Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

SCALE, COMPOSITION AND TECHNIQUE EFFECTS IN POLLUTION LEVEL: EVIDENCE FROM EU COUNTRIES

Yıl 2017, ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı, 756 - 769, 01.12.2017

Öz

Environmental Kuznets Curve EKC hypothesis claims that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth and this relationship can be explained by scale, composition and technique effects. These three effects are the underpinnings of EKC hypothesis. So, in this study, it is investigated whether scale, composition and technique effects are as claimed by panel DOLS and FMOLS estimators and confirmative results are obtained for these effects. Additionally, results show that most dominant factor in decreasing environmental pollution is education

Kaynakça

  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 94, 175–179.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001), Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In
  • Baltagi, B.H., Fomby, T.B., Hill, R.C., editors. Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (advances in econometrics), 15. United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 93–130.
  • Kao, C., & Chiang, M.H. (2001). On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data. Adv Econ 2001,15, 179–222.
  • Hueting, R. (1991). Correcting national income for environmental losses: A practical solution for a theoretical dilemma. In: Ecological economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability (Ed: R. Costanza). New York: Colombia University Pres.
  • Janicke, M., Binder, M., & Mönch, H. (1997). Dirty industries: Patterns of change in industrial countries. Environmental and Resource Economics, 9, 467-491.
  • Pepper, D. (1998). Sustainable development and ecological modernization: A radical homocentric perspective. Sustainable Devolopment, 6, 1-7.
  • Christoff, P. (1996). Ecological modernisation, ecological modernities. Environmental Politics, 5(3), 476-500.
  • Fisher, R. A. (1932). Statistical methods for research workers. 4. Baski, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
  • Breitung, J. & Pesaran, M. H. (2004). Unitroot and cointegration in panels. Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies, No. 42/2005.
  • Abid, M. (2017). Does economic, financial and institutional developments matter for environmental quality? A comparative analysis of EU and MEA countries. Journal of Environmental Management 188: 183–94. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479716309781.
  • Acaravci, A., & Öztürk, I. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy 35(12): 5412–20. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210003737.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G. S., & Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass energy, technological progress and the environmental kuznets curve: Evidence from selected european countries. Biomass and Bioenergy (90), 202–8. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0961953416301179/1-s2.0-S0961953416301179-main.pdf?_tid=f3a109ea-2a68- 11e7-8c3f-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1493201771_3790c0c60d0a2b2709831f5969294328.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Öztürk, I., & Solarin, S. A. (2016). Investigating the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in seven regions: The role of renewable energy. Ecological Indicators 67, 267–82. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16300802.
  • Arbulş, I., Lozano, J., & Rey-Maquieira, J. (2015). Tourism and solid waste generation in Europe: A panel data assessment of the environmental Kuznets curve. Waste Management ,46, 628–36. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1500286X.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2014). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Fifth Edit. Wiley.
  • Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? Whose environment? World Development 20(4), 481–96. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305750X9290038W (January 19, 2017).
  • Bölük, G., & Mehmet, M. (2014). Fossil & renewable energy consumption, ghgs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of eu (european union) countries. Energy, 74, 439–46. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214008305 (April 26, 2017).
  • Breitung, J. (2005). A parametric approach to the estimation of cointegration vectors in panel data. Econometric Reviews ,24(2), 151–73. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ETC-200067895 (November 10, 2017).
  • Brunnermeier, S. B., & Levinson, A. (2004). Examining the evidence on environmental regulations and industry location. The Journal of Environment & Development 13(1), 6–41. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1070496503256500 (November 12, 2017).
  • Chankrajang, T., & Muttarak, R. (2017). Green returns to education: Does schooling contribute to pro- environmental behaviours? Evidence from Thailand. Ecological Economics 131, 434–48.
  • Charfeddine, L., & Mrabet, Z. (2017). The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76, 138–54. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117303520 (April 27, 2017).
  • Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance 20(2), 249–72. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560600000486 (May 30, 2017).
