From Textile Architecture to Experimental Validation in Textile-Based Wound Dressings: A Patent-Family Analysis (1992–2025)

Öz

This study traces technological change in textile-based wound dressings by examining fiber and surface architecture, the mechanisms generated by these structures, and the extent of experimental validation. Searches of Google Patents, Espacenet, and WIPO PATENTSCOPE yielded 27 unique patent families with first priority dates from 1992 onward and representative publications available by 31 December 2025. Each family was coded for its main production or construction method, fiber and surface architecture, geometry–mechanism–function relation, intended wound-care functions, and validation type. Electrospinning-based nanofiber systems represented 37.0% of the data set, followed by conventional nonwoven, spunlace, and hydroentangled structures (25.9%) and woven or knitted structures (18.5%). The chronological distribution shows integration rather than simple replacement: conventional textile surfaces increasingly appeared alongside multilayer structures, core–shell fibers, hydrogel phases, and Janus or asymmetric surfaces. Morphological or chemical characterization was the most frequent validation type (40.7%), whereas animal studies (7.4%) and clinical or applied human-use data (3.7%) were uncommon. Although exudate management was claimed in 17 patent families, only five reported direct functional testing. The resulting gap between claimed performance and functional, biological, or clinical evidence highlights the value of assessing wound-dressing patents through the actual technical role of textile architecture within a geometry–mechanism–function–validation framework.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Medical Textiles
• Patent-Family Analysis
• Textile Architecture
• Electrospinning
• Wound Dressing

Destekleyen Kurum

This study received no specific financial support from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agency.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because it was based exclusively on publicly available patent documents and did not involve human participants, animals, or personal data.

Tekstil Esaslı Yara Örtülerinde Tekstil Mimarisinden Deneysel Doğrulamaya: Patent Ailesi Analizi (1992–2025)

Öz

Bu çalışma, tekstil esaslı yara örtülerindeki teknolojik değişimi; lif ve yüzey mimarisi, bu yapıların oluşturduğu mekanizmalar ve deneysel doğrulama düzeyi açısından incelemektedir. Google Patents, Espacenet ve WIPO PATENTSCOPE veri tabanlarında gerçekleştirilen taramalar sonucunda, ilk öncelik tarihleri 1992 ve sonrasına ait olan ve 31 Aralık 2025 tarihine kadar temsilci yayınları erişilebilir durumda bulunan 27 benzersiz patent ailesi belirlenmiştir. Her patent ailesi; temel üretim veya yapılandırma yöntemi, lif ve yüzey mimarisi, geometri–mekanizma–işlev ilişkisi, hedeflenen yara bakım işlevleri ve doğrulama türü açısından kodlanmıştır. Elektrospinning esaslı nanolif sistemleri veri setinin %37,0’ını oluştururken, bunları konvansiyonel dokusuz yüzeyler, spunlace ve hidroentanglement yapıları (%25,9) ile dokuma veya örme yapılar (%18,5) izlemiştir. Kronolojik dağılım, teknolojik gelişimin basit bir yer değiştirmeden çok farklı yapıların bütünleşmesi şeklinde ilerlediğini göstermektedir. Konvansiyonel tekstil yüzeylerinin zamanla çok katmanlı yapılar, çekirdek–kabuk lifler, hidrojel fazları ve Janus veya asimetrik yüzeylerle birlikte kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Morfolojik veya kimyasal karakterizasyon en yaygın doğrulama türü (%40,7) olurken, hayvan çalışmaları (%7,4) ile klinik veya insan kullanımına ilişkin uygulamalı veriler (%3,7) sınırlı kalmıştır. Eksüda yönetimi 17 patent ailesinde iddia edilmesine rağmen yalnızca beşinde doğrudan işlevsel test raporlanmıştır. İddia edilen performans ile işlevsel, biyolojik veya klinik kanıtlar arasındaki bu fark, yara örtüsü patentlerinin geometri–mekanizma–işlev–doğrulama çerçevesinde ve tekstil mimarisinin gerçek teknik rolü dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmesinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Medikal Tekstiller
• Patent-Ailesi Analizi
• Tekstil Mimarisi
• Yara Örtüsü
• Ekektrospinning

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma kamu, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen herhangi bir fon kuruluşundan özel bir mali destek almamıştır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma yalnızca kamuya açık patent belgelerine dayandığından ve insan katılımcıları, hayvanlar veya kişisel veriler üzerinde herhangi bir araştırma içermediğinden etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

