An Overview of Applications of Nanoparticles in Plant Systems and Plant Tissue Cultures

Öz

With the rapid increase in the world population, the need for plants and plant materials has also increased. Plant biotechnology is a good alternative to meet these needs. Plant tissue cultures, which constitute the most important part of plant biotechnology, include many techniques for different purposes. These techniques; micropropagation, genetic manipulation, bioactive compound production, and plant growth, etc. it is accepted as one of the basic building blocks of plant biology in fields. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the production, design, and application of nano-sized new materials (nanomaterials), and its basis is nanoparticles. Applications of nanoparticles in plant systems and plant tissue cultures have various effects on plant growth and development physiology. The most studied nanoparticles in these areas are; metal/metal oxide-based, carbon-based, quantum dots, silicon, and polymeric nanoparticles. When the studies using nanoparticles in plant systems are examined; It has been reported that positive results were obtained in parameters such as seed germination, plant growth and yield, shoot regeneration, root/shoot length, and biomass increase, and inducing effects were determined by physiological/biochemical activities. Also, effects such as providing genetic modification, improving the production of bioactive compounds, providing plant protection as well as increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress have been determined. In recent years, successful results have been obtained for the elimination of contaminants from explants, callus induction, shoot regeneration, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation, in vitro flowering, genetic transformation, and secondary metabolite production with the applications of nanoparticles in plant tissue cultures. It has been revealed that the success of the application of nanoparticles in plant systems and plant tissue cultures depends on the type of nanoparticle used, its dose, and the plant species studied. This review aims to reveal the positive aspects of the use of nanotechnology by examining the existing studies on the integration of nanotechnology into plant systems and plant tissue cultures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Plant Biotechnology
• Plant Systems
• Plant Tissue Cultures
• Nanotechnology
• Nanoparticles

Nanopartiküllerin Bitki Sistemlerinde ve Bitki Doku Kültürlerinde Uygulamalarına Yönelik Genel Bir Bakış

Öz

Dünya nüfusunun hızla artmasıyla birlikte, bitkiye ve bitkisel materyallere duyulan ihtiyaç da artma göstermiştir. Bitki biyoteknolojisi, bu ihtiyaçların karşılanması için iyi bir alternatiftir. Bitki biyoteknolojisinin en önemli kısmını oluşturan bitki doku kültürleri, farklı amaçlara yönelik birçok tekniği içermektedir. Bitki doku kültürü teknikleri; mikroçoğaltım, genetik manipülasyon, biyoaktif bileşik üretimi ve bitki gelişimi vb. alanlarda bitki biyolojisinin temel yapıtaşlarından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Nanoteknoloji, nano boyutlu yeni malzemelerin (nanomalzeme) üretimi, bunların tasarımını ve uygulamasını ele alan multidisipliner bir bilim dalıdır ve temelini nanopartiküller oluşturmaktadır. Nanopartiküllerin, bitki sistemlerinde ve bitki doku kültürlerindeki uygulamalarının bitki büyüme ve gelişme fizyolojisi üzerinde çeşitli etkileri mevcuttur. Bu alanlarda en çok çalışılan nanopartiküller; sırasıyla metal/metal oksit bazlılar, karbon bazlılar, kuantum noktaları, silikon ve polimerik nanopartiküllerdir. Bitki sistemlerinde nanopartiküllerin kullanıldığı çalışmalar incelendiğinde; tohum çimlenmesi, bitki büyümesi ve verim, sürgün rejenerasyonu, kök/sürgün uzunluğu ve biyokütle artışı gibi parametrelerde olumlu sonuçlar alındığı, fizyolojik/biyokimyasal aktiviteler açısından da indükleyici etkilerin belirlendiği raporlanmıştır. Ayrıca genetik modifikasyonun sağlanması, biyoaktif bileşiklerin üretiminin iyileştirilmesi, bitki korumanın sağlanmasının yanı sıra biyotik ve abiyotik strese karşı dayanıklılığı artırma gibi etkileri de belirlenmiştir. Son yıllarda, nanopartiküllerin bitki doku kültürlerinde gerçekleştirilen uygulamaları ile de eksplantlardan kontaminantların yok edilmesi, kallus indüksiyonu, sürgün rejenerasyonu, organogenez, somatik embriyogenez, somaklonal varyasyon, in vitro çiçeklenme, genetik transformasyon ve sekonder metabolit üretimine yönelik başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Nanopartiküllerin bitki sistemlerinde ve bitki doku kültürlerindeki uygulanma başarısı, kullanılan nanopartikül çeşidine, dozuna ve üzerinde çalışılan bitki türüne bağlı olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu derleme, nanoteknolojinin bitki sistemlerine ve bitki doku kültürlerine entegre edilmesine yönelik mevcut çalışmaların incelenerek, nanoteknoloji kullanımının olumlu yönlerinin ortaya konulmasını amaçlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki Biyoteknolojisi
• Bitki Sistemleri
• Bitki Doku Kültürleri
• Nanoteknoloji
• Nanopartiküller

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