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ALTIN, HAM PETROL, GVZ VE OVX’İN TÜRK FİNANSAL PİYASALARINA SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2019, , 714 - 731, 01.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019355047

Öz

Piyasalar arası etkileşimleri ve asimetrik nedensellik ilişkilerini inceleyen bu çalışmada BIST100 getirileri ile Dolar/TL kuru, Altın, Ham Petrol, Altın Oynaklık Endeksi GVZ ve Ham Petrol Oynaklık Endeksi OVX getirileri arasındaki ikili ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, Doğrusal Granger Nedensellik Testi, Hiemstra ve Jones Doğrusal Olmayan Nedensellik Testi, Kyrtsou ve Labys Doğrusal Olmayan Nedensellik Testi ve Hristu-Varsakelis ve Kyrtsou Doğrusal Olmayan Asimetrik Nedensellik testleri uygulanarak ilişkilerin varlığı ve yönü incelenmiştir. Analizlerde, 01.01.2010 ile 01.01.2018 dönemlerini kapsayan 2332 adet günlük fiyat serisi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre BIST100 ile bahsi geçen seriler arasında çeşitli simetrik ve asimetrik nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ajmi, A. N., Montasser, E. G., & Nguyen, D. K. (2013). Testing the relationships between energy consumption and income in G7 countries with nonlinear causality tests. Elsevier,35, 126-133.
  • Alagidede, P. (2008). Day of the week seasonality in African stock markets. Applied Financial Economics Letters, 4(2), 115-120.
  • Archana, S., Safeer, M., & Kevin, D. S. (2014). A study on market anomalies in Indian stock market. International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review, 1(3), 128-137.
  • Auer, B. R., & Rottmann, H. (2014). Is there a friday the 13th effect in emerging Asian stock markets?. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 1, 17–26.
  • Bayrakdaroğlu, A., & Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2009). Hisse senedi fiyat-hacim ilişkisi: İMKB’de işlem gören bankalar için doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan Granger nedensellik analizi. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 24(277), 85-109.
  • Bildirici, M., & Türkmen, C. (2015). Nonlinear causality between oil and precious metals. Resources Policy, 46, 202-211.
  • Bouri, E., Roubaud, D., Jammazi, R., & Assaf, A. (2017a). Uncovering frequency domain causality between gold and the stock markets of China and India: Evidence from implied volatility indices. Finance Research Letters, 23, 23-30.
  • Bouri, E., Jain, A., Biswal, P. C., & Roubaud, D. (2017b). Cointegration and nonlinear causality amongst gold, oil, and the Indian stock market: Evidence from implied volatility indices. Resources Policy, 52, 201-206.
  • Berument, M., & Dogan, N. (2012). Stock market return and volatility: Day-of-the-week effect. Journal of Economics & Finance, 36(2), 282-302.
  • Brusa, J., & Liu, P. (2004). The day-of-the-week and the week-of-the-month effects: An analysis of investors’ trading activities. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 23(1), 19-30.
  • Carchano, O., & Pardo, A. (2015). The Pan-European holiday effect. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 44(2), 134–145.
  • Choudhary, K., & Choudhary, S. (2008). Day-of-the-week effect: Further empirical evidence. Asia Pacific Business Review, 4(3), 67-74.
  • Chukwuogor, C. (2007). An econometric analysis of African stock market: Annual returns analysis, day- of-the-week effect and volatility of returns. African Journal of Accounting, Economics, Finance and Banking Research, 1(1), 26-43.
  • Ciner, C. (2001). Energy shocks and financial markets: Nonlinear linkages. Quarterly Journal, 5(3), The MIT Press.
  • Yıldız-Contuk, F., Burucu, H., & Güngör, B. (2013). Effect of gold price volatility on stock returns: Example of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 5 (1), 119-140.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution for the estimates for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–31.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for auto-regressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057–72.
  • Dicle, M., & Levendis, J. (2014), The day-of-the-week effect revisited: International evidence. Journal of Economics & Finance, 38(3), 407-437.
  • Dutta, A., Bouri, E., & Roubaud, D. (2019). Nonlinear relationships amongst the implied volatilities of crude oil and precious metals. Resources Policy, 61, 473-478.
  • Erdas, M. L., & Caglar, A. E. (2018). Analysis of the relationships between bitcoin and exchange rate, commodities and global indexes by asymmetric causality test. Eastern Journal of European Studies, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 9(Aralık), 27-45.
  • Faisal, M., Barakzai, M. A. K., & Burney, S. M. A. (2018). Non-linear associations amongst the oil price, gold price and stock market returns in Pakistan: A vector error correction model. 12th International Conference on Mathematics, Actuarial Science, Computer Science and Statistics (MACS), Karachi, Pakistan, 1-6.
  • Gencer, G., & Demiralay, S. (2013). The impact of oil prices on sectoral returns: An empirical analysis from Borsa Istanbul. Theor. Appl. Econ., 18(589), 7-24.
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Fazlollahi, N. (2015). The interactions among gold, oil, and stock market: Evidence from S&P500. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 478-488.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1980). Testing for causality: A personal viwpoint. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2, 345.
  • Gupta, G. (2017). Anomalies in the Indian stock markets: The december effect. Journal of Services Research, 17(1), 1-9.