  • Coondoo, D., & Soumyananda, D. (2008). Carbon dioxide emission and income: A temporal analysis of cross- country distributional patterns. Ecological Economics 65(2), 375–85. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907003953 (April 27, 2017).
  • Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (1994). North-south trade and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 109(3), 755–87. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2118421 (February 11, 2017).
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics , 49(4), 431–55.
  • Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among co2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239–45. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117304410 (November 15, 2017).
  • Dogan, E., & Şeker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429–39. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116302622 (April 26, 2017).
  • Donfouet, H. P. P., Jeanty, P. W., & Malin, E. (2013). A spatial dynamic panel analysis of the environmental kuznets curve in european countries. http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2013/201318.pdf.
  • Dong, K. vd. (2017). Impact of natural gas consumption on CO2 emissions: Panel data evidence from China’s provinces. Journal of Cleaner Production 162, 400–410. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617312714 (November 15, 2017).
  • Fang, Z., & Chang, Y. (2016). Energy, human capital and economic growth in asia pacific countries — evidence from a panel cointegration and causality analysis. Energy Economics , 56, 177–84. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140988316300585 (July 22, 2017).
  • Fang, Z., & Chen,Y. (2017). Electricity consumption, education expenditure and economic growth in Chinese cities. Liverpool. http://58.210.89.21/RePEc/xjt/working-papers/RIEI-WP_2017-02.pdf.
  • Forster, B. A. (1973). Optimal capital accumulation in a polluted environment. Southern Economic Journal , 39(4), 544. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1056705?origin=crossref (January 19, 2017).
  • GGBP. (2014). Green growth in practice: lessons from country experiences. http://www.ggbp.org/sites/all/themes/ggbp/uploads/Green-Growth-in-Practice-062014-Full.pdf.
  • Ghaffar, A., Aqdas, A., Khalid, B. M., & Shenghui, C. (2017). Exploring environmental kuznets curve (EKC) in relation to green revolution: A case study of Pakistan. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 166–71. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146290111730895X (November 11, 2017).
  • Granger, C., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111– 20. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304407674900347 (November 10, 2017).
  • Grether, J.M., Mathys, N. A., & De Melo, J. (2009). Scale, technique and composition effects in manufacturing so2 emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 43(2), 257–74. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-008-9237-5 (November 11, 2017).
  • Grossman, G. M, & Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a north American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 3914(3914), 1–57. http://www.nber.org/papers/w3914.
  • ———. 1995. Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(2), 353–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118443.
  • Hua, Y., Xie, R., & Yaqin, S. (2017). Fiscal spending and air pollution in chinese cities: Identifying composition and technique effects. China Economic Review. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X17301426 (November 14, 2017).
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M.H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74.
  • Iwulska, A. (2012). Golden growth: Restoring the lustre of European economic model. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/258598-1284061150155/7383639- 1323888814015/8319788-1324485944855/benchmarks.pdf.
  • Jaffe, A. B., Peterson, S. R., Portney, P. R. & Stavins, R. N. (1995). Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What does the evidence tell us? Journal of Economic Literature 33, 132–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2728912 (November 12, 2017).
  • Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling 44, 97–103. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999314003770 (April 26, 2017).
  • Khan, S. A. R., Zaman, K., & Zhang, Y. (2016). The relationship between energy-resource depletion, climate change, health resources and the environmental kuznets curve: Evidence from the panel of selected developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 62, 468–77. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116300946 (April 27, 2017).
  • Kiefer, N. M., & Vogelsang, T. J. (2002). Heteroskedasticity-autocorrelation robust standard errors using the bartlett kernel without truncation. Econometrica ,70, 2093–95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3082033 (July 21, 2017).
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28.
  • Lee, C.C., Chiu, Y.B., & Sun, C.H. (2010). The environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for water pollution: Do regions matter? Energy Policy , 38(1), 12–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509003188 (April 26, 2017).
  • Levin, A., Lin, C.F., & Chu, C.S.J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407601000987 (May 30, 2017).
