PANDEMİDE UZAKTAN ÖĞRETİMİN YÖNETSEL İNOVASYONU: ÇEVİRİMİÇİ PLAZMA SINIF METAFORU

Öz

Covid-19'un yayılması, bir öğretim ortamı olarak sınıf dahil eğitimin her yönünü büyük ölçüde etkiledi. Pandemi döneminde geleneksel sınıfların bir anda ortadan kalkması, büyük bir krizine neden oldu. Bu kriz sırasında, çevrimiçi sınıflar yeniden keşfedildi ve aniden toplum yaşamına girdi. Doğal olarak, bu ani dönüşümde çevrimiçi sınıfa hazırlanılamadı. Acil çevrimiçi öğretimde, zorunlu olarak "göç yolda düzülür" yöntemi takip edildi. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda geleneksel sınıftan çevrimiçi sınıfa devam eden göçü düzenleme çabasıdır. Bu çalışmada, yönetsel inovasyon ve plazma literatürleri çevrimiçi sınıf literatürü ile birlikte incelendi. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın yöntemi literatür taraması olarak belirlendi. Çalışma sonucunda plazma sınıfı metaforu önerildi. Metafor, bir konu hakkında bilinenlerin yeni ve çoğunlukla bilinmeyen bir konuya aktarılması olarak kabul edilir. Çevrimiçi sınıf, uzaktan eğitimin dördüncü ve son aşaması olan çevrimiçi eğitim ile literatüre girmişti. Plazma ise maddenin dördüncü hali. Çevrimiçi sınıf, tıpkı plazma teorisi gibi, yeni keşfedilen bir gerçek. Plazma sınıfı sadece bir bakış açısı önermesidir. Plazma sınıfı metaforu, pandemide uzaktan öğretim deneyimlerinden olumlu çıkarımlar yapma çabasıdır. Mevcut salgın, geçmişte eğitime iyi hizmet etmiş deneyimleri devam ettirmek, yararsız olanlardan kopmak ve yenisini hayal etmeye başlamak için eşsiz fırsatlar sunuyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid 19
• Çevrimiçi sınıf
• uzaktan öğretim
• plazma metaforu

Kaynakça

1. Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online Learning amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Students' Perspectives. Online Submission, 2(1), 45-51.
2. Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. S. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic period: A case study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90-109.
3. Allen, İ. E. & Seaman, J. (2005). Growing by Degrees Online Education in the United States. Sloan-C. Retrieved March 05, 2020 from. http://www.sloan-c.org.
4. Anderson, T. (2004). Towards a theory of online learning. Theory and practice of online learning, 2, 109-119.
5. Barton, D. C. (2020). Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on field instruction and remote teaching alternatives: Results from a survey of instructors. Ecology and evolution, 10(22), 12499-12507
6. Bernstein, I. B., Greene, J. M., & Kruskal, M. D. (1957). Exact nonlinear plasma oscillations. Physical Review, 108(3), 546. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.108.546
7. Birkinshaw, J., Hamel, G., & Mol, M. J. (2008). Management innovation. The Academy of Management Review, 33(4), 825-845
8. Burns, T. & F. Gottschalk (eds.) (2020), Education in the Digital Age: Healthy and Happy Children, Educational Research and Innovation, Paris: OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/1209166a-en

