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AN ANALOGY BETWEEN CANCER CELLS AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS

Yıl 2013, , 347 - 364, 01.05.2013
https://doi.org/10.11122/ijmeb.2013.9.19.415

Öz

Contemporary organizational approaches do not provide the adequate tools to comprehend and explain the characteristics of terrorist organizations. Moving this point forward, it has been realized that terrorist organizations’ characteristics are very similar to the nature of a particular biological phenomenon, namely cancer. This paper attempts to develop an understanding on how terrorist organizations emerge and behave by investigating how the cancer cells emerge, spread, and affect the surrounding cells in the human body,. This analogy not only delves into the nature of terrorist organizations, it also provides some certain tools of these organizations with cancer cells relying on the similarity to struggle with these organizations’ destructiveness more effectively

Kaynakça

  • Adami, H. O., Hunter, D., & Trichopoulos, D. (2002). Textbook of cancer epidemiology. NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Allen, P. M., & Sanglier, M. (1978). Dynamic models of urban growth. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 1(3), 265-280.
  • Artigiani, R. (1987). Revolution and evolution: applying prigogine's dissipative structures model. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 10, 249-264.
  • Anderton, C. H., & Carter, J. R. (2005). On rational choice theory and the study of terrorism. Defense and Peace Economics, 16(4), 275-282.
  • Bacac, M., & Stamenkovic, I. (2008). Metastatic cancer cell. Annual Review of Pathology, 3(1), 221-247.
  • Baskin, C. M., & Baskin, J. M. (1998). A geographical perspective on germination ecology: Temperate and zones arctic. In C. C. Baskin, J. M. Baskin (Eds.), 2004. Seeds-Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination: (pp.331-458). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Beck, G., & Habicht, G. l S. (1996). Immunity and the invertebrates. Scientific American, 275(5), 60–66.
  • Boman, B. M., & Wicha, M. S. (2008). Cancer stem cells: A step toward the cure. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(17), 2795-2799.
  • Boyns, D. & Ballard, J. D. (2004). Developing a sociological theory for the empirical understanding of terrorism. The American Sociologist, 35(2), 5-25.
  • Mesquita, B. B. (2000). Principles of international politics: People’s power, preferences, and perceptions. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
  • Callaway, R. L., & Harrelson-Stephens, J. (2006). Toward a theory of terrorism: Human security as a determinant of terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(8), 773-796.
  • Campbell, D. T. (1969). Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. General Systems, 14, 69-85.
  • Ciocca, D. R., & Fanelli, M. A. (1997). Estrogen receptors and cell proliferation in breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metabolism, 8(8), 313-321.
  • Coady, C.A.J., (2004). Defining terrorism. In I. Primoratz, (Ed.), Terrorism – the philosophical issues (pp.3-14). London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Coussens, L. M., & Werb, Z. (2001). Inflammatory cells and cancer. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 193(6), 23-26.
  • Crelinsten, R. D. (1987). Power and meaning: Terrorism as a struggle over access to the communication structure, In P. Wilkinson & A. M. Stewart (Eds.), Contemporary research on terrorism (419-450). Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen Press.
  • Crenshaw, M. (1988). The Subjective reality of the terrorist: ideological and psychological factors in terrorism. In R. Slater & M. Stohl (Ed.) Current Perspectives on International Terrorism (12-46). New York: St. Martin’s.
  • Curt, Gregory A. (2001). Terrorism and cancer. The Oncologist, 6, 401.
  • Curt, Gregory A. (2005). Terrorism and cancer. Four years after 9/11. The Oncologist, 10, 663.
  • Dolmans, D. E., Fukumura D., & Jain R. K. (2003). Photodynamic therapy for cancer. National Review of Cancer, 3(5), 380–7.
  • Duyvesteyn, I. (2004). How new is the new terrorism? Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27, 439–454.
  • Eggen, D., & Day, K. (2001). U.S. ties Hijackers’ money to al qaeda. The Washington Post, 7 October: p1.
  • Fernández, L. M. (2009). Organized crime and terrorism: From the cells towards political communication, a case study. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21, 595-616.
  • Fombrun, C. J. (1986). Structural Dynamics within and between organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 403-421.
  • Franks, J. (2009). Rethinking the roots of terrorism: Beyond orthodox terrorism theory—a critical research agenda. Global Society, 23(2), 154-176.
  • Ganor, B. (2008). Terrorist organization typologies and the probability of a boomerang effect. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(4), 269-283
  • Hage, J., & Powers, C. H. (1992). Post-Industrial lives, CA: Sage.
  • Halal, W. E. (1996). The new management: Democracy and enterprise are transforming organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Hanahan, D. D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100(1), 57- 70.
  • Hannan, M., & Freeman, J. (1977). The population ecology of organization. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929-964.
  • Hedges, C. (2001). A european dragnet captures new clues to Bin Laden’s network. The New York Time, 12 October: p10.
  • Helfstein, S. (2009). Governance of terror: New institutionalism and the evolution of terrorist organizations. Public Administration Review, 69(4), 727-739.
  • Hengartner, M. O. (2000). The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 12, 407(6805), 770- 776.
  • Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Jauch, L. R., & Kraft, K. L. (1986). Strategic management of uncertainty. Strategic Management Review, 11(4), 777-790.