  • Liu, X., Zhang, S., & Bae, J. (2017). The impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions: Investigating the environmental kuznets curve in four selected ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production , 164, 1239–47. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617315147 (November 11, 2017).
  • López, M., Jesşs, A., Pérez , R., & Moreno, B. (2014). Environmental costs and renewable energy: Re-visiting the environmental kuznets curve. Journal of Environmental Management 145, 368–73. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479714003612 (April 26, 2017).
  • López, R. (1994). The environment as a factor of production: The effects of economic growth and trade liberalization. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 27(2), 163–84. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069684710321 (January 19, 2017).
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61(s1), 631–52. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1468- 0084.0610s1631 (May 30, 2017).
  • Markandya, A., Golub, A., & Suzette, P.G. (2006). Empirical analysis of national income and SO2 emissions in selected european countries. Environmental and Resource Economics 35(3), 221–57. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-006-9014-2 (April 25, 2017).
  • Marrero, G. A. (2010). Greenhouse gases emissions, growth and the energy mix in Europe. Energy Economics 32(6), 1356–63. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988310001672 (April 25, 2017).
  • Mazzanti, M. (2008). Is waste generation de-linking from economic growth? empirical evidence for Europe. Applied Economics Letters 15(4), 287–91. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504850500407640 (April 25, 2017).
  • Mazzanti, M., & Zoboli, R. (2009). Municipal waste kuznets curves: Evidence on socio-economic drivers and policy effectiveness from the EU. Environmental and Resource Economics 44(2), 203–30. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-009-9280-x (April 25, 2017).
  • McConnell, K. E. (1997). Income and the demand for environmental quality. Environment and Development Economics 2(4): S1355770X9700020X. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1355770X9700020X (January 19, 2017).
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2015). Rich enough to go renewable, but too early to leave fossil energy? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 41, 1465–77. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032114008119/1- s2.0-S1364032114008119-main.pdf?_tid=e55828d0-2b23-11e7-8a18- 00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1493282063_90629acb5555bb6d2f1883e194b8b884 (April 27, 2017).
  • Mohapatra, S., Adamowicz, W., & Boxall, P. (2016). Dynamic technique and scale effects of economic growth on the environment. Energy Economics ,57, 256–64. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988316301293 (November 11, 2017).
  • Muye, I.M., & Muye, I. Y. (2017). Testing for causality among globalization, institution and financial development: Further evidence from three economic blocs. Borsa Istanbul Review 17(2), 117–32. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214845016300771 (September 4, 2017).
  • Pablo-Romero, M.P., Cruz, L., & Barata, E. (2017). Testing the transport energy-environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in the EU27 countries. Energy Economics 62, 257–69. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988317300129 (April 26, 2017).
  • Pablo-Romero, M. P., & Braza, A. S. (2015). Productive energy use and economic growth: energy, physical and human capital relationships. Energy Economics 49, 420–29. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988315001024 (July 22, 2017).
  • ———. (2017). Residential energy environmental kuznets curve in the EU-28. Energy 125, 44–54. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544217302736 (April 27, 2017).
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with i(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies 57(1), 99. https://academic.oup.com/restud/article- lookup/doi/10.2307/2297545 (March 20, 2017).
  • Rafaj, P.,Amann, M., Siri, J., & Wuester, H. (2014). Changes in European greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions 1960–2010: decomposition of determining factors. Climatic Change ,124(3), 477–504. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-013-0826-0 (April 25, 2017).
  • Rashid Gill, A., Viswanathan, K. K., & Hassan, S. (2017). The environmental kuznets curve (ekc) and the environmental problem of the day. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117308894 (August 2, 2017).
  • Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1995). Neoclassical growth, the j curve for abatement, and the inverted U curve for pollution. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(2), 162–68. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069685710388 (January 19, 2017).
  • Shahbaz, M., Alam, Md. M., Uddin, G., & Nanthakumar, L. ( 2016). The effect of scale, technique, composition and trade openness on energy demand: Fresh evidence from Malaysia. Bulletin of Energy Economics , 4(3), 280–96. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2943392 (November 11, 2017).
