İNGİLTERE MERKEZLİ DÜŞÜK MALİYETLİ HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNİN BREXIT SÜRECİNDEKİ STRATEJİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2021, , 1079 - 1098, 31.12.2021

Eyüp Bayram Şekerli

https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.850940

Öz

Politik karar vericilerin endüstriyel düzeydeki etkisini Avrupa Birliği (AB) ticari havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün serbestleşmesinde ve BREXIT süreçlerinde görmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada İngiltere’nin AB’den çıkış süreci olarak 2016 yılında referandum ile başlatılan BREXIT sürecinin İngiltere merkezli operasyon düzenleyen düşük maliyetli havayolu işletmelerinin kaynak bağımlılıklarını nasıl etkilediği üzerinde durulmuştur. Bunun için Kaynak Bağımlılığı Teorisi (KBT) bakış açısı ile değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Easyjet ve Ryanair havayolu işletmelerinin örneklem olarak alındığı çalışmada firmaların yayınlamış oldukları raporlar incelenerek kaynak bağımlılıkları ve BREXIT sonrasında bu bağımlılıklar ile ilgili belirsizlikleri azaltmaya yönelik stratejileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlardan BREXIT süreci ile düşük maliyetli işletmelerin stratejileri için oldukça kritik olduğu görülen AB iç hat pazarlarına, ekip ihtiyacını karşılamak için insan kaynaklarına ve bakım-onarım süreçlerinde ihtiyaç duyduğu yedek parçalara ulaşım konusunda ciddi bir belirsizlik ile karşı karşıya olduğu anlaşılmıştır. İşletmeler, sayılan kaynaklar ile ilgili belirsizlikleri yönetebilmek için yönetim kurulunu değiştirerek sahiplik koşullarını yeniden düzenlemişlerdir. Bunun yanı sıra, AB içerisinde doğrudan yatırımlar, ortaklıklar ve diğer işletmelerin tamamını satın alma yoluyla büyüme stratejileri benimsenmiştir. Ayrıca lobicilik ve kamuoyu oluşturma gibi yöntemlerin de BREXIT sürecindeki karar vericileri etkilemek için kullanıldığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kaynak belirsizliği, kaynak bağımlılığı teorisi, BREXIT, stratejik yönetim, düşük maliyet stratejisi

INVESTIGATION OF UK BASED LOW COST AIRLINES' STRATEGIES IN THE BREXIT PROCESS

Öz

The industry level impact of Political decision makers is observable in the liberalization of the European Union (EU) commercial air transportation industry and during the BREXIT. In this study, it is aimed to understand how the BREXIT process, which was initiated in 2016 affects the resource dependencies of UK-based low-cost airlines. Consequently, an evaluation was made with the perspective of Resource Dependency Theory (RBT). Thus, Easyjet and Ryanair airlines were taken as a sample. Airlines’ strategies to reduce resource dependencies and reuncertainties on resources after BREXIT were tried to be determined from their reports. With the BREXIT process, it has been understood that low-cost businesses are faced with a serious uncertainty in accessing the EU domestic market, human resources to find flight crews, and spare parts needed for maintenance and repair. In order to manage these uncertainties, firms have rearranged their ownership conditions by changing the board of directors. In addition; direct investments, partnerships and complete acquisitions in the EU countries are adopted as growth strategies. Furthermore, it has been observed that lobbying and setting public opinion as one of the activities, were adopted by low cost airlines to influence decision-makers of BREXIT.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Resource uncertainty, resource dependency theory, BREXIT, strategic management, low cost strategy

