PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYENİN TÜKENMİŞLİK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: KENDİLİK KONTROLÜNÜN DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ

Yıl 2022, , 1110 - 1127, 28.12.2022

Murat Bolelli , Hüseyin Ekizler

https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1025819

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amaçları psikolojik sermayenin tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisinin ve kendilik kontrolünün bu ilişkideki düzenleyici rolünün incelenmesidir. Araştırma verisi kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak internet üzerinden anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Toplam 461 anket toplanmış, bunlardan tutarsız ve eksik yanıtlar içerenler çıkarıldığında kalan 409 adet anket çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Kendilik kontrolünün ölçümü için Spector tarafından 1988 yılında geliştirilen Kendilik Kontrolü Ölçeği (WLCS), psikolojik sermayenin ölçümü için Luthans vd. tarafından 2007 yılında geliştirilen Psikolojik Sermaye Ölçeği (PCQ), tükenmişliğin ölçümü içinse Maslach ve Jackson tarafından 1981 yılında geliştirilen Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri (MBI) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma değişkenlerine öncelikle güvenilirlik analizi yapılarak yapıların tutarlı ve güvenilir oldukları belirlenmiş, akabinde çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar öz yeterliliğin tükenmişliğin tüm alt boyutları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir etkisinin bulunduğunu, iyimserlik ve psikolojik dayanıklılığın duygusal tükenme ve duyarsızlaşma üzerinde negatif etkisinin bulunduğunu, psikolojik sermayenin tüm alt boyutlarının kişisel başarı hissi üzerinde pozitif etkisinin olduğunu ve dışsal kendilik kontrolünün psikolojik sermaye ile tükenmişlik ilişkisinde düzenleyici etkisinin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırmanın bulguları sonuç bölümünde tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik Sermaye, Tükenmişlik, Kendilik Kontrolü, Beyaz Yakalı Çalışanlar

THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL ON BURNOUT: MODERATING EFFECT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL

Öz

Purposes of this research are to examine the effect of psychological capital on burnout and moderating effect of locus of control on the relationship between them. Data for the research is collected through questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling method. 461 forms are collected, after sorting and removing inconsistent and missing responses 409 usable questionnaires remained. To measure variables, Work Locus of Control Scale (WLCS) developed by Spector (1988), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) developed by Luthans et al., (2007) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) is used. Following the reliability analyses which showed all the constructs are reliable and consistent, multiple regression analyses are conducted using research variables. Results indicate that self-efficacy has a significant and positive effect on all dimensions of burnout, optimism and resilience has a negative effect on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout, all PsyCap components has a significant and positive effect on reduced personal accomplishment and external LoC is found to moderate the relationship between PsyCap and burnout. Implications of the results are discussed and future research areas are suggested.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psychological Capital, Burnout, Locus of Control, White-Collar Employees