  • Sinha, A., & Bhattacharya, J. (2017). Estimation of environmental kuznets curve for so 2 emission: A case of indian cities. Ecological Indicators ,72, 881–94. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X16305507 (August 2, 2017).
  • Smarzynska, B., & Wei, S.J. (2001). Pollution havens and foreign direct investment: dirty secret or popular myth? Cambridge, MA. http://www.nber.org/papers/w8465.pdf (November 12, 2017).
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M.W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica , 61(4), 783–820. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v61y1993i4p783-820.html (March 20, 2017).
  • Tursoy, T., & Faisal, F. (2017). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ardl bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420717300727 (November 15, 2017).
  • Uddin, G. A., Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., & Jeff Gow. (2017). Ecological footprint and real income: Panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecological Indicators , 77, 166–75. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X17300031 (November 15, 2017).
  • Ulucak, R. (2017). Türkiye’de küresel isınmaya yönelik politikaların tutarlılığı ve etkinliği: Ekonometrik bir yaklaşım. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 26, 93–123.
  • Vilas, G., Silvina, J., & Liverman, D. M. (2007). Scale, technique and composition effects in the mexican agricultural sector: The influence of NAFTA and the institutional environment. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 7(2), 137–69. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10784-007-9042-6 (November 13, 2017).
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). Scale, Technique and composition effects in trade-related carbon emissions in China. Environmental and Resource Economics, 51(3), 371–89. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640- 011-9503-9 (November 11, 2017).

ÖLÇEK, KOMPOZİSYON VE TEKNİK ETKİLERİN KİRLİLİK DÜZEYİNDEKİ ROLÜ: AB ÜLKELERİ İÇİN AMPİRİK BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2017, ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı, 756 - 769, 01.12.2017

Öz

Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ÇKE hipotezi kirlilik ile ekonomik büyüme arasında ters u şeklinde bir ilişki olduğunu iddia eder ve bunu ölçek, kompozisyon ve teknik/teknolojik etkiler ile açıklar. Bu üç etki ÇKE hipotezinin destekleyici unsurları olarak değerlendirilir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada ölçek, kompozisyon ve teknik/teknolojik değişmelerin ülke deneyimleri açısından kirliliği iddia edildiği gibi etkileyip etkilemediği AB 28 için panel DOLS ve FMOLS tahmincileri ile tahmin edilmiştir ve edilen sonuçlar ölçek etkisi, kompozisyon etkisi ve teknik etkinin geçerli olduğunu desteklemiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen sonuçlar çevre kirliliğinin azaltılmasında en önemli değişkenin eğitim olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 94, 175–179.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001), Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In
  • Baltagi, B.H., Fomby, T.B., Hill, R.C., editors. Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (advances in econometrics), 15. United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 93–130.
  • Kao, C., & Chiang, M.H. (2001). On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data. Adv Econ 2001,15, 179–222.
  • Hueting, R. (1991). Correcting national income for environmental losses: A practical solution for a theoretical dilemma. In: Ecological economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability (Ed: R. Costanza). New York: Colombia University Pres.
  • Janicke, M., Binder, M., & Mönch, H. (1997). Dirty industries: Patterns of change in industrial countries. Environmental and Resource Economics, 9, 467-491.
  • Pepper, D. (1998). Sustainable development and ecological modernization: A radical homocentric perspective. Sustainable Devolopment, 6, 1-7.
  • Christoff, P. (1996). Ecological modernisation, ecological modernities. Environmental Politics, 5(3), 476-500.
  • Fisher, R. A. (1932). Statistical methods for research workers. 4. Baski, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
  • Breitung, J. & Pesaran, M. H. (2004). Unitroot and cointegration in panels. Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies, No. 42/2005.
  • Abid, M. (2017). Does economic, financial and institutional developments matter for environmental quality? A comparative analysis of EU and MEA countries. Journal of Environmental Management 188: 183–94. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479716309781.