9. Daft, R. L. (1978). A dual-core model of organizational İnnovation. The Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 193-210.
10. Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49, 91-96.
11. Davidson, R. C. (1972). Methods in nonlınear plasma theory. New York and London: Academic Press.
12. Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5-22.
13. Fidan, M. (2020). Education in the uncertainty of covid 19: teachers' views on emergency distance education in primary school. Uşak University Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 24-43.
14. Fidan, M. (2018). Exploring the teacher's view related to relationship in organizational creativity and managerial innovation in schools. (Doctoral Dissertation). Ankara: Hacettepe University. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 518608.
15. Gallagher, P. T. (2014). Introduction to plasma physics (PY5012). Retrieved January 05, 2014 from. http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/people/Peter.Gallagher/lectures/PlasmaPhysics/Lecture3_single_particle.pdf
16. Hebebci, M. T., Bertiz, Y., & Alan, S. (2020). Investigation of views of students and teachers on distance education practices during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4), 267-282.
17. Howard, J. (2002). Introduction to plasma physics c17 lecture notes. Plasma Research Laboratory Research School of Pysical Sciences and Engineering. Retrieved February 05, 2014 from https://www.fer.unizg.hr/_download/repository/Howard-plasma_physics-chap01%5B1%5D.pdf
18. Lane, L. (2013). An open, online class to prepare faculty to teach online. Journal of Educators Online, 10(1). 1-32
19. Langlois, S., Xyrichis, A., Daulton, B. J., Gilbert, J., Lackie, K., Lising, D., ... & Khalili, H. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis silver lining: interprofessional education to guide future innovation. Journal of interprofessional care, 34(5), 587-592.
20. Lee, J., Yoon, s. Y. & Lee, C. H. (2013). Exploring online learning at primary schools: students’ perspectives on cyber home learning system through video conferencing (chls-vc). TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 68-79.
21. Moore, M. G. & Kearsley, G. (2011). Distance education: A systems view. Belmont, CA: Wadswort.
22. Morgan, G. (1998). Metaphor in Management and Organization Theories. İstanbul: MESS
23. Morien, R. I. (2018). Pedagogical agility and agile methodologies in computer system development education. International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 11(1-2), 19-32.
24. Muirhead, W. D. (2000). Online education in schools. The International Journal of Educational Management, 14(7) 315-324
25. Nicholson, D. R. (1983). Introduction to plasma theory. Journal of Plasma Physics, 28(3), B1-B10. doi:10.1017/S0022377800000350
26. Nishikawa, K. & Wakatani, M. (2000). Plasma physics: basic theory with fusion applications. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
27. Peres, A. (2006). Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, vol. 57. Berlin: Springer.
28. Reimers, F. M., & Schleicher, A. (2020). A framework to guide an education response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020. OECD. Retrieved April, 14 2020. https://oecd.dam-broadcast.com/pm_7379_126_126988-t63lxosohs.pdf
29. Rose S. (2020). Medical student education in the time of COVID19. JAMA. 323(21), 2131-2132.
30. Rose, R. M. & Blomeyer, R. L. (2007). Access and Equity in Online Classes and Virtual Schools. North American Council for Online Learning
31. Shearer, R. L., Aldemir, T., Hitchcock, J., Resig, J., Driver, J., & Kohler, M. (2020). What students want: A vision of a future online learning experience grounded in distance education theory. American Journal of Distance Education, 34(1), 36-52.
32. Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of sports sciences, 24(9), 919-932.
33. Tang, T., Abuhmaid, A. M., Olaimat, M., Dana M. Oudat, Maged Aldhaeebi & Bamanger E. (2020) Efficiency of flipped classroom with online-based teaching under COVID-19, Interactive Learning Environments, DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2020.1817761
34. Telli Yamamoto, S. G., & Altun, D. (2020). The Coronavirus and the Rising of Online Education. Journal of University Research, 3(1), 25-34.
35. Tonks, L., & Langmuir, I. (1929). A general theory of the plasma of an arc. Physical review, 34(6), 876. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.34.876
36. Tsoukas, H. (1991). A transformational view of metaphors in organizational science. Academy of Management Review 16(3), 566-585.
37. Tu, C. H., & McIsaac, M. (2002). The relationship of social presence and interaction in online classes. The American journal of distance education, 16(3), 131-150.
38. Turan, S. (2017). The impact of quantum leadership behaviours of school principals on organizational intelligence level: the sample of Zonguldak province. (Doctoral Dissertion). Ankara: Hacettepe University Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 454923.
39. Türeci, R. G. (2001). Magnetic mirror problem and neutral particle transport in plasma physics. (Master's dissertation). Ankara University: Ankara. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 104546.
40. Uysal, Ö. & Kuzu, A. (2011). Quality Standards in Online Education: American Examples. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International,1(1), 49-74.
41. Volery, T. & Lord, D. (2000), Critical success factors in online education, International Journal of Educational Management, 14(5). 216-223
42. Worley, C. G., & Lawler, E. E. (2010). Agility and organization design: A diagnostic framework. Organizational Dynamics, 39(2), 194-204.
43. Yang, Y. & Cornelious, L. F. (2005). Preparing Instructors for Quality Online Instruction. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://library.educause.edu/resources/2005/1/preparing-instructors-for-quality-online-instruction
44. Zaffron, S. & Logan, D. (2010). The three laws of performance. İstanbul: Optimist