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COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDEKİ AŞIRI FİYATLAMALARA İLİŞKİN TÜKETİCİ ŞİKAYETLERİ VE REKABET HUKUKU AÇISINDAN ALINAN ÖNLEMLER

Yıl 2022, , 837 - 855, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1032724

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 döneminde aşırı fiyatlara yönelik tüketici şikayetlerini betimlemek, dünyada ve Türkiye’de Rekabet Hukuku açısından ne tür önleyici ve düzenleyici tedbirlerin alındığını tespit etmek ve değerlendirmektir. Belge Tarama yöntemi kullanarak elde edilen ikincil veriler sadeleştirilmiş ve analiz birimi olarak kullanılan cümleler ve paragraflar aynı alt başlıklar altında toplanmıştır. Elde edilen nitel veriler tablolar halinde verilmiş; ayrıca sikayetvar.com sitesinde yer alan son 20 aylık dönemdeki aşırı fiyatlara ilişkin şikayetler tasnif edilmiştir. Sikayetvar.com sitesindeki şikayet çözümlemesinde ortaya çıkan bulgular hem sayısal hem de kategorik olarak tablolar halinde verilmiştir. Fiyatı en çok şikayet edilen mal ve hizmetler ev içi araç-gereç ve tamirleri, gıda, kişisel iletişim araç ve hizmetlerdir. Literatüre ilişkin bulgular Covid-19 salgını ile birlikte pek çok ülkede işletmeler tarafından fahiş fiyat uygulamasının gerçekleştirildiğini göstermektedir. Bu duruma karşı ülkelerin rekabet otoritelerinin haksız kazanç sağlayan bu tür firmalara yönelik yaptırımda bulundukları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada sorunların kaynağını bertaraf edici tedbirlerin tüm tarafların ortak mutabakatı ile alınması; bu tedbirlerin çıkarılacak hal yasası ve perakende yasasında yer alması ve bu tedbirlerin uygulamalarının sürekli kontrol edilmesinin önemine işaret edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, A. (2016), Yerli ve Yabancı Fast Food Ürünlerinin Gençlerin Tercih Nedenlerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17 (38), 1-23.
  • AGCM (2020). ICA: Coronavirus, the Authority intervenes in the sale of sanitizing products and masks. Erişim Tarihi: https://en.agcm.it/en/media/press-releases/2020/3/ICA-Coronavirus-the-Authority-intervenes-in-the-sale-of-sanitizing-products-and-masksepa
  • Angelovska, N. (2021). Understanding customer complaint behavior for effective resolution. UTMS Journal of Economics, 12(1). 57-69.
  • Ardıyok, Ş., Yeşilyaprak, D. & Başar H. (2020). Rekabet Kurumu dahil tüm rekabet otoritelerinden çağrı: Covid-19 salgını süresince tedbiri elinizden bırakmayın, rakiplerle “sosyal mesafeyi” korumaya dikkat edin!. Rekabet ve Regülasyon. Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2021. https://www.rekabetregulasyon.com/rekabet-kurumu-dahil-tum-rekabet-otoritelerinden-cagri-covid-19-salgini-suresince-tedbiri-elinizden-birakmayin-rakiplerle-sosyal-mesafeyi-korumaya-dikkat-edin/
  • Aydin, A. Buğra & Özer, N. (2020), Turkey: COVID-19'un Rekabet Hukukundaki Etkileri: Rekabet Otoriteleri Salgına Nasıl Cevap Veriyor? Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2021 https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/antitrust-eu-competition-/948644/covid-1939un-rekabet-hukukundaki-etkileri-rekabet-otoriteleri-salg305na-nas305l-cevap-veriyor.
  • Bayraktar, S. (2021). İLKHA, Erişim Tarihi: 10. 11.2021, https://ilkha.com/roportaj/oecd-ulkeleri-arasinda-en-cok-zam-yasanan-ulke-turkiye-oldu-151425
  • Boshoff, W. H. (2021). South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period. South African Journal of Economics, 89(1), 112-140.
  • Botta, M. (2020). Excessive v. unfair prices during the coronavirus crisis. European University Institute. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 http://fcp.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2020/05/BOTTA-Excessive-v.-unfair-prices-during-the-coronavirus-crisis)
  • Buccafusco, C., Hemel, D. J. & Talley, E. L. (2021). Price Gouging in Pandemic. Erişim Tarihi: 12.09. 2021 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3758620.