  • Acaravci, A., & Öztürk, I. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy 35(12): 5412–20. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210003737.
  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G. S., & Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass energy, technological progress and the environmental kuznets curve: Evidence from selected european countries. Biomass and Bioenergy (90), 202–8. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0961953416301179/1-s2.0-S0961953416301179-main.pdf?_tid=f3a109ea-2a68- 11e7-8c3f-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1493201771_3790c0c60d0a2b2709831f5969294328.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Öztürk, I., & Solarin, S. A. (2016). Investigating the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in seven regions: The role of renewable energy. Ecological Indicators 67, 267–82. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16300802.
  • Arbulş, I., Lozano, J., & Rey-Maquieira, J. (2015). Tourism and solid waste generation in Europe: A panel data assessment of the environmental Kuznets curve. Waste Management ,46, 628–36. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1500286X.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2014). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Fifth Edit. Wiley.
  • Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? Whose environment? World Development 20(4), 481–96. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305750X9290038W (January 19, 2017).
  • Bölük, G., & Mehmet, M. (2014). Fossil & renewable energy consumption, ghgs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of eu (european union) countries. Energy, 74, 439–46. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214008305 (April 26, 2017).
  • Breitung, J. (2005). A parametric approach to the estimation of cointegration vectors in panel data. Econometric Reviews ,24(2), 151–73. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ETC-200067895 (November 10, 2017).
  • Brunnermeier, S. B., & Levinson, A. (2004). Examining the evidence on environmental regulations and industry location. The Journal of Environment & Development 13(1), 6–41. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1070496503256500 (November 12, 2017).
  • Chankrajang, T., & Muttarak, R. (2017). Green returns to education: Does schooling contribute to pro- environmental behaviours? Evidence from Thailand. Ecological Economics 131, 434–48.
  • Charfeddine, L., & Mrabet, Z. (2017). The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76, 138–54. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117303520 (April 27, 2017).
  • Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance 20(2), 249–72. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560600000486 (May 30, 2017).
  • Coondoo, D., & Soumyananda, D. (2008). Carbon dioxide emission and income: A temporal analysis of cross- country distributional patterns. Ecological Economics 65(2), 375–85. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907003953 (April 27, 2017).
  • Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (1994). North-south trade and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 109(3), 755–87. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2118421 (February 11, 2017).
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics , 49(4), 431–55.
  • Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among co2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239–45. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117304410 (November 15, 2017).
  • Dogan, E., & Şeker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429–39. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116302622 (April 26, 2017).
  • Donfouet, H. P. P., Jeanty, P. W., & Malin, E. (2013). A spatial dynamic panel analysis of the environmental kuznets curve in european countries. http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2013/201318.pdf.
  • Dong, K. vd. (2017). Impact of natural gas consumption on CO2 emissions: Panel data evidence from China’s provinces. Journal of Cleaner Production 162, 400–410. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617312714 (November 15, 2017).
  • Fang, Z., & Chang, Y. (2016). Energy, human capital and economic growth in asia pacific countries — evidence from a panel cointegration and causality analysis. Energy Economics , 56, 177–84. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140988316300585 (July 22, 2017).
  • Fang, Z., & Chen,Y. (2017). Electricity consumption, education expenditure and economic growth in Chinese cities. Liverpool. http://58.210.89.21/RePEc/xjt/working-papers/RIEI-WP_2017-02.pdf.
  • Forster, B. A. (1973). Optimal capital accumulation in a polluted environment. Southern Economic Journal , 39(4), 544. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1056705?origin=crossref (January 19, 2017).
  • GGBP. (2014). Green growth in practice: lessons from country experiences. http://www.ggbp.org/sites/all/themes/ggbp/uploads/Green-Growth-in-Practice-062014-Full.pdf.
  • Ghaffar, A., Aqdas, A., Khalid, B. M., & Shenghui, C. (2017). Exploring environmental kuznets curve (EKC) in relation to green revolution: A case study of Pakistan. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 166–71. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146290111730895X (November 11, 2017).
