DEVELOPMENTS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS’ STRUCTURE AND FINANCE IN JAPAN

Abstract

Japan is a unitary state with high degree of decentralisation. Although high expenditures are done by local governments, in which two-level local governing system is adopted, they have no adequate revenues. For this reason, local governments have been depended on the central government in terms of revenue resources and therefore they have faced with heavy debt stock problem. Towards the end of 2000, some important regulations have been done in the area of intergovernmental relations to solve public finance problems of local government. Experiences witnessed in Japan during the process of reform could shed light on how regulations of intergovernmental relations could be applied in our country which has been carrying out reforms in local government system. From this point of view, in this study, the structure of local governments and the development of finance at local governments in Japan are examined. Firstly, local government system in Japan and the subject of Japanese local governments’ revenues and expenditures are examined. Afterwards, second, the relations between local and central governments in Japan were evaluated and the study is completed by providing some concluding remarks

Keywords

• Local Government Finance,Local Government Structure,Intergovernmental Fiscal

JAPONYA’DA YEREL YÖNETİMLERİN YAPISI VE FİNANSMANINDA YAŞANAN GELİŞMELER

Öz

Japonya üniter yapıyla birlikte yüksek derecede yerelleşmenin olduğu bir ülkedir. İki kademeli bir yerel yönetim sisteminin bulunduğu ülkede, yerel yönetimler önemli ölçüde harcama gerçekleştirmelerine karşın yeterli gelirlerle donatılmamışlardır. Bu nedenle de yerel yönetimler gelir kaynakları açısından merkezi yönetime bağımlı olmuşlar ve yüksek düzeyde borç stoku sorunu ile de karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. Ülkede, 2000 yılının sonlarında yerel yönetim maliyesi alanında yaşanan sorunları çözmek amacıyla idarelerarası ilişkiler konusunda önemli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Japonya’da reform süreci boyunca yaşanan tecrübeler, yerel yönetim sistemini reforme eden ülkemize idarelerarası ilişkilerin nasıl düzenlenmesi gerektiği konusunda önemli ölçüde ışık tutabilecek niteliktedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışmada Japonya’da yerel yönetimlerin yapısı ve yerel yönetimlerin finansmanında yaşanan gelişmeler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle Japonya’nın yerel yönetim sistemi ve Japon yerel yönetimlerinin gelir ve harcamaları konusu incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Japonya’da merkezi yönetim ve yerel yönetim arasındaki ilişkiler değerlendirilmiş ve çalışma sonuç kısmıyla tamamlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yerel Yönetimler Maliyesi,Yerel Yönetim Yapısı,İdarelerarası Mali İlişkiler

Kaynakça

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