Çevresel İzleme ve Yönetim için Yapay Zekâ ve Makine Öğrenmesi: Açık Veri Setleri Kullanılarak Karşılaştırmalı Kıyaslama Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, çevresel izleme ve yönetim alanında Yapay Zekâ (YZ) ve Makine Öğrenmesi (MÖ) tekniklerine yönelik yapılandırılmış bir kıyaslama ve karşılaştırmalı analiz sunmaktadır. Kamuya açık veri kümeleri ve yeniden üretilebilir modelleme iş akışları kullanılarak, hava kalitesi, su kirliliği, ormansızlaşma ve biyolojik çeşitlilik izleme dâhil olmak üzere birden fazla çevresel alanda temsili YZ modelleri eğitilmiş veya yeniden uygulanmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Kullanılan veri kümeleri arasında Air Quality Open Dataset, AquaSat, Global Forest Watch ve iNaturalist yer almakta olup, temel çevresel alanları ele almak amacıyla birden fazla YZ modeli geliştirilmiş, eğitilmiş ve doğrulanmıştır. Hava kalitesi tahmini için Rastgele Orman (Random Forest), su kirliliği tespiti için Evrişimli Sinir Ağları (CNN), ormansızlaşma izleme için Uzun Kısa Süreli Bellek (LSTM) ağları ve yaban hayatı tür tanımlaması için Destek Vektör Makineleri (SVM) kullanılmıştır. Model performansı; doğruluk (accuracy), kesinlik (precision), duyarlılık (recall), Ortalama Mutlak Hata (MAE), Kök Ortalama Kare Hatası (RMSE) ve belirleme katsayısı (R²) metrikleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, YZ tabanlı yöntemlerin geleneksel izleme yaklaşımlarına kıyasla anlamlı derecede üstün performans gösterdiğini ortaya koymuş; su kirliliği tespitinde %95,1’e, hava kalitesi tahmininde ise %92,4’e varan doğruluk oranlarına ulaşılmış ve alanlar genelinde doğruluk artışlarının %17,7 ile %23 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. PM2.5 tahmininde Gradyan Artırma (Gradient Boosting) yöntemi %93,2 doğruluk (R² = 0,92) elde ederken, YOLOv5 modeli yasa dışı ağaç kesimi tespitinde %94 algılama oranına ulaşmıştır. Çevresel etki değerlendirmeleri, YZ entegrasyonu sonrasında önemli iyileşmeler olduğunu göstermiş; yasa dışı ağaç kesiminde %41,7 azalma ve su kirliliği olaylarında %44,2 düşüş kaydedilmiştir. Dağıtım analizleri, üç yıllık süreçte %175’e varan Yatırım Getirisi (ROI) ve izleme görevleri genelinde %68 ile %73 arasında değişen zaman tasarrufları ile yüksek maliyet etkinliğine işaret etmiştir. Bu bulgular, YZ ve MÖ’nün yalnızca öngörü doğruluğunu artırmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda somut çevresel ve ekonomik faydalar sağladığını ortaya koymakta ve sürdürülebilir çevresel yönetişim için temel araçlar olarak taşıdıkları potansiyeli vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Artificial Intelligence
• Environmental Monitoring
• Machine Learning
• Sustainability
• Technology Adoption.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Environmental Monitoring and Management: A Comparative Benchmarking Analysis Using Public Datasets

Abstract

This study presents a structured benchmarking and comparative analysis of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques for environmental monitoring and management. Using publicly available datasets and reproducible modeling workflows, representative AI models were trained or re-implemented and evaluated across multiple environmental domains, including air quality, water pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity monitoring. The available used datasets include the Air Quality Open Dataset, AquaSat, Global Forest Watch, and iNaturalist, multiple AI models and were developed, trained, and validated to address key environmental domains. Random Forest was applied for air quality prediction, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for water pollution detection, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for deforestation monitoring, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for wildlife species identification. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R²) metrics. Results showed that AI-based methods significantly outperformed traditional monitoring approaches, achieving up to 95.1% accuracy in water pollution detection and 92.4% accuracy in air quality prediction, with accuracy improvements ranging from 17.7% to 23% across domains. Gradient Boosting achieved a 93.2% accuracy in PM2.5 prediction (R² = 0.92), while YOLOv5 reached a 94% detection rate for illegal logging. Environmental impact assessments revealed substantial reductions after AI integration, including a 41.7% decrease in illegal logging and a 44.2% decline in water contamination incidents. Deployment analysis indicated high-cost efficiency, with Return on Investment (ROI) values up to 175% over three years and time savings between 68% and 73% across monitoring tasks. These findings confirm that AI and ML not only enhance predictive precision but also deliver tangible environmental and economic benefits, underscoring their potential as essential tools for sustainable environmental governance.

Keywords

• Artificial Intelligence
• Environmental Monitoring
• Machine Learning
• Sustainability
• Technology Adoption.

Kaynakça

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