  • Granger, C., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111– 20. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304407674900347 (November 10, 2017).
  • Grether, J.M., Mathys, N. A., & De Melo, J. (2009). Scale, technique and composition effects in manufacturing so2 emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 43(2), 257–74. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-008-9237-5 (November 11, 2017).
  • Grossman, G. M, & Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a north American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 3914(3914), 1–57. http://www.nber.org/papers/w3914.
  • ———. 1995. Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(2), 353–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118443.
  • Hua, Y., Xie, R., & Yaqin, S. (2017). Fiscal spending and air pollution in chinese cities: Identifying composition and technique effects. China Economic Review. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X17301426 (November 14, 2017).
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M.H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74.
  • Iwulska, A. (2012). Golden growth: Restoring the lustre of European economic model. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/258598-1284061150155/7383639- 1323888814015/8319788-1324485944855/benchmarks.pdf.
  • Jaffe, A. B., Peterson, S. R., Portney, P. R. & Stavins, R. N. (1995). Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What does the evidence tell us? Journal of Economic Literature 33, 132–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2728912 (November 12, 2017).
  • Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling 44, 97–103. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999314003770 (April 26, 2017).
  • Khan, S. A. R., Zaman, K., & Zhang, Y. (2016). The relationship between energy-resource depletion, climate change, health resources and the environmental kuznets curve: Evidence from the panel of selected developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 62, 468–77. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116300946 (April 27, 2017).
  • Kiefer, N. M., & Vogelsang, T. J. (2002). Heteroskedasticity-autocorrelation robust standard errors using the bartlett kernel without truncation. Econometrica ,70, 2093–95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3082033 (July 21, 2017).
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28.
  • Lee, C.C., Chiu, Y.B., & Sun, C.H. (2010). The environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for water pollution: Do regions matter? Energy Policy , 38(1), 12–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509003188 (April 26, 2017).
  • Levin, A., Lin, C.F., & Chu, C.S.J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407601000987 (May 30, 2017).
  • Liu, X., Zhang, S., & Bae, J. (2017). The impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions: Investigating the environmental kuznets curve in four selected ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production , 164, 1239–47. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617315147 (November 11, 2017).
  • López, M., Jesşs, A., Pérez , R., & Moreno, B. (2014). Environmental costs and renewable energy: Re-visiting the environmental kuznets curve. Journal of Environmental Management 145, 368–73. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479714003612 (April 26, 2017).
  • López, R. (1994). The environment as a factor of production: The effects of economic growth and trade liberalization. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 27(2), 163–84. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069684710321 (January 19, 2017).
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61(s1), 631–52. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1468- 0084.0610s1631 (May 30, 2017).
  • Markandya, A., Golub, A., & Suzette, P.G. (2006). Empirical analysis of national income and SO2 emissions in selected european countries. Environmental and Resource Economics 35(3), 221–57. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-006-9014-2 (April 25, 2017).
  • Marrero, G. A. (2010). Greenhouse gases emissions, growth and the energy mix in Europe. Energy Economics 32(6), 1356–63. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988310001672 (April 25, 2017).
  • Mazzanti, M. (2008). Is waste generation de-linking from economic growth? empirical evidence for Europe. Applied Economics Letters 15(4), 287–91. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504850500407640 (April 25, 2017).
  • Mazzanti, M., & Zoboli, R. (2009). Municipal waste kuznets curves: Evidence on socio-economic drivers and policy effectiveness from the EU. Environmental and Resource Economics 44(2), 203–30. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-009-9280-x (April 25, 2017).
  • McConnell, K. E. (1997). Income and the demand for environmental quality. Environment and Development Economics 2(4): S1355770X9700020X. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1355770X9700020X (January 19, 2017).
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2015). Rich enough to go renewable, but too early to leave fossil energy? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 41, 1465–77. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032114008119/1- s2.0-S1364032114008119-main.pdf?_tid=e55828d0-2b23-11e7-8a18- 00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1493282063_90629acb5555bb6d2f1883e194b8b884 (April 27, 2017).