  • Hemavathy, P., & Gurusamy, S. (2016). Testing the causality and co- integration of gold price and NSE (S&P CNX NIFTY): Evidence from India. Amity Global Business Review, 11, 79-8.
  • Hiemstra, C., & Jones, J. D. (1994). Testing for linear and nonlinear Granger causality in the stock price volume relation. The Journal of Finance The American Finance Association, 49(5), 1639-1664.
  • Hristu-Varsakelis, D., & Kyrtsou, C. (2008). Evidence for nonlinear asymmetric causality in US inflation, metal, and stock returns. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Yunanistan, 2008, Makale ID 138547.
  • Hristu, V. D., & Kyrtsou, C. (2008). Evidence for nonlinear asymmetric causality in US inflation, metal, and stock returns. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2008, Article ID 138547.
  • Hsieh, C. S., & Chen, C. T. (2012). Using stochastic dominance criterion to examine the day-of-the-week effect. Applied Financial Economics, 22(14), 1207-1213.
  • Jacobsen, B., & Visaltanachoti, N. (2009). The Halloween effect in U.S. sectors. The Financial Review, 44(3), 437–459.
  • Jain A., & Biswal P. C. (2016). Dynamic linkages among oil price, gold price, exchange rate and stock market in India. Reseurces Policy, 49, 179-185.
  • Jarque, C. M., & Bera, A. K. (1987). A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. International Statistical Review, 55, 163–172.
  • Jefferis, K., & Smith, G. (2005). The changing efficiency of African stock markets. South African Journal of Economics, 73(1), 54-67.
  • Kalidas, S., Mbululu, D., & Chipeta, C. (2013). Changing patterns in the day-of-the-week effects in African stock markets. The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 12(10), 1157- 1174.
  • Kaushik, N. (2017). Anomalies in Indian stock market: Day-of-the-week effect. IIMS Journal of Management Science, 8(3), 312-320.
  • Kayacetin, V., & Lekpek, S. (2016). Turn-of-the-month effect: New evidence from an emerging stock market. Finance Research Letters, 18(3), 142–157.
  • Kumar, S. (2017). On The nonlinear relation between crude oil and gold. Resources Policy, 51, 219-224.
  • Kumar, H., & Jawa, R. (2016). Efficient market hypothesis and calendar effects: Empirical evidences from the Indian stock markets. Business Analyst, 37(2), 145-160.
  • Kyrtsou, C., & Labys, C. W. (2006). Evidence for chaotic dependence between US ınflation and commodity prices. Journal of Macroeconomics, 28(1), 256-266.
  • Latif, M., Arshad, S., Fatima, M., & Farooq, S. (2011). Market efficiency, market anomalies, causes, evidences, and some behavioral aspects of market anomalies. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(9), 1-13.
  • Mbululu, D., & Chipeta, C. (2012). Day-of-the-week effect: Evidence from the nine economic sectors of the JS. Investment Analysts Journal, 75, 55-65.
  • Mishra, B. R., Pradhan, A. K., Tiwari, A. K., & Shahbaz, M. (2019). The dynamic causality between gold and silver prices in India: Evidence using time-varying and non-linear approaches. Resources Policy, 62, 66-76.
  • Ng, L., & Wang, Q. (2004). Institutional trading and the turn-of-the-year effect. Journal of Financial Economics, 74(2), 343–366.
  • Patel, J. B. (2008). Calendar effects in the Indian stock market. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 7(9), 61-69.
  • Patra, S. K., & Sofi, A. A. (2016). Causal Nexus between growth and savings in India: Using nonlinear causality approach. International Journal of Research & Methodology in Social Science, 15.
  • Plimsoll, J., Saban, B., Spheris, A., & Rajaratnam, K. (2013). The day of the week effect: An analysis of the Johannesburg stock exchange top 40 firms, The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 12(3), 319.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika. 75 (2), 335–346.
  • Raj, M., & Kumari, D. (2006). Day-of-the-week and other market anomalies in the Indian stock market. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 1(3), 235–246.
  • Rashid, A. (2007). Stock prices and trading volume: An assessment for linear and nonlinear Granger causality. Journal of Asian Economics, 18(4), 595-612.
  • Sen, A., & Dutta, C. K. (2019). On the co-movement of crude, gold prices and stock index in Indian market. Arxiv e-prints, 1904.0531 (Nisan).
  • Silvapulle, P., & Choi, J. S. (1999). Testing for linear and nonlinear Granger causality in the stock price volume relation: Korean evidence. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 39, 72.
  • Singh, S., & Yadav, S. S. (2019). Unique calendar effects in the Indian stock market: Evidence and explanations. Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 18(1_suppl), 35–58.
  • Soytas U., & Oran A. (2011). Volatility spillover from world oil spot markets to aggregate and electricity stock index returns in Turkey. Applied Energy,88(1).
  • Soytas, U., Sarı, R., Hammoudeh, S., & Hacihasanoglu, E. (2009). World oil prices, precious metal prices and macroeconomy in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(12).
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2018). Altın dış ticaret istatistikleri. Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2018, https://bakanrapor. ekonomi.gov.tr/detay.cfm?MID=35
  • TPAO. (2018). 2017 Yılı ham petrol ve doğal gaz sektör raporu. Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2018, http://www. tpao.gov.tr/tp5/docs/rapor/sektor_rapor_2017.pdf
  • Tursoy, T., & Faisal, F. (2018). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ARDL bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy, 55, 49-54.
  • Ulussever, T., Yumusak, I. G., & Kar, M. (2011). The day-of-the-week effect in the Saudi stock exchange: A non-linear Garch analysis. Journal of Economic & Social Studies, 1(1), 9-23.

SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF GOLD, CRUDE OIL, GVZ AND OVX ON TURKISH FINANCIAL MARKETS

Yıl 2019, , 714 - 731, 01.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019355047

Öz

In this study the bivariate financial market interactions between BIST100 and Dolar/TL Exchange Rate, Gold, Crude Oil, Gold Volatility Index Oil Volatility Index are investigated. Linear Granger Causality Test, Hiemstra and Jones Nonlinear Causality Test, Kyrtsou and Labys Nonlinear Causality Test, and Hristu-Varsakelis and Kyrtsou Nonlinear Asymmetric Causality tests were applied to investigate the existence and direction of interactions. This study covers 2332 daily return series in the period from 01.01.2010 to 01.01.2018. Results show the existence of symmetric and asymmetric casuality between BIST100 and the series used in this study

Kaynakça

  • Ajmi, A. N., Montasser, E. G., & Nguyen, D. K. (2013). Testing the relationships between energy consumption and income in G7 countries with nonlinear causality tests. Elsevier,35, 126-133.
  • Alagidede, P. (2008). Day of the week seasonality in African stock markets. Applied Financial Economics Letters, 4(2), 115-120.
  • Archana, S., Safeer, M., & Kevin, D. S. (2014). A study on market anomalies in Indian stock market. International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review, 1(3), 128-137.
  • Auer, B. R., & Rottmann, H. (2014). Is there a friday the 13th effect in emerging Asian stock markets?. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 1, 17–26.
  • Bayrakdaroğlu, A., & Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2009). Hisse senedi fiyat-hacim ilişkisi: İMKB’de işlem gören bankalar için doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan Granger nedensellik analizi. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 24(277), 85-109.
  • Bildirici, M., & Türkmen, C. (2015). Nonlinear causality between oil and precious metals. Resources Policy, 46, 202-211.
  • Bouri, E., Roubaud, D., Jammazi, R., & Assaf, A. (2017a). Uncovering frequency domain causality between gold and the stock markets of China and India: Evidence from implied volatility indices. Finance Research Letters, 23, 23-30.
  • Bouri, E., Jain, A., Biswal, P. C., & Roubaud, D. (2017b). Cointegration and nonlinear causality amongst gold, oil, and the Indian stock market: Evidence from implied volatility indices. Resources Policy, 52, 201-206.
  • Berument, M., & Dogan, N. (2012). Stock market return and volatility: Day-of-the-week effect. Journal of Economics & Finance, 36(2), 282-302.
  • Brusa, J., & Liu, P. (2004). The day-of-the-week and the week-of-the-month effects: An analysis of investors’ trading activities. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 23(1), 19-30.
  • Carchano, O., & Pardo, A. (2015). The Pan-European holiday effect. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 44(2), 134–145.
  • Choudhary, K., & Choudhary, S. (2008). Day-of-the-week effect: Further empirical evidence. Asia Pacific Business Review, 4(3), 67-74.
  • Chukwuogor, C. (2007). An econometric analysis of African stock market: Annual returns analysis, day- of-the-week effect and volatility of returns. African Journal of Accounting, Economics, Finance and Banking Research, 1(1), 26-43.
  • Ciner, C. (2001). Energy shocks and financial markets: Nonlinear linkages. Quarterly Journal, 5(3), The MIT Press.
  • Yıldız-Contuk, F., Burucu, H., & Güngör, B. (2013). Effect of gold price volatility on stock returns: Example of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 5 (1), 119-140.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution for the estimates for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–31.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for auto-regressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057–72.
