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DYNAMIC EXTERNALITIES IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 314 - 342, 26.03.2025

Öz

This study aims to reveal the dynamic externality structure of the high-technology manufacturing industries in regions and how this structure has changed over time. The analysis of dynamic externalities is based on the theories of MAR, Jacobs and Porter externalities. It covers the NUTS 2 regions of Türkiye and the NACE Rev. 2 2-digit level high-technology manufacturing industries, which are “21–Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations” and “26–Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products”. The source of the region-industry-level data set for the period 2013-2022 is “The Entrepreneur Information System (EIS)” database. The findings offer important insights into the regional distribution of specialisation, diversity and knowledge-based competition in high-technology industries in Türkiye. They also provide evidence of spatial persistence of dynamic externalities. Accordingly, MAR, Jacobs and Porter externalities in high-technology manufacturing industries are concentrated in particular regions of Türkiye. This concentration has continued over the ten-year period analysed and led to the accumulation and solidification of industrial dynamic externalities in the core regions and the regions surrounding them. As a consequence, the knowledge spillovers and dynamic externalities in high-technology industries are locally sticky in Türkiye.

Kaynakça

  • Akgüngör, S. (2003, April). Exploring regional specializations in Turkey’s manufacturing industry. Paper presented at the Regional Studies Association International Conference, Pisa.
  • Alañón-Pardo, Á., & Arauzo-Carod, J.-M. (2013). Agglomeration, accessibility and industrial location: Evidence from Spain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(3-4), 135-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.710263.
  • Almeida, R. (2007). Local economic structure and growth. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2(1), 65-90. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1999.2143.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). The economic implications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173.
  • Atasoy, Y. (2007). Dinamik dışsallıkların inovasyon ile büyüme üzerindeki etkileri ve Türkiye'nin mevcut durumu (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 27/12/2024.
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Feldman, M. P. (1996). R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 630-640.
  • Barrios, S., Görg, H., & Strobl, E. (2006). Multinationals' location choice, agglomeration economies, and public incentives. International Regional Science Review, 29(1), 81-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017605281516.
  • Baykul, A., & Maden, S. I. (2020). The effects of agglomeration externalities on sectoral employment growth in Turkey. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35, 67-102. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.637145.
  • Beaudry, C., & Schiffauerova, A. (2009). Who’s right, Marshall or Jacobs? The localization versus urbanization debate. Research Policy, 38(2), 318–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.010.
  • Blaug, M. (2014). İktisat kuramının geçmişine bakış (A. Birdal & F. Güle, Çev.) Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Bun, M. J., & Makhloufi, A. E. (2007). Dynamic externalities, local industrial structure and economic development: Panel data evidence for Morocco. Regional Studies, 41(6), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601142787.
  • Capello, R. (1999, August). Agglomeration economies and urban productivity : Location vs agglomeration economies. Paper presented at the 39th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional Cohesion and Competitiveness in 21st Century Europe", Dublin.
  • Caragliu, A., de Dominicis, L., & de Groot, H.L.F. (2015). Both Marshall and Jacobs were Right! Economic Geography, 92(1), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2015.1094371.
  • Cingano, F., & Schivardi, F. (2004). Identifying the sources of local productivity growth. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2(4), 720-742.
  • Combes, P.-P. (2000). Economic structure and local growth: France, 1984–1993. Journal of Urban Economics, 47(3), 329-355.
  • Chen, HP. (2002). Urban externalities and city growth in Taiwan. The Annals of Regional Science, 36, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680200098.
  • de Vor, F., & de Groot, H.L.F. (2010). Agglomeration externalities and localized employment growth: The performance of industrial sites in Amsterdam. The Annals of Regional Science, 44(3), 409–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-008-0272-5.
  • Deidda, S., Paci, R., & Usai, S. (2003, August). Spatial externalities and local economic growth. Paper presented at the 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe", Jyväskylä.
  • Delgado, M., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2014). Clusters, convergence, and economic performance. Research Policy, 43(10), 1785–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.007.
  • Deniz, Ç. Z. (2014). TRC2 Bölgesi’nde yerel ekonominin itici gücü temel sanayi sektörlerinin analizi. Karacadağ Bölgesel Kalkınma, 4(5), 17-20.
  • Döner, A. S. (2016). Yığılma dışsallıkları ve şehirlerde sektörel istihdam artışı: Türkiye örneği. Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 5(2), 1-15.
  • Feldman, M. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (1999). Innovation in cities: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review, 43(2), 409-429.
