Anesthetic Activity of Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) Essential Oil on Goldfish at Different Water Temperatures

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 534 - 547, 29.12.2025

Nurettin Akyüz Volkan Kızak

https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.1739817

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the anesthetic effects of camphor essential oil on goldfish at different water temperatures and to investigate the combined effect of anesthetic concentration and water temperature on duration. While the most effective concentration in terms of deep anesthesia was 300 µl/lt at all water temperatures, the most optimal concentration when full recovery was considered was 250 µl/lt. As the anesthetic concentration increased, deep anesthesia times were shortened, and full recovery times were prolonged. Anesthesia and recovery times were recorded to be longer at low water temperatures compared to high water temperatures. A weak neg-ative relationship was found between deep anesthesia and full recovery times at 14°C water temperature, a strong negative relationship at 18°C water temperature and a negative relationship at 22°C water temperature. A strong negative relationship was found between deep anesthesia times and concentrations at all water temperatures, while a strong positive relationship was found between full recovery times and con-centrations. It was also observed that concentration and water temperature had a combined effect on the duration. In conclusion, camphor essential oil is an effective anesthetic agent in goldfish at three different water temperatures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Camphor , anesthesia , goldfish , water temperature

Kafur (Cinnamomum camphora) Esansiyel Yağının Farklı Su Sıcaklıklarında Japon Balıkları Üzerindeki Anestezik Etkinliği

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Japon balıklarında kafur esansiyel yağının farklı su sıcaklıklarında anestezik etkilerinin incelenmesi ve anestezik konsantrasyonu ile su sıcaklığının süre üzerine birleşik etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bütün su sıcaklıklarında derin anestezi bakımından en etkili konsantrasyon 300 µl/lt olurken, tam iyileşme dikkate alındığında en optimal konsantrasyon 250 µl/lt olmuştur. Anestezik madde kon-santrasyonu arttıkça derin anestezi süreleri kısalmış, tam iyileşme süreleri ise uzamıştır. Yüksek su sıcaklıklarına kıyasla düşük su sıcaklıklarında anestezi ve iyileşme süreleri uzun kaydedilmiştir. Derin anestezi ve tam iyileşme süreleri arasında 14°C su sıcaklığında zayıf negatif ilişki, 18°C su sıcaklığında kuvvetli negatif ilişki ve 22°C su sıcaklığında negatif ilişki bulunmuştur. Derin anestezi sü-releri ve kon-santrasyonlar arasında tüm su sıcaklıklarında kuvvetli negatif bir ilişki saptanırken, tam iyileşme süreleri ve konsantrasyonlar arasında kuvvetli pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Konsantrasyon ve su sıcaklığının süre üzerine birleşik etkisinin de olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kafur esansiyel yağı Japon balıklarında üç farklı su sıcaklığında etkili bir anestezik maddedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kafur , anestezi , Japon balığı , su sıcaklığı

Etik Beyan

Bu araştırma, Munzur Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu, E-63614754-050.04-2400018375 sayılı kararı (Toplantı sayısı 2024-37 / Karar no. 37-01) doğrultusunda etik kurallara göre yapılmıştır.

Teşekkür

Bu makale Nurettin Akyüz’ün yüksek lisans tezinden hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