  • Kegley, C. W. (2003). The new global terrorism, characteristics, causes, controls. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Kolata, G. (2001). Veiled messaged of terror may lurk in cyberspace. The New York Times, 30 October: p.1
  • Laqueur, W. (1987). The age of terrorism. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
  • Laqueur, W. (1999). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Organization and environment. Boston: Mass.
  • Lentini, P. (2008). Understanding and combating terrorism: definitions, origins and strategies. Australian Journal of Political Science, 43(1), 133-140
  • Lewis, B. (2003). The crisis of Islam, holy war and unholy terror. New York: Modern Library.
  • Mackenzie, I. C. (2008). Cancer stem cells. Annals of Oncology, 19(5), 40-43.
  • Marsh, D., & Stoker, G. (1995). Theory and methods in political science. London: MacMillan.
  • Meisels, T. (2009). Defining terrorism–a typology. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 12(3), 331-351
  • Merari, A., & Friedland, N. (1985). Social psychological aspects of political terrorism. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 6, 185–205.
  • Murugavel, K. G., Naranatt, P. P., Shankar, E. M., Mathews, S., Raghuram, K., Rajasambandam, P., Jayanthi, V., Surendran, R., Murali, A., Srinivas, U., Palaniswamy, K. R., Srikumari, D., & Thyagarajan, P. (2007). Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in liver biopsies of proven hepatocellular carcinoma in India determined by an in-house immunoperoxidase test. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(11), 1455-1459.
  • Oberschall, A. (1973). Social conflict and social movements. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Oberschall, A. (2004). Explaining terrorism: The contribution of collective action theory. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 26-37.
  • O'Byrne, K. J., & Dalgleish, A. G. (2011). Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. British Journal of Cancer, 85(4), 473- 483.
  • Olson, M. (1998). The logic of collective action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Oots, K. (1990). Bargaining with terrorists: Organizational considerations. Terrorism, 13, 145–158.
  • Picarelli, J. T., & Shelley, L. (2001). Transnational crime, corruption, and information technology. Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, Washington, D.C.
  • Post, J. M. (1990). Terrorist psycho-logic: Terrorist behavior as a product of psychological forces. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Primoratz, I., (Ed.) (2004). Terrorism–the philosophical issues. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Quinn, R. E., & Cameron, K. S. (Eds.) (1988). Paradox and transformation: Toward a theory of change in organization and management. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  • Rattray, G. J. (2001). The cyber terrorism threat. In J. M. Smith & W. C. Thomas (Eds.), The Terrorism Threat and US Government Response: Operational and Organizational Factors (79–118). Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies.
  • Rubenstein, R. E. (1987). Alchemists of revolution: Terrorism in the modern world. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
  • Ruelle, D., & Takens, F. (1971). On the nature of turbulence. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 20(3), 167-192.
  • Ruelle, D. 1991. Chance and chaos. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Sandler, T. (1992). Collective action: Theory and Applications. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Sandler, T. (2003). Collective action and transnational terrorism. The World Economy, 26, 779–802.
  • Sandler, T., Tschirhart, J., & Cauley, J. (1983). A theoretical analysis of transnational terrorism. American Political Science Review, 77, 36–54.
  • Schmidt, A. P. and Jongman, A. I. (Eds.) (1988). Political terrorism. SWIDOC Amsterdam and Transaction Books.
  • Schwartz, S. J., Dunkel, C. S., & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An identity theory perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32, 538-559.
  • Shanahan, T. (2010). Betraying a certain corruption of mind: how (and how not) to define ‘terrorism. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 3(2), 173-190.
  • Steeg, P. S. (2006). Tumor metastasis: Mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. National Medicine, 12(8), 895-904.
  • Stout, C. (2002). The psychology of terrorism. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Thietart, R. A., & Forgues, B. (1995). Chaos theory and organization. Organization Science, 6, 19-31.
  • Thomas, M. B. (2005). Hepatocellular carcinoma: The need for progress. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(13), 2892-2899.
  • Tilly, C. (2004). Terror, terrorism, terrorists. Sociological Theory, 22 (1), 5-13.
  • Vogelstein, B., Fearon, E. R., Kern, S. E., Hamilton, S. R., Preisinger, A. C., Nakamura, Y. & White, R. (1989). Allelotype of colorectal carcinomas. Science, 244, 207- 211.
  • Weick, K., (1977). Organization design: Organizations as self-designing systems. Organizational Dynamics, 6(2), 31-46.
  • Weinberg, R. A. (1988). The roots of human cancer. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 41(8), 28-36.
  • Wilkins, B. T., (1992). Terrorism and collective responsibility. London: Routledge.
  • Wilkinson, P. & Stewart, A. M. (1987). Contemporary research on terrorism. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
  • Williams, P. (1998). The nature of drug-trafficking networks. Current History, 97(618), 154–159.
  • Williams, P. (2006). Strategy for a new world: Combating terrorism and transnational organizations. Oxford University Press.
  • Zanini, M., & Edwards, S. (2001). The networking of terror in the information age. In J.Arquilla & D. Ronfeldt (Eds.), Networks and Netwars (29–60). RAND, Santa Monica.