  • Filiztekin, A. (2020). Agglomeration and growth in Turkey, 1980-1995. Ekonomi-tek, 9(1), 1-24.
  • Frenken, K., Oort, F. V., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120296.
  • Fujita, M., & Thisse, J.-F. (1996). Economics of agglomeration. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 10(4), 339–378. https://doi.org/10.1006/jjie.1996.0021.
  • Fujita, M., & Thisse, J.-F. (2009). New economic geography: An appraisal on the occasion of Paul Krugman's 2008 Nobel Prize in economic sciences. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.11.003.
  • Fujita, M., Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J. (1999). The spatial economy cities, regions, and international trade. London: The MIT Press.
  • Gao, T. (2004). Regional industrial growth: Evidence from Chinese industries. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 34(1), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(03)00023-1.
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  • Glaeser, E. L., Kallal, H. D., Scheinkman, J. A., & Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth in cities. The Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), 1126-1152.
  • Greunz, L. (2004). Industrial structure and innovation – evidence from European regions. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(5), 563–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0234-8.
  • Hansen, N. (1995). Addressing regional disparity and equity objectives through regional policies: A sceptical perspective. Papers in Regional Science, 74(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1995.tb00630.x.
  • Henderson, J. V. (1997). Externalities and industrial development. Journal of Urban Economics, 42(3), 449-470. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1997.2036.
  • Henderson, J. V. (2003). Marshall’s scale economies. Journal of Urban Economics, 53(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00505-3.
  • Henderson, J. V., Kuncoro, A., & Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 1067-1090.
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TÜRKİYE’DE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİLİ İMALAT SANAYİ SEKTÖRLERİNDEKİ DİNAMİK DIŞSALLIKLAR

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 314 - 342, 26.03.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki bölgelerin yüksek teknolojili imalat sanayi sektörlerindeki dinamik dışsallık yapısını ortaya çıkarmayı ve bu yapının yıllar içinde nasıl değiştiğini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Dinamik dışsallıkların analizi, MAR, Jacobs ve Porter dışsallıkları teorilerine dayalıdır. Analiz, İBBS Düzey 2 bölgelerini ve NACE Rev.2 Düzey 2 “21–Temel eczacılık ürünlerinin ve eczacılığa ilişkin malzemelerin imalatı” ve “26–Bilgisayarların, elektronik ve optik ürünlerin imalatı” sektörlerini kapsamaktadır. 2013-2022 analiz dönemine ait bölgesel-sektörel düzeydeki verilerin kaynağı, Girişimci Bilgi Sistemi (GBS) veri tabanıdır. Bulgular, Türkiye’deki yüksek teknolojili sektörlerdeki uzmanlaşma, çeşitlilik ve bilgiye dayalı rekabetin bölgesel dağılımını ve mekânsal kalıcılıkları tespit etmeyi sağlamaktadır. Buna göre yüksek teknolojili imalat sanayi sektörlerindeki MAR, Jacobs ve Porter dışsallıkları Türkiye’nin belirli bölgelerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Analiz edilen on yıllık süre içinde devam eden bu yoğunlaşma sonucunda sektörel dinamik dışsallıkların merkez ve merkeze yakın bölgelerde biriktiği ve katılaştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de yüksek teknolojili imalat sanayi sektörlerindeki sektörel bilgi taşmaları ve dinamik dışsallıklar, yerel olarak yapışkanlık göstermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma, araştırma ve yayın etiği ilkelerine uyularak yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akgüngör, S. (2003, April). Exploring regional specializations in Turkey’s manufacturing industry. Paper presented at the Regional Studies Association International Conference, Pisa.
  • Alañón-Pardo, Á., & Arauzo-Carod, J.-M. (2013). Agglomeration, accessibility and industrial location: Evidence from Spain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(3-4), 135-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.710263.
  • Almeida, R. (2007). Local economic structure and growth. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2(1), 65-90. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1999.2143.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). The economic implications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173.
  • Atasoy, Y. (2007). Dinamik dışsallıkların inovasyon ile büyüme üzerindeki etkileri ve Türkiye'nin mevcut durumu (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 27/12/2024.
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Feldman, M. P. (1996). R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 630-640.
  • Barrios, S., Görg, H., & Strobl, E. (2006). Multinationals' location choice, agglomeration economies, and public incentives. International Regional Science Review, 29(1), 81-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017605281516.
  • Baykul, A., & Maden, S. I. (2020). The effects of agglomeration externalities on sectoral employment growth in Turkey. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35, 67-102. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.637145.