• [1] H. E. Froehlich, C. A. Runge, R. R. Gentry, S. D. Gaines, and B. S. Halpern, “Comparative terrestrial feed and land use of an aquaculture-dominant world,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115, no. 20, pp. 5295–5300, 2018, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1801692115.
• [2] L. A. K. A. Inoue, C. D. S. Neto, and G. Moraes, “Clove oil as anaesthetic for juveniles of matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869),” Ciência Rural, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 943–947, 2003, doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782003000500023.
• [3] J. Priborsky and J. Velisek, “A review of three commonly used fish anesthetics,” Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 417–442, 2018, doi: 10.1080/23308249.2018.1442812.
• [4] S. D. Coyle, R. M. Durborow, and J. H. Tidwell, “Anesthetics in aquaculture,” Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication, no. 3900, 2004.
• [5] L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
• [6] P. A. Gilderhus and L. L. Marking, “Comparative efficacy of 16 anesthetic chemicals on rainbow trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 288–292, 1987, doi: 10.1577/1548-8659(1987)7<288:CEOACO>2.0.CO;2.
• [7] P. Hoskonen and J. Pirhonen, “Temperature effects on anaesthesia with clove oil in six temperate-zone fishes,” Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1136–1142, 2004, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00359.x.
• [8] M. A. Da Cunha et al., “Essential oil of Lippia alba: A new anesthetic for silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen,” Aquaculture, vol. 306, no. 1–4, pp. 403–406, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.014.
• [9] A. S. Pedrazzani and A. O. Neto, “The anesthetic effect of camphor (Cinnamomum cam-phora), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oils on clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuvier, 1830),” Aquaculture Research, vol. 47, pp. 769–776, 2016, doi: 10.1111/are.12535.
• [10] A. C. Sena et al., “Essential oil from Lippia alba has anaesthetic activity and is effective in reducing handling and transport stress in tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus × Colossoma macropomum),” Aquaculture, vol. 465, pp. 374–379, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.09.033.
• [11] E. Can, V. Kizak, Ş. S. Can, and E. Özçiçek, “Anesthetic potential of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) oil for two cichlid species, Sciaenochromis fryeri and Labidochromis caeruleus,” Aquaculture, vol. 491, pp. 59–64, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.013.
• [12] V. Kizak, E. Can, D. Danabaş, and Ş. S. Can, “Evaluation of anesthetic potential of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) oil as a new anesthetic agent for goldfish (Carassius auratus),” Aqua-culture, vol. 493, pp. 296–301, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.013.
• [13] A. Aydın, S. Akhan, E. Gümüş, and M. Özbaş, “Anesthetic efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on doctor fish, Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843),” Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, vol. 45, no. 4, 2019, doi: 10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.4.506.
• [14] L. A. Da Silva et al., “Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale as an-esthetics for the South American catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum,” Aquaculture, vol. 528, p. 735595, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735595.
• [15] V. Kizak, E. Can, and Ş. S. Can, “Potential anesthetic properties of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) essential oil compared with 2-phenoxyethanol on blue dolphin cichlid, Cyrtocara moorii,” The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture–Bamidgeh, vol. 72, pp. 1–9, 2020. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/63213
• [16] A. L. Ferreira et al., “Efficacy of Hesperozygis ringens essential oil as an anesthetic and for sedation of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) during simulated transport,” Aq-uaculture International, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1549–1561, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10499-022-00868-w.
• [17] N. O. Yigit and H. Kocaayan, “Efficiency of thyme (Origanum onites) and coriander (Co-riandrum sativum) essential oils on anesthesia and histopathology of rainbow trout (On-corhynchus mykiss),” Aquaculture, vol. 562, p. 738813, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738813.
• [18] B. Şahin and V. Kizak, “Farklı su sıcaklıklarında gül ağacı (Aniba rosaeodora) esansiyel yağının ve 2-fenoksietanolün Japon balığı (Carassius auratus) üzerindeki anestezik etkileri,” Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 15–26, 2023, doi: 10.58626/menba.1372338.
• [19] M. Minaz, “A new herbal anesthetic agent for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sedation and anesthesia: nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil,” Frontiers in Veterinary Science, vol. 11, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1477357.