Kaynakça

• British Airways. Annual Report and Accounts Year ended 31 December 2017. London: British Airways, 2017.
• Civil Aviation Authority. CAP 770: No-frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution? A Study by the Civil Aviation Authority. London: Civil Aviation Authority, 2006.
• Cohen, Lauren, ve Andrea Frazzini. «Economic Links and Predictable Returns.» The Journal of Finance 63, no. 4 (2008): 1977-2011.
• Crook, T. Russell, ve James G. Combs. «Sources and consequences of bargaining power in supply chains.» Journal of Operations Management 25 (2007): 546-555.
• Darby, Jessica L., David J. Ketchen Jr., Brent D. Williams, ve Travis Tokar. «The Implications of Firm‐Specific Policy Risk, Policy Uncertainty, and Industry Factors for Inventory: A Resource Dependence Perspective.» Journal of Supply Chain, 2020: 1-22.
• Davis, Gerald F., ve Walter W. Powell. «Organization-Environment Relations.» Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology içinde, yazan Marvin D Dunnette, Leaetta M Hough ve Harry Charalambos Triandis, 315-375. Palto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1991.
• Dudás, Gábor. «Low-cost Airlines in Europe: Network Structures After the Enlargement of the European Union.» Geographica Pannonica 14 (2010): 49-58.
• Easy Jet. « Implications of Brexit for UK and non-EU shareholders.» Corporate Easy Jet. Nisan 07 2019. 20200 (17 Ağustos, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• Easy Jet. Annual Report and Accounts. London: Easy Jet, 2019.
• Easy Jet. Annual Reports and Accounts 2018. London: Easy Jet, 2018.
• Easy Jet. FY 2016 Analyst and Investor Presentation. London: Easy Jet, 2016.
• Easy Jet. FY 2016, Analyst and Investor Presentation. Yatırımcı Raporu, London: EasyJet, 2016.
• Easy Jet. FY 2017 Analyst and Inverstor Presentation . London: Easy Jet Plc, 2017.
• Easy Jet. FY 2018 Results Presentation 20 November. London: Easy Jet, 2018.
• —. «Modern Slavery Act Statement.» Easy Jet-Sustainability. 31 Mart 2018. view-source:https://corporate.easyjet.com/corporate-responsibility/modern-slavery-act-statement (Ağustos 17, 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• Easy Jet. Results for the year ending 30 September 2017. London: Easy Jet Plc, 2017.
• Edelman, Lauren B., ve Mark C. Suchman. «The Legal Environments of Organizations.» Annual Review of Sociology 23 (tarih yok): 479-515.
• EU Parliament. Fact Sheets on the European Union: Air transport: market rules. 02 2020. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/131/air-transport-market-rules (09 09, 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• European Commission. Withdrawal of the United Kingdom and EU rules in the field of air transport. Brussels: Eu Commission, 2018.
• European Commission. Withdrawal of the Unıted Kingdom and EU rules ın the field of air transport. Brussels: EU Commission, 2020.
• Flight Connections. EasyJet Flight Connections. https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-easyjet-u2 (12 20, 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• —. Ryanair Flight Connections. https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-ryanair-fr; (12 2020, 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• Gillen, D., ve A. Gados. «Airlines within airlines: Assessing the vulnerabilities of mixing business models.» Research in Transportation Economics 24, no. 1 (2008): 25-35.
• Hanlon, Pat. Global Airlines: Competition in a transnational industry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.
• Hessels, J, ve S Terjesen. «Resource dependency and institutional theory perspectives on direct and indirect export choices.» Small Business Economics 34 (2010): 203–220.
• Hillman, A.J., A. Zardkoohi, ve L. Bierman. «Corporate Political Strategies and Firm Performance: Indications of Firm-Specific Benefits from Personal Service in the U.S. Government.» Strategic Management Journal 20 (1999): 67-81.
• Hillman, Amy J. «Politicians on the Board of Directors: Do Connections Affect the Bottom Line?» Journal of Management 31, no. 3 (2005): 464-481.
• Hillman, Amy J., Albert A. Cannella, ve Ramona L. Paetzold. «The Resource Dependence Role of Corporate Directors: Strategic Adaptation of Board Composition in Response to Environmental Change.» Journal of Management Studies, no. 37 (2000): 235-256.
• Hillman, Amy J., Gerald D. Keim, ve Douglas Schuler. «Corporate Political Activity: A Review and Research Agenda.» Journal of Management (30) 6 (2004): 837-857.
• Hillman, Amy J., ve Michael A. Hitt. «Corporate Political Strategy Formulation: A Model of Approach, Participation, and Strategy Decisions.» The Academy of Management Review 24, no. 4 (1999): 825-842.
• IAG. Annual Reports and Accounts. London: IAG, 2015.
• IAG. Annual Reports and Accounts. London: IAG, 2016. Julio, Brandon, ve Youngsuk Yook. «Political Uncertainty and Corporate Investment Cycles.» The Journal of Finance 67, no. 1 (2012): 45-83.
• KPMG. Brexit: implications for airlines. London: KPMG, 2016.
• Lang, James R., ve Daniel E. Lockhart. «Increased Environmental Uncertainty and Changes in Board Linkage Patterns.» The Academy of Management Journal 33, no. 1 (1990): 106-128.
• Lang, James R., ve Daniel E. Lockhart. «Increased Environmental Uncertainty and Changes in Board Linkage Patterns.» The Academy of Management Journal 33, no. 1 (1990): 106-128.
• Maxim, Laura. «The Evolution of the European Low-cost Airlines‘Business Models. Ryanair Case Study.» Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 62 (2012): 342-346.
• Nienhüser, Werner. «Resource Dependence Theory - How Well Does It Explain Behavior of Organizations?» Management Revue 19, no. 1/2 (2008): 9-32.
• Oliver, Christine. «Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes.» The Academy of Management Review 16, no. 1 (1991): 145-179.
• Oxera. Brexit: implications for the transport sector. Amsterdam: Oxera, 2016.
• Ozcan, P., ve K. M. Eisenhardt. «Origin of alliance portfolios: Entrepreneurs, network strategies, and firm performance.» Academy of Management Journal 52, no. 2 (2009): 246-279.
• Pfeffer, Jeffrey, ve Gerald Salancik. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper&Row, 1978.
• Ryan Air. Annual Report 2016. Dublin: Ryan Air, 2016.
• Ryan Air. Annual Report 2017. Dublin: Ryanair, 2017.
• Ryan Air. Annual Report 2019. Dublin: Ryanair, 2019.
• Ryan Air. Annual Report 2020. Dublin: Ryanair, 2020.
• Ryan Air. Form 20-F, Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 Or 15(d) Of The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934 For The Fiscal Year Ended: March 31. Washington: USA Securities and Exchange Commission, 2016.
• Ryanair. UK could be left with no flights to/from Europe AFTER BREXIT. 29 04 2017. https://corporate.ryanair.com/news/170329-ryanair-calls-for-aviation-to-top-brexit-negotiations-agenda/ (09 21, 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• Scott, W. Richard. «The Adolescence of Institutional Theory.» Administrative Science Quarterly 32, no. 4 (1987): 493-511.
• Taylor, ve Airey. A study of the effects of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union on airlines flying to and from the UK. London: Taylor and Airey, 2018.
• Thompson, J. D. Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
• Tushman, M., ve P. Anderson. «Technological discontinuities and organizational environments.» Administrative Science
• Quarterly 31 (1986): 439-465. Watson, Willis Towers. Brexit impact on transportation industry. London: Willis Towers Watson, 2017.
• Wry, Tyler, J. Adam Cobb, ve Howard E. Aldrich. «More than a Metaphor: Assessing the Historical Legacy of Resource Dependence and its Contemporary Promise as a Theory of Environmental Complexity.» The Academy of Management Annals 7, no. 1 (2013): 39–486.