Dirençli Kentler Oluşturmada Yeşil Altyapı Uygulamalarının Önemi: Barselona ve İzmir Örneklerinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Son yıllarda iklim değişikliği ve küresel çevre krizleri daha ciddi boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Bu olumsuzluklarla beraber kentlerin sosyal, ekonomik ve mekânsal yapılarındaki bozulmalar meydana gelmektedir. Kentlerde yaşanan bu sorunların çözümü noktasında dirençlilik kavramını ön plana çıkarmaktadır Dirençli kentlerin oluşturulması noktasında yapılan ve yapılacak çalışmaların önemini artmaktadır. Dirençli bir şehir oluşturmada çeşitli faktörler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bunlardan birisi de yeşil altyapı uygulamasıdır. Bu çalışmada, dünyada ve Türkiye’de yeşil altyapı uygulamasının başaralı bir şekilde uygulandığı Barselona ve İzmir modelleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın temel sorusu Barselona ve İzmir’de uygulanan yeşil altyapı modelleri incelendiğinde iki model arasındaki benzerlikler ve farklılıkların neler olduğudur. Araştırmada karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; İki kentin de iklim değişikliğine uyum, sağlıklı yaşam, su yönetimi, küresel ısınmanın önlenmesi ve biyoçeşitliliğin korunması noktasında yeşil altyapı stratejileri geliştirdiği ve geliştirmeye devam ettiği görülmüştür. Ancak Barselona'nın yeşil altyapı projelerinde sahip olduğu daha geniş bütçe ve ileri teknolojik imkanlar, uygulama olanağını güçlendirirken; İzmir’in, proje bazında yeterli durumda olmasına karşın uygulamaya geçme noktasında bazı altyapı ve mevzuat sorunları yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dirençli kent
• Yeşil altyapı
• İzmir
• Barselona

THE IMPORTANCE OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PRACTICES IN BUILDING RESILIENT CITIES: COMPARISON OF BARCELONA AND İZMİR CASES

Öz

In recent years, climate change and global environmental crises have reached more serious dimensions. Along with these negativities, deterioration in the social, economic and spatial structures of cities occurs. At the point of solving these problems experienced in cities, the concept of resilience comes to the fore. The importance of the studies carried out and to be carried out at the point of creating resilient cities increases. Various factors come to the fore in creating a resilient city. One of them is the green infrastructure application. In this study, the models of Barcelona and Izmir, where green infrastructure is successfully implemented in the world and in Turkey, are analysed. The main question of the research is what are the similarities and differences between the two models when the green infrastructure models applied in Barcelona and Izmir are examined. Comparative analysis method was used in the research. As a result of the research; it has been observed that both cities have developed and continue to develop green infrastructure strategies in terms of adaptation to climate change, healthy living, water management, prevention of global warming and protection of biodiversity. However, while Barcelona's larger budget and advanced technological facilities in green infrastructure projects strengthened the possibility of implementation, it was determined that Izmir, although it is sufficient on the basis of projects, has some infrastructure and legislative problems at the point of implementation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resilient city
• Green Infrastructure
• Izmir
• Barcelona

Kaynakça

1. AECOM. (2020). İzmir green city action plan, Retrieved from https://ebrdgreencities.com/assets/Uploads/PDF/GCAP-EN_Optimized.pdf. Accessed 30.12.2024.
2. Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2013). Ecologia , Urbanisme i mobilitat pla BUITS . Retrieved from https:// ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/ca/pla-buits ( in Catalan ), Accessed 22.12.2024.
3. Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2021). Barcelona nature plan 2021-2030. Retrieved from https://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/Barcelona%20Nature%20Plan%202030%20English.pdf . Accessed 23.12.2024.
4. Alexander, D. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11). 2707-2016. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013.
5. Alphan, H. & Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2019). A framework for climate change resilient cities: a green-focused adaptation guide. İzmir: Pardus. Retrieved from https://direnclikent2019.izmir.bel.tr/YuklenenDosyalar/Dokumanlar/AFRAMEWORKFORRESILIENTCITIESTOCLIMAT ECHANGEGREENREVISIONGUIDEBOOK.pdf. Accessed 21.12.2024.
6. Arslantaş, F., Sanalan , KC, & Çil, A. (2020). Green infrastructure and nature-based solutions in cities: good practice examples. Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Retrieved from https://dkm.org.tr/sites/other/dkm/uploads/yayinlar/kitaplar/kitap-5.pdf . Accessed 17.12.2024.
7. Bayo, L. & París, A. (2017). Trees for Life Master Plan for Barcelona's Trees 2017 – 2037. Barcelona: Àrea d’Ecologia Urbana. Ajuntament de Barcelona
8. BCN (2020). Barcelona green infrastructure and biodiversity plan. Retrieved from https://climate- adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/barcelona-trees-tempering-the-mediterranean-city-climate/11302639.pdf. Accessed 20.12.2024.