  • Dicle, M., & Levendis, J. (2014), The day-of-the-week effect revisited: International evidence. Journal of Economics & Finance, 38(3), 407-437.
  • Dutta, A., Bouri, E., & Roubaud, D. (2019). Nonlinear relationships amongst the implied volatilities of crude oil and precious metals. Resources Policy, 61, 473-478.
  • Erdas, M. L., & Caglar, A. E. (2018). Analysis of the relationships between bitcoin and exchange rate, commodities and global indexes by asymmetric causality test. Eastern Journal of European Studies, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 9(Aralık), 27-45.
  • Faisal, M., Barakzai, M. A. K., & Burney, S. M. A. (2018). Non-linear associations amongst the oil price, gold price and stock market returns in Pakistan: A vector error correction model. 12th International Conference on Mathematics, Actuarial Science, Computer Science and Statistics (MACS), Karachi, Pakistan, 1-6.
  • Gencer, G., & Demiralay, S. (2013). The impact of oil prices on sectoral returns: An empirical analysis from Borsa Istanbul. Theor. Appl. Econ., 18(589), 7-24.
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Fazlollahi, N. (2015). The interactions among gold, oil, and stock market: Evidence from S&P500. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 478-488.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1980). Testing for causality: A personal viwpoint. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2, 345.
  • Gupta, G. (2017). Anomalies in the Indian stock markets: The december effect. Journal of Services Research, 17(1), 1-9.
  • Hemavathy, P., & Gurusamy, S. (2016). Testing the causality and co- integration of gold price and NSE (S&P CNX NIFTY): Evidence from India. Amity Global Business Review, 11, 79-8.
  • Hiemstra, C., & Jones, J. D. (1994). Testing for linear and nonlinear Granger causality in the stock price volume relation. The Journal of Finance The American Finance Association, 49(5), 1639-1664.
  • Hristu-Varsakelis, D., & Kyrtsou, C. (2008). Evidence for nonlinear asymmetric causality in US inflation, metal, and stock returns. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Yunanistan, 2008, Makale ID 138547.
  • Hristu, V. D., & Kyrtsou, C. (2008). Evidence for nonlinear asymmetric causality in US inflation, metal, and stock returns. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2008, Article ID 138547.
  • Hsieh, C. S., & Chen, C. T. (2012). Using stochastic dominance criterion to examine the day-of-the-week effect. Applied Financial Economics, 22(14), 1207-1213.
  • Jacobsen, B., & Visaltanachoti, N. (2009). The Halloween effect in U.S. sectors. The Financial Review, 44(3), 437–459.
  • Jain A., & Biswal P. C. (2016). Dynamic linkages among oil price, gold price, exchange rate and stock market in India. Reseurces Policy, 49, 179-185.
  • Jarque, C. M., & Bera, A. K. (1987). A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. International Statistical Review, 55, 163–172.
  • Jefferis, K., & Smith, G. (2005). The changing efficiency of African stock markets. South African Journal of Economics, 73(1), 54-67.
  • Kalidas, S., Mbululu, D., & Chipeta, C. (2013). Changing patterns in the day-of-the-week effects in African stock markets. The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 12(10), 1157- 1174.
  • Kaushik, N. (2017). Anomalies in Indian stock market: Day-of-the-week effect. IIMS Journal of Management Science, 8(3), 312-320.
  • Kayacetin, V., & Lekpek, S. (2016). Turn-of-the-month effect: New evidence from an emerging stock market. Finance Research Letters, 18(3), 142–157.
  • Kumar, S. (2017). On The nonlinear relation between crude oil and gold. Resources Policy, 51, 219-224.
  • Kumar, H., & Jawa, R. (2016). Efficient market hypothesis and calendar effects: Empirical evidences from the Indian stock markets. Business Analyst, 37(2), 145-160.