KANSER HÜCRELERİ VE TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ ARASINDA BİR ANALOJİ

Yıl 2013, , 347 - 364, 01.05.2013
https://doi.org/10.11122/ijmeb.2013.9.19.415

Öz

Çağdaş örgüt yaklaşımları, terör örgütlerinin karakterlerini anlamada ve açıklamada yeterli araçları sağlamamaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle fark edilmiştir ki, terör örgütlerinin karakteristikleri kanser adı altında özel bir biyolojik olgunun doğasına çok benzemektedir. Bu çalışma, insan bedeninde kanser hücrelerinin ortaya çıkışı, yayılışı ve çevresindeki hücreleri nasıl etkilediğini inceleyerek terör örgütlerinin nasıl ortaya çıktıkları ve davranış gösterdikleri üzerine bir anlayış geliştirme girişiminde bulunur. Bu analoji, sadece terörist örgütlerin doğasını incelemekle kalmayacak, bu örgütlerle kanser hücreleri arasındaki benzerliklerden yola çıkarak, terör örgütlerinin yıkıcılığıyla daha etkili bir şekilde mücadele edebilmek için belirli bazı araçları da sağlamış olacak.

Kaynakça

  • Adami, H. O., Hunter, D., & Trichopoulos, D. (2002). Textbook of cancer epidemiology. NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Allen, P. M., & Sanglier, M. (1978). Dynamic models of urban growth. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 1(3), 265-280.
  • Artigiani, R. (1987). Revolution and evolution: applying prigogine's dissipative structures model. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 10, 249-264.
  • Anderton, C. H., & Carter, J. R. (2005). On rational choice theory and the study of terrorism. Defense and Peace Economics, 16(4), 275-282.
  • Bacac, M., & Stamenkovic, I. (2008). Metastatic cancer cell. Annual Review of Pathology, 3(1), 221-247.
  • Baskin, C. M., & Baskin, J. M. (1998). A geographical perspective on germination ecology: Temperate and zones arctic. In C. C. Baskin, J. M. Baskin (Eds.), 2004. Seeds-Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination: (pp.331-458). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Beck, G., & Habicht, G. l S. (1996). Immunity and the invertebrates. Scientific American, 275(5), 60–66.
  • Boman, B. M., & Wicha, M. S. (2008). Cancer stem cells: A step toward the cure. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(17), 2795-2799.
  • Boyns, D. & Ballard, J. D. (2004). Developing a sociological theory for the empirical understanding of terrorism. The American Sociologist, 35(2), 5-25.
  • Mesquita, B. B. (2000). Principles of international politics: People’s power, preferences, and perceptions. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
  • Callaway, R. L., & Harrelson-Stephens, J. (2006). Toward a theory of terrorism: Human security as a determinant of terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(8), 773-796.
  • Campbell, D. T. (1969). Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. General Systems, 14, 69-85.
  • Ciocca, D. R., & Fanelli, M. A. (1997). Estrogen receptors and cell proliferation in breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metabolism, 8(8), 313-321.
  • Coady, C.A.J., (2004). Defining terrorism. In I. Primoratz, (Ed.), Terrorism – the philosophical issues (pp.3-14). London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Coussens, L. M., & Werb, Z. (2001). Inflammatory cells and cancer. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 193(6), 23-26.
  • Crelinsten, R. D. (1987). Power and meaning: Terrorism as a struggle over access to the communication structure, In P. Wilkinson & A. M. Stewart (Eds.), Contemporary research on terrorism (419-450). Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen Press.
  • Crenshaw, M. (1988). The Subjective reality of the terrorist: ideological and psychological factors in terrorism. In R. Slater & M. Stohl (Ed.) Current Perspectives on International Terrorism (12-46). New York: St. Martin’s.
  • Curt, Gregory A. (2001). Terrorism and cancer. The Oncologist, 6, 401.
  • Curt, Gregory A. (2005). Terrorism and cancer. Four years after 9/11. The Oncologist, 10, 663.