9. Benedict, M.A., & McMahon, E.T. (2006). Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities. Washington: Island Press.
10. Berkes, F., & Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: toward an integrated approach. Society & Natural Resources , 26(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.736605.
11. Corbella, J. L., Armengol, SU, & Lopez, H. R. (2015). Barcelona, Spain case study city portrait ; part of a GREEN SURGE study on urban green infrastructure planning and governance in 20 European cities, Barcelona City Council. Retrieved from https://greensurge.eu/products/case-studies/Case_Study_Portrait_Barcelona.pdf . Accessed 18.12.2024.
12. Çiriş, S. (2017). A product of paradigm shift in urban planning: “resilient transportation” and a study on the city of Istanbul. 12th Transportation Congress (Transportation Policies) Proceedings Book (pp. 147-156). AESOP, Lisbon.
13. Dubbeling M., Campbell, C., C., Hoekstra F. & Veenhuizen, R. (2009). Building resilient cities, Urban Agriculture Magazine, 22, 3-11. Retrieved from https://ruaf.org/assets/2019/11/Urban-Agriculture-Magazine-no.-22-Building-Resilient-Cities.pdf. Accessed 17.12.2024.
14. European Commission. (2013). Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
15. Figueiredo, L., T. Honiden & A. Schumann (2018), “Indicators for Resilient Cities”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https:// https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/indicators-for-resilient-cities_6f1f6065-en.html . Accessed 26.12.2024.
16. Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and Ecological Stability Systems. Annual Ecology Review and Systematics, 4, 1–23. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096802. Accessed 11.12.2024.
17. Hordijk, M., & Baud, I. (2011). Inclusive Adaptation: Linking Participatory Learning and Knowledge Management to Urban Resilience. K.O. Zimmermann (Ed.), Resilient Cities: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change – Proceedings of The Global Forum 2010, (pp. 111-122). New York: Springer.
18. ICLEI (2019). “Resilient cities, thriving cities: the evolution of urban resilience”, Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from https://iclei.org/e-library/resilient-cities-thriving-cities-the-evolution-of-urban-resilience/. Accessed 27.04.2025.
19. Izmir Metropolitan Municipality. (2023). Sponge City Projects and Living Parks. Retrieved from https://sungerkent.izmir.bel.tr, Accessed 23.12.2024.
20. Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31(3), 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004 Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38-49.
21. Naumann, S., Davis, M., Kaphengst, T., Pieterse, M., & Rayment, M. (2011). Design, implementation and cost elements of Green Infrastructure projects. Retrieved from https://www.ecologic.eu/3933 . Accessed 23.12.2024.
22. Parlak, E., Yıldırım, E., & Atik, M. (2022). Green Infrastructure. G. Bayrak (Ed.), Evaluation of Ecological Planning Approaches from Past to Present within the Scope of Blue-Green Infrastructure (pp. 3-38). Ankara: İksad Publishing House.
23. Parés, M., Rull, C., & Rivero, M. (2016). Nature -based solutions to address global society challenges. In Cohen- Shacham , E., Walters, G., Janzen, C. and Maginnis, S. (Eds.), Spain : Developing the barcelona green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan (pp . 72-75). Switzerland: IUCN.
24. Postaria, R. (2021). Superblock (Superilla) Barcelona—a city redefined. Retrieved from https://www.citiesforum.org/news/superblock-superilla-barcelona-a-city-redefined/. Accessed 21.12.2024.
25. Resilient Cities Network (2024). “Resilient Cities Network 2022-2023 Impact Report”, New York, August. Retrieved from https://resilientcitiesnetwork.org/resilient-cities-network-2022-2023-impact-report/. Accessed 27.04.2025.
26. Slätmo, E., Nilsson, K., & Turunen, E. (2019). Implementation Green Infrastructure in Spatial Planning in Europe. Landscape, 8(4).
27. Tuğaç, Ç. (2022). Green Transportation in the Context of Climate Change and Urban Resilience. İdealkent, 13(36), 545-575. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1061386.
28. Tülek, B., & Ersoy Mirici, M. (2019). Green infrastructure and ecosystem services in urban systems. LANDSCAPE, 1(2), 1-11.
29. Urban GreenUP, Urban Greenup in Izmir. Retrieved from https://www.urbangreenup.eu/izmir/urban-greenup-in-izmir.kl . Accessed 25.12.2024.
30. Weber, T., Sloan, A., & Wolf, J. (2006). Maryland's green infrastructure assessment: development of a comprehensive approach to land conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77, 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.002.