  • Cabral, L. & Xu, L. (2021). Seller reputation and price gouging: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Inquiry, 59: 867-879: Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2021 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecin.12993.
  • Cai, R. & Chi, C. G. Q. (2018). The impacts of complaint efforts on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The Service Industries Journal, 38(15-16), 1095-1115.
  • Chakraborti, R. & Roberts, G. (2020). Anti-Gouging Laws, Shortages, and COVID-19: Insights from Consumer Searches. Journal of Private Enterprise, 35(4), 1-20.
  • Chaudhuri, A. & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of marketing, 65(2), 81-93.
  • Costa-Cabral, F., Hancher, L., Monti, G. & Ruiz F. A. (2020). EU competition law and COVID-19. Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2021 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3561438
  • Demirbağ, N. (2020). Avrupa Birliği Rekabet Otoritelerinin ve Türkiye’nin Covid-19 Destekleri / Tedbirleri. https://www.aksan.av.tr/tr/blog/detail/1073
  • EPANT (2020). Press Release - Investigation in healthcare materials. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 https://www.epant.gr/en/enimerosi/press-releases/item/840-%20press-release-investigation-in-healthcare-materials.html
  • Estelami, H. (2003). Sources, characteristics, and dynamics of postpurchase price complaints. Journal of Business Research, 56(5), 411-419.
  • Gilo, D. & Spiegel, Y. (2018). The antitrust prohibition of excessive pricing. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 61, 503-541.
  • Giosa, P. (2020). Exploitative Pricing in the Time of Coronavirus—The Response of EU Competition Law and the Prospect of Price Regulation. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 11(9), 499-508.
  • Hamşıoğlu A. B. (2013). “Fast Food Ürünleri Satın Alan Tüketicilerin Yaşam Tarzlarını Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Uygulama”, Uluslararası iktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(11): 17- 34.
  • Herrmann, A., Xia, L., Monroe, K. B. & Huber, F. (2007). The influence of price fairness on customer satisfaction: an empirical test in the context of automobile purchases. Journal of product & brand management, 16(1), 49-58
  • ICA (2021). Italian Competition Authority “ICA: Coronavirus, the Authority Intervenes in the Sale of Sanitizing Products and Masks” Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021 https://en.agcm.it/en/media/press-releases/2020/3/ICA-Coronavirus-the-Authority-intervenes-in-the-sale-of-sanitizing-products-and-masks
  • Jomo, K. S. & Chowdhury, A. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic Recession and Recovery. Development, 1-12.
  • Kianzad, B. (2020). “Excessive Pricing during COVID-19 Crisis in EU - An Empirical Inquiry (October 20, 2020). Concurrences No 1-2021, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3715392
  • Kigwiru, V. K. (2020). Enforcing Competition Law and Consumer Protection During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: The Competition Authority of Kenya. Competition Policy International.
  • Larsen, G. & Lawson, R. (2013). Consumer rights: An assessment of justice. Journal of business ethics, 112(3), 515-528.
  • Lee, Y. H. A. & Brown, D. J. (2008). Competition, consumer welfare, and the social cost of monopoly. In Computational Aspects of General Equilibrium Theory (pp. 47-68). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Mncube, L. (2020). COVID-19 Excessive Pricing or Price Gouging- the South African Experience. FTI Consulting Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2021 https://www.fticonsulting.com/~/media/Files/emea--files/insights/webinars/2020/oct/covid-19-excessive-pricing-price-gouging-south-african-experience.pdf
  • Muthaza, N. A., Hamzah, S. N. & Ruslan, N. I. A. (2021). The rising of retail prices during Movement Control Order. e-Journal of Media and Society (e-JOMS), 6, 1-21.
  • Nicomedes, C. J. C. & Avila, R. M. A. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of affective disorders, 276, 14-22.
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  • Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of marketing research, 17(4), 460-469.
  • Oxenham, J., Currie, M. J. & Van der Merwe, C. (2020). COVID-19 Price Gouging Cases in South Africa: Short-term Market Dynamics with Long-term Implications for Excessive Pricing Cases. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 11 (9), 524–530.
  • Öztürk, A. (2019). “Fast Food Restoranlarının Tercih Edilmesinde Etkili Olan Faktörlerin AHS Metodu ile Önceliklendirilmesi”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3): 2679-2695.