  • Dolmans, D. E., Fukumura D., & Jain R. K. (2003). Photodynamic therapy for cancer. National Review of Cancer, 3(5), 380–7.
  • Duyvesteyn, I. (2004). How new is the new terrorism? Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27, 439–454.
  • Eggen, D., & Day, K. (2001). U.S. ties Hijackers’ money to al qaeda. The Washington Post, 7 October: p1.
  • Fernández, L. M. (2009). Organized crime and terrorism: From the cells towards political communication, a case study. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21, 595-616.
  • Fombrun, C. J. (1986). Structural Dynamics within and between organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 403-421.
  • Franks, J. (2009). Rethinking the roots of terrorism: Beyond orthodox terrorism theory—a critical research agenda. Global Society, 23(2), 154-176.
  • Ganor, B. (2008). Terrorist organization typologies and the probability of a boomerang effect. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(4), 269-283
  • Hage, J., & Powers, C. H. (1992). Post-Industrial lives, CA: Sage.
  • Halal, W. E. (1996). The new management: Democracy and enterprise are transforming organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Hanahan, D. D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100(1), 57- 70.
  • Hannan, M., & Freeman, J. (1977). The population ecology of organization. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929-964.
  • Hedges, C. (2001). A european dragnet captures new clues to Bin Laden’s network. The New York Time, 12 October: p10.
  • Helfstein, S. (2009). Governance of terror: New institutionalism and the evolution of terrorist organizations. Public Administration Review, 69(4), 727-739.
  • Hengartner, M. O. (2000). The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 12, 407(6805), 770- 776.
  • Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Jauch, L. R., & Kraft, K. L. (1986). Strategic management of uncertainty. Strategic Management Review, 11(4), 777-790.
  • Kegley, C. W. (2003). The new global terrorism, characteristics, causes, controls. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Kolata, G. (2001). Veiled messaged of terror may lurk in cyberspace. The New York Times, 30 October: p.1
  • Laqueur, W. (1987). The age of terrorism. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
  • Laqueur, W. (1999). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Organization and environment. Boston: Mass.
  • Lentini, P. (2008). Understanding and combating terrorism: definitions, origins and strategies. Australian Journal of Political Science, 43(1), 133-140
  • Lewis, B. (2003). The crisis of Islam, holy war and unholy terror. New York: Modern Library.
  • Mackenzie, I. C. (2008). Cancer stem cells. Annals of Oncology, 19(5), 40-43.
  • Marsh, D., & Stoker, G. (1995). Theory and methods in political science. London: MacMillan.
  • Meisels, T. (2009). Defining terrorism–a typology. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 12(3), 331-351
  • Merari, A., & Friedland, N. (1985). Social psychological aspects of political terrorism. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 6, 185–205.
  • Murugavel, K. G., Naranatt, P. P., Shankar, E. M., Mathews, S., Raghuram, K., Rajasambandam, P., Jayanthi, V., Surendran, R., Murali, A., Srinivas, U., Palaniswamy, K. R., Srikumari, D., & Thyagarajan, P. (2007). Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in liver biopsies of proven hepatocellular carcinoma in India determined by an in-house immunoperoxidase test. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(11), 1455-1459.
  • Oberschall, A. (1973). Social conflict and social movements. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Oberschall, A. (2004). Explaining terrorism: The contribution of collective action theory. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 26-37.
  • O'Byrne, K. J., & Dalgleish, A. G. (2011). Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. British Journal of Cancer, 85(4), 473- 483.