  • Beaudry, C., & Schiffauerova, A. (2009). Who’s right, Marshall or Jacobs? The localization versus urbanization debate. Research Policy, 38(2), 318–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.010.
  • Blaug, M. (2014). İktisat kuramının geçmişine bakış (A. Birdal & F. Güle, Çev.) Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Bun, M. J., & Makhloufi, A. E. (2007). Dynamic externalities, local industrial structure and economic development: Panel data evidence for Morocco. Regional Studies, 41(6), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601142787.
  • Capello, R. (1999, August). Agglomeration economies and urban productivity : Location vs agglomeration economies. Paper presented at the 39th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional Cohesion and Competitiveness in 21st Century Europe", Dublin.
  • Caragliu, A., de Dominicis, L., & de Groot, H.L.F. (2015). Both Marshall and Jacobs were Right! Economic Geography, 92(1), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2015.1094371.
  • Cingano, F., & Schivardi, F. (2004). Identifying the sources of local productivity growth. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2(4), 720-742.
  • Combes, P.-P. (2000). Economic structure and local growth: France, 1984–1993. Journal of Urban Economics, 47(3), 329-355.
  • Chen, HP. (2002). Urban externalities and city growth in Taiwan. The Annals of Regional Science, 36, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680200098.
  • de Vor, F., & de Groot, H.L.F. (2010). Agglomeration externalities and localized employment growth: The performance of industrial sites in Amsterdam. The Annals of Regional Science, 44(3), 409–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-008-0272-5.
  • Deidda, S., Paci, R., & Usai, S. (2003, August). Spatial externalities and local economic growth. Paper presented at the 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe", Jyväskylä.
  • Delgado, M., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2014). Clusters, convergence, and economic performance. Research Policy, 43(10), 1785–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.007.
  • Deniz, Ç. Z. (2014). TRC2 Bölgesi’nde yerel ekonominin itici gücü temel sanayi sektörlerinin analizi. Karacadağ Bölgesel Kalkınma, 4(5), 17-20.
  • Döner, A. S. (2016). Yığılma dışsallıkları ve şehirlerde sektörel istihdam artışı: Türkiye örneği. Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 5(2), 1-15.
  • Feldman, M. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (1999). Innovation in cities: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review, 43(2), 409-429.
  • Filiztekin, A. (2020). Agglomeration and growth in Turkey, 1980-1995. Ekonomi-tek, 9(1), 1-24.
  • Frenken, K., Oort, F. V., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120296.
  • Fujita, M., & Thisse, J.-F. (1996). Economics of agglomeration. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 10(4), 339–378. https://doi.org/10.1006/jjie.1996.0021.
  • Fujita, M., & Thisse, J.-F. (2009). New economic geography: An appraisal on the occasion of Paul Krugman's 2008 Nobel Prize in economic sciences. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.11.003.
  • Fujita, M., Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J. (1999). The spatial economy cities, regions, and international trade. London: The MIT Press.
  • Gao, T. (2004). Regional industrial growth: Evidence from Chinese industries. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 34(1), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(03)00023-1.
  • GBS (2024). Bölgesel veriler (toplulaştırılmış veri). T.C. Sanayi Bakanlığı Girişimci Bilgi Sistemi (GBS) Veri Tabanı. https://gbs.sanayi.gov.tr/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2024
  • Glaeser, E. L., Kallal, H. D., Scheinkman, J. A., & Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth in cities. The Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), 1126-1152.
  • Greunz, L. (2004). Industrial structure and innovation – evidence from European regions. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(5), 563–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0234-8.
  • Hansen, N. (1995). Addressing regional disparity and equity objectives through regional policies: A sceptical perspective. Papers in Regional Science, 74(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1995.tb00630.x.
  • Henderson, J. V. (1997). Externalities and industrial development. Journal of Urban Economics, 42(3), 449-470. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1997.2036.
  • Henderson, J. V. (2003). Marshall’s scale economies. Journal of Urban Economics, 53(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00505-3.
  • Henderson, J. V., Kuncoro, A., & Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 1067-1090.
  • Hoover, E. M. (1937). Location theory and the shoe and leather industries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hoover, E. M. (1948). The location of economic activities. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hoover, E. M., & Giarratani, F. (1999). An introduction to regional economics. Reprint. (S. Loveridge, & R. Jackson, Ed.). WVU Research Repository, 2020.
  • Illy, A., Schwartz, M., Hornych, C., & Rosenfeld, M. T. (2011). Local economic structure and sectoral employment growth in German cities. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 102(5), 582–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00659.x.
  • İdikut Özpençe, A., & Karayılmazlar, E. (2018). Kümelenmenin pozitif dışsallıklara etkisi: Denizli örneği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31, 45-61. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.414616.
  • Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities. New York: Vintage
  • Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118401.
  • Jofre-Monseny, J., Marín-López, R., & Viladecans-Marsal, E. (2011). The mechanisms of agglomeration: Evidence from the effect of inter-industry relations on the location of new firms. Journal of Urban Economics, 70(2-3), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2011.05.002.
  • Kazancık, L. B. (2007, Ekim). Bölgesel gelişme ve sektör-bölge yığınlaşmaları. 2. Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Yönetişim Sempozyumu’nda sunulmuş bildiri, İzmir.
  • Kıymalıoğlu, Ü., & Ayoğlu, D. (2006). Türk imalat sanayinde yığılma ekonomileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2), 198-209.
  • Knoben, J., Arikan, A., Oort, F. v., & Raspe, O. (2016). Agglomeration and firm performance: One firm’s medicine is another firm’s poison. Environment and Planning A, 48(1), 132-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15602.
  • Krugman, P. (1991a). Geography and trade. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Krugman, P. (1991b). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483-499.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • Malmberg, A., Malmberg, B., & Lundequist, P. (2000). Agglomeration and firm performance: Economies of scale, localisation, and urbanisation among Swedish export firms. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 32(2), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1068/a31202.
  • Mano, Y., & Otsuka, K. (2000). Agglomeration economies and geographical concentration of industries: A case study of manufacturing sectors in postwar Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 14(3), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1006/jjie.2000.0449.
  • Marshall, A. (2013). Principles of economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Otsuka, A. (2017). Dynamic externalities: Theory and empirical analysis. In: A New Perspective on Agglomeration Economies in Japan. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 20, 69-95. Springer. Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6490-6_5, Accessed 04.09.2024
  • Ögel, C., & Avcı, S. (2023). Gaziantep imalat sanayinin yoğunlaşma katsayısı ile analizi. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 1000 - 1016. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1265986.
  • Pedersen, C. N., & Rahbek, N. K. (2021). Dynamic externalities in Denmark: An analysis of Danish industry structures & regional growth. Copenhagen Business School. https://research-api.cbs.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/68333332/1108699_Dynamic_Externalities_in_Denmark_An_Analysis_of_Danish_Industry_Structures_Regional_Growth.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2024
  • Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press.
  • Porter, M. E. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240001400105.
  • Porter, M. E. (2003). The economic performance of regions. Regional Studies, 37(6-7), 549–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000108688.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • SBB. (2019). On birinci kalkınma planı (2019-2023). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/kalkinma-planlari/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2024.
  • SBB. (2023). On ikinci kalkınma planı (2024-2028). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/kalkinma-planlari/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2024.
  • STB. (2022a). Elektrik-elektronik sektör raporu. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (STB). https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/plan-program-raporlar-ve-yayinlar/sektor-raporlari sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2024.
  • STB. (2022b). İlaç sektör raporu. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (STB). https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/plan-program-raporlar-ve-yayinlar/sektor-raporlari sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2024.
  • Sungur, O. (2015). TR61 (Antalya, Isparta, Burdur) Bölgesinde sektörel yoğunlaşmanın ve yoğunlaşma dinamiklerinin analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(5), 316-341. https://doi.org/10.11611/JMER695.
  • Şahin, T., Yılmaz, M., & Varol, Ç. (2018). Türkiye'de bilgi yoğun iş hizmetlerinin BYİH bölgesel uzmanlaşma örüntüsü. DTCF Dergisi, 58(2), 1492-1521.
  • van der Panne, G. (2004). Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus Jacobs. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(5), 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0232-x.
  • van der Panne, G., & van Beers, C. (2006). On the Marshall–Jacobs controversy: It takes two to tango. Industrial and Corporate Change, 15(5), 877–890.
  • Yamada, E., Kawakami, T. Assessing dynamic externalities from a cluster perspective: The case of the motor metropolis in Japan. Ann Reg Sci 54, 269–298 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-014-0654-9.
  • Yolchi, J., & Akseki, U. (2018). Türk imalat sanayindeki uzmanlaşmanın teknoloji düzeyine göre bölgesel bir analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(18), 134-145.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mikroekonomik Teori, Bölgesel Ekonomi, Sanayi Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Büşra Akın 0000-0002-9857-7371

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 7 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akın, B. (2025). TÜRKİYE’DE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİLİ İMALAT SANAYİ SEKTÖRLERİNDEKİ DİNAMİK DIŞSALLIKLAR. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 21(1), 314-342. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1554134