  • Mohapatra, S., Adamowicz, W., & Boxall, P. (2016). Dynamic technique and scale effects of economic growth on the environment. Energy Economics ,57, 256–64. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988316301293 (November 11, 2017).
  • Muye, I.M., & Muye, I. Y. (2017). Testing for causality among globalization, institution and financial development: Further evidence from three economic blocs. Borsa Istanbul Review 17(2), 117–32. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214845016300771 (September 4, 2017).
  • Pablo-Romero, M.P., Cruz, L., & Barata, E. (2017). Testing the transport energy-environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in the EU27 countries. Energy Economics 62, 257–69. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988317300129 (April 26, 2017).
  • Pablo-Romero, M. P., & Braza, A. S. (2015). Productive energy use and economic growth: energy, physical and human capital relationships. Energy Economics 49, 420–29. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988315001024 (July 22, 2017).
  • ———. (2017). Residential energy environmental kuznets curve in the EU-28. Energy 125, 44–54. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544217302736 (April 27, 2017).
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with i(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies 57(1), 99. https://academic.oup.com/restud/article- lookup/doi/10.2307/2297545 (March 20, 2017).
  • Rafaj, P.,Amann, M., Siri, J., & Wuester, H. (2014). Changes in European greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions 1960–2010: decomposition of determining factors. Climatic Change ,124(3), 477–504. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-013-0826-0 (April 25, 2017).
  • Rashid Gill, A., Viswanathan, K. K., & Hassan, S. (2017). The environmental kuznets curve (ekc) and the environmental problem of the day. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117308894 (August 2, 2017).
  • Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1995). Neoclassical growth, the j curve for abatement, and the inverted U curve for pollution. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(2), 162–68. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069685710388 (January 19, 2017).
  • Shahbaz, M., Alam, Md. M., Uddin, G., & Nanthakumar, L. ( 2016). The effect of scale, technique, composition and trade openness on energy demand: Fresh evidence from Malaysia. Bulletin of Energy Economics , 4(3), 280–96. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2943392 (November 11, 2017).
  • Sinha, A., & Bhattacharya, J. (2017). Estimation of environmental kuznets curve for so 2 emission: A case of indian cities. Ecological Indicators ,72, 881–94. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X16305507 (August 2, 2017).
  • Smarzynska, B., & Wei, S.J. (2001). Pollution havens and foreign direct investment: dirty secret or popular myth? Cambridge, MA. http://www.nber.org/papers/w8465.pdf (November 12, 2017).
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M.W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica , 61(4), 783–820. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v61y1993i4p783-820.html (March 20, 2017).
  • Tursoy, T., & Faisal, F. (2017). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ardl bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420717300727 (November 15, 2017).
  • Uddin, G. A., Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., & Jeff Gow. (2017). Ecological footprint and real income: Panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecological Indicators , 77, 166–75. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X17300031 (November 15, 2017).
  • Ulucak, R. (2017). Türkiye’de küresel isınmaya yönelik politikaların tutarlılığı ve etkinliği: Ekonometrik bir yaklaşım. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 26, 93–123.
  • Vilas, G., Silvina, J., & Liverman, D. M. (2007). Scale, technique and composition effects in the mexican agricultural sector: The influence of NAFTA and the institutional environment. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 7(2), 137–69. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10784-007-9042-6 (November 13, 2017).
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). Scale, Technique and composition effects in trade-related carbon emissions in China. Environmental and Resource Economics, 51(3), 371–89. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640- 011-9503-9 (November 11, 2017).
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Recep Ulucak Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Ulucak, R. (2017). ÖLÇEK, KOMPOZİSYON VE TEKNİK ETKİLERİN KİRLİLİK DÜZEYİNDEKİ ROLÜ: AB ÜLKELERİ İÇİN AMPİRİK BİR UYGULAMA. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 756-769.