Kaynakça

• Adams, V. H., Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., King, E. A., Sigmon, D. R., & Pulvers, K. M. (2002). Hope in the workplace. Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, 367-377.
• Andrisani, P. J., & Nestel, G. (1976). Internal-external control as contributor to and outcome of work experience. Journal of applied psychology, 61(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.61.2.156
• Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes, and self‐esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00183.x
• Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Babalola, S.S. (2009). Women entrepreneurial innovative behaviour: The role of psychological capital. International Journal of Business Management, 4(11), 184–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n11p184
• Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37: 122. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
• Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
• Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school, and community. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.
• Benard, B. (1993). Fostering resiliency in kids. Educational Leadership, 51, 44–48.
• Bilgin, S.L. (2007). An investigation on the relationship between work locus of control and union commitment. Retrieved June 14, 2012, from http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:and:journl:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:39-5
• Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
• Bryant, F. B., & Cvengros, J. A. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins?. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 23(2), 273-302. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018
• Carifio, J., & Rhodes, L. (2002). Construct validities and the empirical relationships between optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and locus of control. Work, 19, 125–136.
• Chen, J.C., & Silverthorne, C. (2008). The impact of locus of control on job stress, job performance and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 29(7), 572–582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730810906326 Coutu, D.L. (2002) How Resilience Works, Harvard Business Review, 80, 46-55.
• Çetin, F., H.N. Basım (2011) Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarındaki Rolü, Iş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(3), 79-94. DOI: 10.4026/1303-2860.2011.0184.x
• Çetin, F., Şeşen, H. and Basım, H.N. (2013). Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermayenin Tükenmişlik Sürecine Etkileri: Kamu sektöründe bir araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 95–108. https://hdl.handle.net/11421/98
• Davidson, K., & Prkachin, K. (1997). Optimism and unrealistic optimism have an interacting impact on health-promoting behavior and knowledge changes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/20.3.179
• Fazey, D. M., & Fazey, J. A. (2001). The potential for autonomy in learning: Perceptions of competence, motivation and locus of control in first-year undergraduate students. Studies in Higher Education, 26(3), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070120076309
• Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of social issues, 30(1), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
• Geurts, S., Schaufeli, W., & De Jonge, J. (1998). Burnout and intention to leave among mental health-care professionals: A social psychological approach. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17: 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1998.17.3.341
• Gong, Z., Chen, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Job Burnout and Job Performance: Mediating Effect of Psychological Capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02707
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1988). The ecology of stress. New York: Hemisphere.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44: 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1998). Stress, culture, and community. New York: Plenum.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50: 337–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
• Hobfoll, S. E., & Freedy, J. (1993). Conservation of resources: A general stress theory applied to burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Series in applied psychology: Social issues and questions. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (p. 115–133).
• Huey, S. J., Jr., & Weisz, J. R. (1997). Ego control, ego resiliency, and the five-factor model as predictors of behavioral and emotional problems in clinic-referred children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.404
• Hunter, A. J.,&Chandler,G. E. (1999). Adolescent resilience. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31, 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00488.x
• Izgar, H. (2001). Okul Yöneticilerinde Tükenmişlik. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach, C., & Marek, T. (Eds.). (2017). Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (Vol. 33). Taylor & Francis.
• International Labour Office (1993). World Labor Report 1993. Geneva: International Labour Office.
• Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2002). The impact of hope in the entrepreneurial process: Exploratory research findings. In Decision Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings. San Diego, CA.
• Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376 Kahill, S. (1988). Symptoms of professional burnout: A review of the empirical evidence. Canadian Psychology, 29, 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079772
• Kapusuz, A. G., & Çavuş, M. F. (2019). The Effects of Psychological Capital on Public Employees’ Burnout: An Example From Turkey. Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 27(2), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.251
• Kok, L., Ho, M., Heng, B., & Ong, Y. (1990). A psychological study of high risk subjects for AIDS. Singapore Medical Journal, 31, 573–582.
• Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback intervention on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 254–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254
• Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Leiter, M. P. (1989). Conceptual implications of two models of burnout: A response to Golembiewski. Group &Organization Studies, 14, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118901400103
• Lefcourt, H.M. (1984). Research with the locus of control construct. New York, NY: Academic Press.
• Loosemore, M., & Lam, A. S. Y. (2004). The locus of control: A determinant of opportunistic behaviour in construction health and safety. Construction management and economics, 22(4), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619042000239997
• Lu, L., Kao, S., Cooper, C.J., & Spector, P.E. (2000). Managerial stress, locus of control, and job strain in Taiwan and UK: A comparative study. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 209–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009518315691
• Luthans, F. (2002a). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640181
• Luthans, F. (2002b). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165
• Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2002). Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development. Human resource development review, 1(3), 304-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484302013003
• Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004a). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47, (1), pp 45–50. Doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2003.11.007
• Luthans, F., Van Wyk, R., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2004b). Recognition and development of hope for South African organizational leaders. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 25, 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730410556752
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Li, W. (2005). The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review, 1, 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00011.x
• Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. J. (2006a). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J., & Norman, S. (2006b). Psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction (Working Paper No. 2006–1). Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
• Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 143–160. Doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
• Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self‐efficacy, optimism, and general well‐being. Journal of clinical psychology, 55(5), 539-551. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199905)55:5<539::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-G
• Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
• Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Maslach, C. (1998). Theories of Organizational Stress. In: C.L. Cooper (ed.), A Multi-dimensional Theory of Burnout. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
• Maslach, C, & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
• Moore, J. E. (2000). Why is this happening? A casual attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences. Academy of Management Review, 25: 335–349. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3312920
• O’Brein, K.E. (2004). Self-determination theory and locus of control as antecedents of voluntary workplace behaviours. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1182
• Perlman, B., & Hartman, E. A. (1982). Burnout: Summary and future research. Human Relations, 33, 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678203500402
• Peterson, C., & Bossio, L. (1991). Health and optimism. New York: Free Press.
• Peterson, C. (1999). Personal control and well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 288–301). New York: Russell Sage.
• Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism, American Psychologist, 55:45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.44
• Peterson, C., & Chang, E. (2002). Optimism and flourishing. In C. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 55–79). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Peterson, S. J., & Luthans, F. (2003). The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457302
• Rehman, S., Cao, Q., Latif, Y., and Iqbal, P. (2017). Impact of psychological capital on occupational burnout and performance of faculty members. International Journal of Educational Management. 31, 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-01-2016-0011
• Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1954.
• Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied Psychology, 80(1), 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0092976
• Rotter, J.B. (1990) Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement: A Case History of a Variable, American Psychologist, 45(4), 489-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.489
• Salazar, J., Hubbard, S., & Salazar, L. (2002). The influence of locus of control on hotel managers job satisfaction. The Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 1(2), 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J171v01n02_02
• Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
• Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x
• Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical wellbeing: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173489
• Schneider, S. L. (2001). In search of realistic optimism. American Psychologist, 56, 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.250
• Seeman, J. (1989). Toward a model of positive health. American Psychologist, 44, 1099–1109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.8.1099
• Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books.
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive Psychology, Positive Prevention and Positive Therapy. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 3-7). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Shaik, Z., & Buitendach, J. H. (2015). The relationship between work locus of control and psychological capital amongst middle managers in the recruitment industry of South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v13i1.615
• Silvester, J., Anderson‐Gough, F. M., Anderson, N. R., & Mohamed, A. R. (2002). Locus of control, attributions and impression management in the selection interview. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902167649
• Snyder, C. R., Irving, L., & Anderson, J. (1991). Hope and health: Measuring the will and the ways. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 285–305). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
• Snyder, C. R. (1993). Hope for the journey. In Based upon an address presented to the Southeastern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA, Mar, 1991. Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). Hope and optimism. Encyclopedia of human behavior, 2, 535-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00193-2
• Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(3), 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01764.x
• Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Academic press.
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
• Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (2000). Hope theory: Updating a common process for psychological change. In C. R. Snyder & R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes and practices for the 21st century (pp. 128–153). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–276). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Solmuş, T. (2004). İş yaşamı, denetim odağı ve beş faktörlük kişilik modeli. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 10(34-35), 196-205. Spector, P. E. (1982). Behavior in organizations as a function of employee's locus of control. Psychological bulletin, 91(3), 482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.91.3.482
• Spector, P. E. (1988). Development of the work locus of control scale. Journal of occupational psychology, 61(4), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1988.tb00470.x
• Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1997). A meta-analysis of the effects of organizational behavior modification on task performance: 1975–95. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1122–1149. https://doi.org/10.5465/256929
• Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998a). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26, 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(98)90006-7
• Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998b). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 240. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
• Stajkovic, A., & Luthans, F. (2003) Behavioral management and task performance in organizations: Conceptual background, meta-analysis, and test of alternative models. Personnel Psychology, 56, 155–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00147.x
• Sutcliffe, K.M., T.J. Vogus (2003) Organizing for Resilience, Cameron, K.S., J.E. Dutton, R.E. Quinn (Ed.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline. San Francisco: Berrett-Khoeler, 94-110.
• Vancouver, J., Thompson, C., & Williams, A. (2001). The changing signs in the relationship between self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 605–620. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.605
• Vancouver, J., Thompson, C., Tischner, E., & Putka, D. (2002). Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.506
• Weinstein, N. (1989). Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science, 246, 1232–1233. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2686031 Wood, R. E., Mento, A. J., & Locke, E. A. (1987). Task complexity as a moderator of goal effects: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 416–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.416
• Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
• Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 486–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486
• Yeşilyaprak, B. (2000). Eğitimde rehberlik hizmetleri: okulöncesi eğitim-ilköğretim-ortaöğretim. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Youssef, C. M. (2004). Resiliency development of organizations, leaders and employees: Multilevel theory building and individual-level, path-analytical empirical testing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
• Youssef, C.M., F. Luthans (2005) Resiliency Development of Organizations, Leaders and Employees: Multi-level Theory Building for Sustained Performance, Gardner, W., B. Avolio ve F.Walumbwa (Ed.), Authentic Leadership Theory and Practice, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 303-343.
• Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Time for positivity in the Middle East: Developing hopeful Egyptian organizational leaders. In W. Mobley & E. Weldon (Eds.), Advances in global leadership (Vol. 4). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.