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CONSUMER COMPLAINTS REGARDING OVERPRICING IN THE COVID-19 PERIOD AND MEASURES TAKEN IN TERMS OF COMPETITION LAW

Yıl 2022, , 837 - 855, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1032724

Öz

The aim of this study is to describe consumer complaints about overpricing during the Covid-19 period, to determine and evaluate what kind of preventive and regulatory measures have been taken in terms of Competition Law in the world and in Turkey. The secondary data obtained using the Document Scanning method has been simplified and the sentences and paragraphs used as the analysis unit have been gathered under the same subheadings. The qualitative data obtained are given in tables; In addition, complaints regarding overpricing in the last 20 months on sikayetvar.com are classified. The findings that emerged in the complaint analysis on the sikayetvar.com site are presented both numerically and categorically in tables. The most frequently complained goods and services are domestic equipment and repairs, food, personal communication tools and services. The findings in the literature show that overpricing is applied by businesses in many countries with the Covid-19 epidemic. On the other hand, it has been revealed that the competition authorities of the countries impose sanctions on such companies that provide unfair profits. In this study, it has been pointed out that it is important to take the measures to eliminate the source of the problems with the common agreement of all parties, to include these measures in the market law and retail law to be enacted, and to constantly control the implementation of these measures.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, A. (2016), Yerli ve Yabancı Fast Food Ürünlerinin Gençlerin Tercih Nedenlerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17 (38), 1-23.
  • AGCM (2020). ICA: Coronavirus, the Authority intervenes in the sale of sanitizing products and masks. Erişim Tarihi: https://en.agcm.it/en/media/press-releases/2020/3/ICA-Coronavirus-the-Authority-intervenes-in-the-sale-of-sanitizing-products-and-masksepa
  • Angelovska, N. (2021). Understanding customer complaint behavior for effective resolution. UTMS Journal of Economics, 12(1). 57-69.
  • Ardıyok, Ş., Yeşilyaprak, D. & Başar H. (2020). Rekabet Kurumu dahil tüm rekabet otoritelerinden çağrı: Covid-19 salgını süresince tedbiri elinizden bırakmayın, rakiplerle “sosyal mesafeyi” korumaya dikkat edin!. Rekabet ve Regülasyon. Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2021. https://www.rekabetregulasyon.com/rekabet-kurumu-dahil-tum-rekabet-otoritelerinden-cagri-covid-19-salgini-suresince-tedbiri-elinizden-birakmayin-rakiplerle-sosyal-mesafeyi-korumaya-dikkat-edin/
  • Aydin, A. Buğra & Özer, N. (2020), Turkey: COVID-19'un Rekabet Hukukundaki Etkileri: Rekabet Otoriteleri Salgına Nasıl Cevap Veriyor? Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2021 https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/antitrust-eu-competition-/948644/covid-1939un-rekabet-hukukundaki-etkileri-rekabet-otoriteleri-salg305na-nas305l-cevap-veriyor.
  • Bayraktar, S. (2021). İLKHA, Erişim Tarihi: 10. 11.2021, https://ilkha.com/roportaj/oecd-ulkeleri-arasinda-en-cok-zam-yasanan-ulke-turkiye-oldu-151425
  • Boshoff, W. H. (2021). South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period. South African Journal of Economics, 89(1), 112-140.
  • Botta, M. (2020). Excessive v. unfair prices during the coronavirus crisis. European University Institute. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 http://fcp.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2020/05/BOTTA-Excessive-v.-unfair-prices-during-the-coronavirus-crisis)
  • Buccafusco, C., Hemel, D. J. & Talley, E. L. (2021). Price Gouging in Pandemic. Erişim Tarihi: 12.09. 2021 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3758620.
  • Cabral, L. & Xu, L. (2021). Seller reputation and price gouging: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Inquiry, 59: 867-879: Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2021 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecin.12993.
  • Cai, R. & Chi, C. G. Q. (2018). The impacts of complaint efforts on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The Service Industries Journal, 38(15-16), 1095-1115.
  • Chakraborti, R. & Roberts, G. (2020). Anti-Gouging Laws, Shortages, and COVID-19: Insights from Consumer Searches. Journal of Private Enterprise, 35(4), 1-20.
  • Chaudhuri, A. & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of marketing, 65(2), 81-93.
