors seen in healthcare institutions: An example of a university hospital. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 262-276.
18. Juurikkala, O. (2012). Likeness to the divinity? Virtues and charismatic leadership. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 17 (2), 4-15.
19. Kandi, A. P. Y., & Hassani, M. (2021). Investigating the role of organizational values, communication satisfaction and charismatic leadership on job performance with emphasis on the mediating role of psychological components related to nurses' work. Iranian Journal of Ergonomics, 9(2), 30-43. http://doi.org/10.30699/jergon.9.2.30
20. Kandi, A. P. Y., & Hassani, M. (2022). The relationship between organizational values and charismatic leadership with social responsibility and job performance: Investigating the role of mediating role of organizational commitment among Nurses. Journal of Educational Sciences, 29(2), 189-210. http://doi.org/10.22055/edus.2022.40209.3344
21. Kılınç, T. (2002). An analysis on leadership. Hastane Dergisi (Hospital News), 3(15), 84-88.
22. Kim, K., & Dansereau, F. (2013). Extending the concept of charismatic leadership: An illustration using Bass’s (1990) categories. In Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead 10th anniversary edition (Vol. 5, pp. 165-194). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3571(2013)0000005015
23. Kirca, C. (2015). Charismatic leadership and organizational culture [Unpublished master's thesis]. Beykent University.
24. Kösele, M. (2018). Comparison of charismatic leadership behaviors in terms of male and female workforce: A research [Unpublished master's thesis]. Kocaeli University.
25. Lussier, R. N., & Achua, C. F. (2015). Leadership: Theory, application, & skill development. (6, Ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning.
26. Luu, T. T., Rowley, C., Dinh, C. K., Qian, D., & Le, H. Q. (2019). Team creativity in public healthcare organizations: The roles of charismatic leadership, team job crafting, and collective public service motivation. Public Performance & Management Review, 42(6), 1448-1480. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2019.1595067
27. McClean, E., & Collins, C. J. (2019). Expanding the concept of fit in strategic human resource management: An examination of the relationship between human resource practices and charismatic leadership on organizational outcomes. Human Resource Management, 58(2), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21945
28. Men, L. R., Yue, C. A., & Liu, Y. (2020). “Vision, passion, and care:” The impact of charismatic executive leadership communication on employee trust and support for organizational change. Public Relations Review, 46(3), 101927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101927
29. Min, W., & Ye, Y. (2021). A study of the relationship between lecturers’ perceptions towards charismatic leadership and their organizational commitment in the school of life sciences at a University in Yunnan, China. Scholar: Human Sciences, 13(1), 351-367.
30. Moura, A. A. D., Hayashida, K. Y., Bernardes, A., Zanetti, A. C. B., & Gabriel, C. S. (2019). Charismatic leadership among nursing professionals: an integrative review. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 72, 315–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0743
31. Orukwowu, U. (2022). Nursing leadership in healthcare: The impact of effective nurse leadership on quality healthcare outcomes. IPS Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.54117/iijss.v1i1.1
32. Özdemir, M., & Pektaş, V. (2020). Adaptation study of Conger-Kanungo charismatic leadership scale to Turkish culture. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 2-18. Popoiu, A., Mironov-Duret, G., Şoimu, S., & Andrişan, D. Ş. (2012). Political leaders after the cold war. The case of slobodan milošević: Toxic vs. charismatic leader. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales, 5(1).
33. Pradhan, S., & Pradhan, D. R. K. (2011). Two decades of studyıng charısma: the leadershıp dımensıon. Internatıonal Journal Of Research In Computer Applıcatıon & Management, 1(5), 1-4. Reed, G. E. (2004). Toxic leadership. Military Review, 84(4), 67-71.
34. Snow, N., Hickey, N., Blom, N., O’Mahony, L., & Mannix-McNamara, P. (2021). An exploration of leadership in post-primary schools: The emergence of toxic leadership. Societies, 11(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11020054
35. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
36. Şahin, B. (2020). The extent to which school principals' leadership styles predict school happiness [Unpublished master's thesis]. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University.
37. Taştan, K., & Sabır Taştan, N. (2021). Concept confusion in leadership literature: Categorizing leadership within the framework of theory-model-style distinction. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(3), 1636-1653. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.981875.
38. Yalçın, S. (2014). Examining the relationship between school administrators' leadership styles and teachers' quality of work life and organizational commitment levels according to teachers' perceptions [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Atatürk University.
39. Yılmaz, A. İ. (2022). The effect of school principals' leadership styles on teacher leadership [Unpublished master's thesis]. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University.
40. Zhang, X., Liang, L., Tian, G., & Tian, Y. (2020). Heroes or villains? The dark side of charismatic leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155546
41. Zhu, Y., & Wu, J. (2020). Does charismatic leadership encourage or suppress follower voice? The moderating role of challenge–hindrance stressors. Asian Business & Management, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00125-z