1. [1] Diegelmann, R.F., Evans, M.C., (2004). Wound healing: An overview of acute, fibrotic and delayed healing. Frontiers in Bioscience, 9, 283-289. https://doi.org/10.2741/1184
2. [2] Velnar, T., Bailey, T., Smrkolj, V., (2009). The wound healing process: An overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of International Medical Research, 37(5), 1528-1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000903700531
3. [3] Schultz, G.S., Sibbald, R.G., Falanga, V., Ayello, E.A., Dowsett, C., Harding, K., Romanelli, M., Stacey, M.C., Teot, L., Vanscheidt, W., (2003). Wound bed preparation: A systematic approach to wound management. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 11, Supplement 1, S1-S28. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.11.s2.1.x.
4. [4] Frykberg, R.G., Banks, J., (2015). Challenges in the treatment of chronic wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 4(9), 560-582. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2015.0635
5. [5] Larouche, J., Sheoran, S., Maruyama, K., Martino, M.M., (2018). Immune regulation of skin wound healing: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Advances in Wound Care, 7(7), 209-231. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2017.0761
6. [6] Boateng, J.S., Matthews, K.H., Stevens, H.N.E., Eccleston, G.M., (2008). Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97(8), 2892-2923. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.21210
7. [7] Dhivya, S., Padma, V.V., Santhini, E., (2015). Wound dressings-A review. BioMedicine, 5(4), 22. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40681-015-0022-9.
8. [8] Dabiri, G., Damstetter, E., Phillips, T., (2016). Choosing a wound dressing based on common wound characteristics. Advances in Wound Care, 5(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2014.0586