  • Costa-Cabral, F., Hancher, L., Monti, G. & Ruiz F. A. (2020). EU competition law and COVID-19. Erişim tarihi: 05.12.2021 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3561438
  • Demirbağ, N. (2020). Avrupa Birliği Rekabet Otoritelerinin ve Türkiye’nin Covid-19 Destekleri / Tedbirleri. https://www.aksan.av.tr/tr/blog/detail/1073
  • EPANT (2020). Press Release - Investigation in healthcare materials. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 https://www.epant.gr/en/enimerosi/press-releases/item/840-%20press-release-investigation-in-healthcare-materials.html
  • Estelami, H. (2003). Sources, characteristics, and dynamics of postpurchase price complaints. Journal of Business Research, 56(5), 411-419.
  • Gilo, D. & Spiegel, Y. (2018). The antitrust prohibition of excessive pricing. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 61, 503-541.
  • Giosa, P. (2020). Exploitative Pricing in the Time of Coronavirus—The Response of EU Competition Law and the Prospect of Price Regulation. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 11(9), 499-508.
  • Hamşıoğlu A. B. (2013). “Fast Food Ürünleri Satın Alan Tüketicilerin Yaşam Tarzlarını Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Uygulama”, Uluslararası iktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(11): 17- 34.
  • Herrmann, A., Xia, L., Monroe, K. B. & Huber, F. (2007). The influence of price fairness on customer satisfaction: an empirical test in the context of automobile purchases. Journal of product & brand management, 16(1), 49-58
  • ICA (2021). Italian Competition Authority “ICA: Coronavirus, the Authority Intervenes in the Sale of Sanitizing Products and Masks” Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021 https://en.agcm.it/en/media/press-releases/2020/3/ICA-Coronavirus-the-Authority-intervenes-in-the-sale-of-sanitizing-products-and-masks
  • Jomo, K. S. & Chowdhury, A. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic Recession and Recovery. Development, 1-12.
  • Kianzad, B. (2020). “Excessive Pricing during COVID-19 Crisis in EU - An Empirical Inquiry (October 20, 2020). Concurrences No 1-2021, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3715392
  • Kigwiru, V. K. (2020). Enforcing Competition Law and Consumer Protection During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: The Competition Authority of Kenya. Competition Policy International.
  • Larsen, G. & Lawson, R. (2013). Consumer rights: An assessment of justice. Journal of business ethics, 112(3), 515-528.
  • Lee, Y. H. A. & Brown, D. J. (2008). Competition, consumer welfare, and the social cost of monopoly. In Computational Aspects of General Equilibrium Theory (pp. 47-68). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Mncube, L. (2020). COVID-19 Excessive Pricing or Price Gouging- the South African Experience. FTI Consulting Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2021 https://www.fticonsulting.com/~/media/Files/emea--files/insights/webinars/2020/oct/covid-19-excessive-pricing-price-gouging-south-african-experience.pdf
  • Muthaza, N. A., Hamzah, S. N. & Ruslan, N. I. A. (2021). The rising of retail prices during Movement Control Order. e-Journal of Media and Society (e-JOMS), 6, 1-21.
  • Nicomedes, C. J. C. & Avila, R. M. A. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of affective disorders, 276, 14-22.
  • OECD, (2011). Excessive Prices DAF/COMP(2011)18, OECD, 14.11.2021 https://www.oecd.org/competition/abuse/49604207.pdf
  • OECD, (2020). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Exploitative pricing in the time of COVID-19. Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2021 https://www.oecd.org/competition/Exploitative-pricing-in-the-time-of-COVID-19.pdf
  • Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of marketing research, 17(4), 460-469.
  • Oxenham, J., Currie, M. J. & Van der Merwe, C. (2020). COVID-19 Price Gouging Cases in South Africa: Short-term Market Dynamics with Long-term Implications for Excessive Pricing Cases. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 11 (9), 524–530.
  • Öztürk, A. (2019). “Fast Food Restoranlarının Tercih Edilmesinde Etkili Olan Faktörlerin AHS Metodu ile Önceliklendirilmesi”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3): 2679-2695.
  • Prentice, C., Chen, J. & Stantic, B. (2020). Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102203.
  • Rakic, I. (2020). Competition Law in the Age of Covid-19. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, godina LXVIII, 2/2020, Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2021 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342260802_Competition_law_in_the_age_of_COVID-19
  • Ratshisusu, H. & Mncube, L. (2020). Addressing excessive pricing concerns in time of the COVID-19 pandemic—a view from South Africa. Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, 8(2), 256-259.