  • Olson, M. (1998). The logic of collective action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Oots, K. (1990). Bargaining with terrorists: Organizational considerations. Terrorism, 13, 145–158.
  • Picarelli, J. T., & Shelley, L. (2001). Transnational crime, corruption, and information technology. Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, Washington, D.C.
  • Post, J. M. (1990). Terrorist psycho-logic: Terrorist behavior as a product of psychological forces. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Primoratz, I., (Ed.) (2004). Terrorism–the philosophical issues. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Quinn, R. E., & Cameron, K. S. (Eds.) (1988). Paradox and transformation: Toward a theory of change in organization and management. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  • Rattray, G. J. (2001). The cyber terrorism threat. In J. M. Smith & W. C. Thomas (Eds.), The Terrorism Threat and US Government Response: Operational and Organizational Factors (79–118). Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies.
  • Rubenstein, R. E. (1987). Alchemists of revolution: Terrorism in the modern world. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
  • Ruelle, D., & Takens, F. (1971). On the nature of turbulence. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 20(3), 167-192.
  • Ruelle, D. 1991. Chance and chaos. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Sandler, T. (1992). Collective action: Theory and Applications. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Sandler, T. (2003). Collective action and transnational terrorism. The World Economy, 26, 779–802.
  • Sandler, T., Tschirhart, J., & Cauley, J. (1983). A theoretical analysis of transnational terrorism. American Political Science Review, 77, 36–54.
  • Schmidt, A. P. and Jongman, A. I. (Eds.) (1988). Political terrorism. SWIDOC Amsterdam and Transaction Books.
  • Schwartz, S. J., Dunkel, C. S., & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An identity theory perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32, 538-559.
  • Shanahan, T. (2010). Betraying a certain corruption of mind: how (and how not) to define ‘terrorism. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 3(2), 173-190.
  • Steeg, P. S. (2006). Tumor metastasis: Mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. National Medicine, 12(8), 895-904.
  • Stout, C. (2002). The psychology of terrorism. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Thietart, R. A., & Forgues, B. (1995). Chaos theory and organization. Organization Science, 6, 19-31.
  • Thomas, M. B. (2005). Hepatocellular carcinoma: The need for progress. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(13), 2892-2899.
  • Tilly, C. (2004). Terror, terrorism, terrorists. Sociological Theory, 22 (1), 5-13.
  • Vogelstein, B., Fearon, E. R., Kern, S. E., Hamilton, S. R., Preisinger, A. C., Nakamura, Y. & White, R. (1989). Allelotype of colorectal carcinomas. Science, 244, 207- 211.
  • Weick, K., (1977). Organization design: Organizations as self-designing systems. Organizational Dynamics, 6(2), 31-46.
  • Weinberg, R. A. (1988). The roots of human cancer. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 41(8), 28-36.
  • Wilkins, B. T., (1992). Terrorism and collective responsibility. London: Routledge.
  • Wilkinson, P. & Stewart, A. M. (1987). Contemporary research on terrorism. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
  • Williams, P. (1998). The nature of drug-trafficking networks. Current History, 97(618), 154–159.
  • Williams, P. (2006). Strategy for a new world: Combating terrorism and transnational organizations. Oxford University Press.
  • Zanini, M., & Edwards, S. (2001). The networking of terror in the information age. In J.Arquilla & D. Ronfeldt (Eds.), Networks and Netwars (29–60). RAND, Santa Monica.
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sefer Yılmaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, S. (2013). AN ANALOGY BETWEEN CANCER CELLS AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 9(19), 347-364. https://doi.org/10.11122/ijmeb.2013.9.19.415