9. [9] Yapucu Güneş, Ü., Eşer, İ., (2006). Moist wound healing and the importance of occlusive dressings. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 10(2), 57-65.
10. [10] Kurtoğlu, A.H., Karataş, A., (2009). Current approaches in wound treatment: Modern wound dressings, Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(3), 211-232.
11. [11] Erdem, R., (2013). Nanolif bazlı yara örtüsü yüzeyi geliştirilmesi (Publication No. 343453) [Doctoral Thesis, Marmara University]. Türkiye Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
12. [12] Tort, S., Acartürk, F., Beşikci, A., (2015). Wound treatment and nanofibrous wound dressings. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 68-78.
13. [13] Göktepe, F., Buzol Mülayim, B., (2018). Long path towards to success in electrospun nanofiber yarn production since 1930s: A critical review. Autex Research Journal, 18(2), 87-109. https://doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0004
14. [14] Abrigo, M., McArthur, S.L., Kingshott, P., (2014). Electrospun nanofibers as dressings for chronic wound care: Advances, challenges, and future prospects. Macromolecular Bioscience, 14(6), 772-792. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201300561
15. [15] Homaeigohar, S., Boccaccini, A.R., (2020). Antibacterial biohybrid nanofibers for wound dressings. Acta Biomaterialia, 107, 25-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.022
16. [16] Jiang, H., Hu, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, P., Zhu, K., Chen, W., (2014). Coaxial electrospinning for encapsulation and controlled release of fragile water-soluble bioactive agents. Journal of Controlled Release, 193, 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.025
17. [17] Rajabifar, N., Rostami, A., Afshar, S., Mosallanezhad, P., Zarrintaj, P., Shahrousvand, M., Nazockdast, H., (2024). Wound dressing with electrospun core-shell nanofibers: From material selection to synthesis. Polymers, 16(1)7, 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172526
18. [18] Huang, Y., Li, X., Lu, Z., Zhang, H., Huang, J., Yan, K., Wang, D., (2020). Nanofiber-reinforced bulk hydrogel: Preparation and structural, mechanical, and biological properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 8(42), 9794-9803. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TB01948H
19. [19] Wu, H., Gao, B., Wu, H., Song, J., Zhu, L., Zhou, M., Linghu, X., Huang, S., Zhou, Z., Wa, Q., (2024). A unidirectional water-transport antibacterial bilayer nanofibrous dressing based on chitosan for accelerating wound healing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 269, 131878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131878
20. [20] Guo, K., Ou, K., Newton, M.A.A., Zhang, J., Xu, H., Li, J., Xin, B., Huang, Y., (2025). Multifunctional Janus nanofibrous membrane with unidirectional water transport and pH-responsive color-changing for wound dressing. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 679, 723-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.10.137
21. [21] Coşkun Üstündağ, G., Karaca, E., (2009). Production of alginate-containing nanofibrous surfaces by electrospinning and improvement of water resistance by crosslinking. Tekstil ve Mühendis, 16, 75-76.
22. [22] Mutlu, G., (2014). Preparation and characterization of active-agent-loaded nanofibrillar structures for tissue regeneration. [Master’s Thesis, Hacettepe University]. Hacettepe University Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine.
23. [23] Mirzaei, E., Sarkar, S., Rezayat, S.M., Faridi-Majidi, R., (2016). Herbal extract loaded chitosan-based nanofibers as a potential wound-dressing. Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies, 2(1), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.18869/nrip.jamsat.2.1.141
24. [24] Sarhan, W.A., Azzazy, H.M.E., El-Sherbiny, I.M., (2016). Honey/chitosan nanofiber wound dressing enriched with Allium sativum and Cleome droserifolia: Enhanced antimicrobial and wound healing activity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8, 6379-6390. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00739
25. [25] OECD, (2009). OECD Patent Statistics Manual. OECD Publishing.
26. [26] Martínez, C., (2010). Insight into different types of patent families, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2010/02.
27. [27] European Patent Office, Patent families, https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/helpful-resources/first-time-here/patent-families, Accessed: 1 August 2026.
28. [28] World Intellectual Property Organization, Patent analytics. https://www.wipo.int/en/web/patent-analytics/, Accessed: 1 August 2026.
29. [29] Gwak, J.H., Sohn, S.Y., (2017). Identifying the trends in wound-healing patents for successful investment strategies. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0174203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174203
30. [30] Ajmal, G., Yadav, N., Kumawat, M.K., Sharma, M.K., Iqbal, M.R., (2023). Application of electrospun nanofiber in wound healing: Trends and recent patents analysis. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 13(Special Issue 1), L37–L47. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.1.SP1.L37-47
31. [31] Sattler, A.M., Rodriguez-Salvador, M., Vazquez-Armendariz, J., Tejeda Alejandre, R., (2026). Patent landscape of fiber-based fabrication technologies for functional biomaterials: Electrospinning, Forcespinning and melt electrowriting in tissue engineering and drug delivery (2020 to 2024). Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 17(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010008
32. [32] Lens.org, Patent Search. https://www.lens.org/, Accessed: 26 August 2026.
33. [33] Google Patents, Patent Search, https://patents.google.com/, Accessed: 26 August 2026.
34. [34] Wang, H., Duan, W., Ren, Z., Li, X., Ma, W., Guan, Y., Liu, F., Chen, L., Yan, P., Hou, X., (2023). Engineered sandwich-structured composite wound dressings with unidirectional drainage and anti-adhesion supporting accelerated wound healing. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 12(8), 2202685. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202202685
35. [35] Xiao, W., Liu, X., Wang, W., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Lan, J., Fan, B., Shi, L., Wan, X., Wang, S., (2023). Self-pumping Janus hydrogel with aligned channels for accelerating diabetic wound healing. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 44(7), 2200814. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202200814
36. [36] Liu, Y., Huang, S., Liang, S., Lin, P., Lai, X., Lan, X., Wang, H., Tang, Y., Gao, B., (2023). Phase change material-embedded multifunctional Janus nanofiber dressing with directional moisture transport, controlled release of anti-inflammatory drugs, and synergistic antibacterial properties. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(45), 52244–52261. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c11903
37. [37] Omer, S., Forgách, L., Zelkó, R., Sebe, I., (2021). Scale-up of electrospinning: Market overview of products and devices for pharmaceutical and biomedical purposes. Pharmaceutics, 13(2), 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020286
38. [38] Pokorný, M., Klemeš, J., Kotzianová, A., Fogl, M., Zítková, A., Jantač, S., Knotková, K., Košek, J., Velebný, V., (2021). The effects of electric field dynamics on the quality of large-area nanofibrous layers. Polymers, 13(12), 1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121968.
39. [39] Göktepe, F., Buzol Mülayim, B., Göktepe, Ö., Alisoy, H., Sabit, B., (2022). The effect of collector parameters on nanofiber yarns produced by electro yarn spinning machine with conical collector. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 113(9), 1785–1798. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2021.1947640
40. [40] Marreco, P.R., Moreira, P.L., Genari, S.C., Moraes, A.M., (2004). Effects of different sterilization methods on the morphology, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity of chitosan membranes used as wound dressings. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 71B(2), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30081
41. [41] Kastacı, B. B. (2026). Data-driven workforce optimization in weaving manufacturing systems: An integrated machine learning and queueing framework. Processes, 14(17), 2745. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14172745
42. [42] Kastacı, B. B., & Delen, A. S. (2026). Comparative evaluation of machine learning models for predicting air permeability of knitted fabrics. Journal of Polytechnic, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1739643