  • Rooney, W. H., Richard, A. M. & Polizano, M. A. (2020). Trade Regulation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: No Price Gouging or Other Exploitation!. Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2021 https://www.willkie.com/-/media/files/publications/2020/03
  • Saçlı, Ç. & Özer, G. (2018). Fast Food Kültürüne Yöresel Bir Dokunuş: İskenderun Döneri Tercihine Etki Eden Faktörler, Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 6(4), 60-77
  • Simonyan, Y. & Smith, N. C. (2020). Coronavirus Ethics: Judgments of Market Ethics in a Pandemic. Working Paper 2020/62/ATL, Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2021 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3750616#
  • Singh, J. (1988). “Consumer complaint intentions and behavior: definitional and taxonomical issues”, Journal of Marketing, 52 (1), 93-107.
  • Sproul, G. & Harms, S. (2020). The UK Government and the Competition Authority adopt two recent measures against shortages and high prices during the COVID-19 outbreak. e-Competitions Bulletin, (March 2020).
  • Söyler, Y. (2021). Yeni Bir İdari Suç Olarak Covıd-19 Salgın Sürecinde İhdas Edilen Fahiş Fiyat Artışı. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, (45), 463-488.
  • Svetlicinii, A. & Botta, M. (2012). Article 102 TFEU as a tool for market regulation:“Excessive enforcement” against “excessive prices” in the new EU member states and candidate countries. European competition journal, 8(3), 473-496.
  • Şahin, E. (2019). Tüketiciler İçin İyi Haber Mi Kötü Haber Mi?: Aşırı Fiyat Uygulamalarında AB Mahkemelerinin Yeni İstikameti. Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi, 5(1), 87-114.
  • Taşpınar O. (2018) “Fast-Food Tüketiminde Ailenin Rolü; Çanakkale Örneği”, MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 879-892.
  • Tayfun, A. & Tokmak, C. (2007). Tüketicilerin Türk Usulü Fast Food İşletmelerini Tercih Etme Sebepleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(22): 169-183.
  • Yan, N., Xu, X., Tong, T. & Huang, L. (2021). Examining consumer complaints from an on-demand service platform. International Journal of Production Economics, 237 (6), 108153.
  • Yavuz, M. (2020). 7244 Sayılı Kanunla Fahiş Fiyat Artışı ve Stokçuluğa Dair Yapılan Düzenlemeler Ve Getirilen Cezalar. Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 30, 261-270.
  • Yılmaz, C., Varnali, K. & Kasnakoglu, B. T. (2016). How do firms benefit from customer complaints?. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 944-955.
  • Yoon, J., Narasimhan, R. & Kim, M. K. (2018). Retailer’s sourcing strategy under consumer stockpiling in anticipation of supply disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3615-3635.
  • HFDK (2020). Haksız Fiyat Değerlendirme Kurulu Yönetmeliği, Ticaret Bakanlığından, 28 Mayıs 2020 Tarih ve 31138 Sayılı Resmî Gazete
  • Karayolu Taşıma Yönetmeliği, Erişim Tarihi: 08.09.2021https://Uhdgm.Uab.Gov.Tr/Uploads/Pages/Yonetmelikler/Kty.Pdf,
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı (2021a). “Marketlerde İndirim Oyununa Son”, Https://Covid19.Ticaret.Gov.Tr/Tuketici/Haber/Markette-İndirim-Oyununa-Son, Erişim:18.09.2021
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı (2021b) Https://Covid19.Ticaret.Gov.Tr/Tuketici/Duyuru/Ticaret-Bakani-Pekcan-Fahis-Fiyat-Artisi-Tespit-Edilen-Firmalara-Verilen-Cezalar, Erişim:18.09.2021
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı (2021c). Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2021 Https://Ticaret.Gov.Tr/Haberler/Ticaret-Bakanligi-81-İldeki-Market-Pazar-Yeri-Ve-Hallerde-Fahis-Fiyat-Denetimi-Y
  • 31102 Sayılı Resmî Gazete, (17 Nisan 2020) Yeni Koronavirüs (Covıd-19) Salgınının Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Hayata Etkilerinin Azaltılması Hakkında Kanun İle Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun.
  • 4054 sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun, Rekabet Kurumu - 4054 Sayılı Kanun, Erişim: 15.09.2021
  • 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2021, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Neslihan Cavlak 0000-0002-6712-971X

Murat Selim Selvi 0000-0002-9114-3183

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 4 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Cavlak, N., & Selvi, M. S. (2022). COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDEKİ AŞIRI FİYATLAMALARA İLİŞKİN TÜKETİCİ ŞİKAYETLERİ VE REKABET HUKUKU AÇISINDAN ALINAN ÖNLEMLER. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(3), 837-855. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1032724