  • Kyrtsou, C., & Labys, C. W. (2006). Evidence for chaotic dependence between US ınflation and commodity prices. Journal of Macroeconomics, 28(1), 256-266.
  • Latif, M., Arshad, S., Fatima, M., & Farooq, S. (2011). Market efficiency, market anomalies, causes, evidences, and some behavioral aspects of market anomalies. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(9), 1-13.
  • Mbululu, D., & Chipeta, C. (2012). Day-of-the-week effect: Evidence from the nine economic sectors of the JS. Investment Analysts Journal, 75, 55-65.
  • Mishra, B. R., Pradhan, A. K., Tiwari, A. K., & Shahbaz, M. (2019). The dynamic causality between gold and silver prices in India: Evidence using time-varying and non-linear approaches. Resources Policy, 62, 66-76.
  • Ng, L., & Wang, Q. (2004). Institutional trading and the turn-of-the-year effect. Journal of Financial Economics, 74(2), 343–366.
  • Patel, J. B. (2008). Calendar effects in the Indian stock market. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 7(9), 61-69.
  • Patra, S. K., & Sofi, A. A. (2016). Causal Nexus between growth and savings in India: Using nonlinear causality approach. International Journal of Research & Methodology in Social Science, 15.
  • Plimsoll, J., Saban, B., Spheris, A., & Rajaratnam, K. (2013). The day of the week effect: An analysis of the Johannesburg stock exchange top 40 firms, The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 12(3), 319.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika. 75 (2), 335–346.
  • Raj, M., & Kumari, D. (2006). Day-of-the-week and other market anomalies in the Indian stock market. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 1(3), 235–246.
  • Rashid, A. (2007). Stock prices and trading volume: An assessment for linear and nonlinear Granger causality. Journal of Asian Economics, 18(4), 595-612.
  • Sen, A., & Dutta, C. K. (2019). On the co-movement of crude, gold prices and stock index in Indian market. Arxiv e-prints, 1904.0531 (Nisan).
  • Silvapulle, P., & Choi, J. S. (1999). Testing for linear and nonlinear Granger causality in the stock price volume relation: Korean evidence. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 39, 72.
  • Singh, S., & Yadav, S. S. (2019). Unique calendar effects in the Indian stock market: Evidence and explanations. Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 18(1_suppl), 35–58.
  • Soytas U., & Oran A. (2011). Volatility spillover from world oil spot markets to aggregate and electricity stock index returns in Turkey. Applied Energy,88(1).
  • Soytas, U., Sarı, R., Hammoudeh, S., & Hacihasanoglu, E. (2009). World oil prices, precious metal prices and macroeconomy in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(12).
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2018). Altın dış ticaret istatistikleri. Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2018, https://bakanrapor. ekonomi.gov.tr/detay.cfm?MID=35
  • TPAO. (2018). 2017 Yılı ham petrol ve doğal gaz sektör raporu. Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2018, http://www. tpao.gov.tr/tp5/docs/rapor/sektor_rapor_2017.pdf
  • Tursoy, T., & Faisal, F. (2018). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ARDL bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy, 55, 49-54.
  • Ulussever, T., Yumusak, I. G., & Kar, M. (2011). The day-of-the-week effect in the Saudi stock exchange: A non-linear Garch analysis. Journal of Economic & Social Studies, 1(1), 9-23.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ebru Yıldırım Bu kişi benim

Ayşegül İşcanoğlu Çekiç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Mayıs 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, E., & Çekiç, A. İ. (2019). ALTIN, HAM PETROL, GVZ VE OVX’İN TÜRK FİNANSAL PİYASALARINA SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK ETKİLERİ. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(3), 714-731. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019355047