• [20] J. T. Ferreira, H. J. Schoonbee, and G. L. Smith, “The uptake of the anaesthetic benzocaine hydrochloride by the gills and the skin of three freshwater fish species,” Journal of Fish Bi-ology, vol. 25, pp. 35–41, 1984, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04848.x.
• [21] C. G. Soto and S. Burhanuddin, “Clove oil a fish anesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabbitfish (Siganus lineatus),” Aquaculture, vol. 136, no. 1–2, pp. 149–152, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(95)01051-3.
• [22] L. U. Sneddon, “Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish,” Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 32–43, 2012, doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.009.
• [23] J. Hamackova, A. Lepicova, P. Kozak, Z. Stupka, J. Kouril, and P. Lepic, “The efficacy of various anaesthetics in tench (Tinca tinca L.) related to water temperature,” Veterinární Medicína, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 467–472, 2004, doi: 10.17221/5741-vetmed.
• [24] C. C. Mylonas, G. Cardinaletti, I. Sigelaki, and A. Polzonetti-Magni, “Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Di-centrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures,” Aquaculture, vol. 246, no. 1–4, pp. 467–481, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.046.
• [25] I. H. Zahl, A. Kiessling, O. B. Samuelsen, and M. K. Hansen, “Anaesthesia of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) – effect of pre-anaesthetic sedation, and importance of body weight, tem-perature and stress,” Aquaculture, vol. 295, no. 1–2, pp. 52–59, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.019.
• [26] S. Santos, J. Ghanawi, and I. P. Saoud, “Effects of water temperature and body weight on anaesthetic efficiency in marbled rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus),” Aquaculture Research, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 928–936, 2013, doi: 10.1111/are.12249.
• [27] M. W. Skår, G. T. Haugland, M. D. Powell, H. I. Wergeland, and O. B. Samuelsen, “Devel-opment of anaesthetic protocols for lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.): effect of anaesthetic concentrations, sea water temperature and body weight,” PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 7, e0179344, 2017, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179344.
• [28] I. S. Park, T. H. Lee, and S. G. Lim, “Anesthetic efficacy and physiological responses of clove oil on juvenile and adult red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akarra,” Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 21, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s41240-018-0100-5.
• [29] R. Hamidpour, S. Hamidpour, M. Hamidpour, and M. Shahlari, “Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), a traditional remedy with the history of treating several diseases,” International Journal of Case Reports and Images, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 86, 2013, doi: 10.5348/ijcri-2013-02-267-ra-1.
• [30] C. D. Frizzo et al., “Essential oils of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm.) cultivated in southern Brazil,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 313–316, 2000, doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132000000300011.
• [31] C. G. Heldwein et al., “S-(+)-linalool from Lippia alba: sedative and anesthetic for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen),” Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 621–629, 2014, doi: 10.1111/vaa.12146.
• [32] A. T. Mirghaed, M. Ghelichpour, and S. M. Hoseini, “Myrcene and linalool as new anesthetic and sedative agents in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): comparison with eugenol,” Aqua-culture, vol. 464, pp. 165–170, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.028.
• [33] L. L. Silva et al., “S-(+)- and R-(–)-linalool: a comparison of the in vitro anti-Aeromonas hydrophila activity and anesthetic properties in fish,” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 203–212, 2017, doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201720150643.
• [34] C. De Freitas Souza et al., “Physiological responses of Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Hep-tapteridae) to anesthesia with essential oils from two different chemotypes of Lippia alba,” Neotropical Ichthyology, vol. 15, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160083.
• [35] S. M. Hoseini, H. Rajabiesterabadi, and R. Tarkhani, “Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878), in different size classes,” Aq-uaculture Research, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 405–412, 2013, doi: 10.1111/are.12188.
• [36] R. Tarkhani, A. Imani, H. Jamali, and H. G. Farsani, “Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on various size classes of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823),” Aquaculture Re-search, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 5263–5270, 2017, doi: 10.1111/are.13339.
• [37] O. Mitjana, C. Bonastre, M. T. Tejedor, L. Garza, J. Esteban, and M. V. Falceto, “Simulta-neous effect of sex and dose on efficacy of clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate, 2-phenoxyethanol and propofol as anaesthetics in guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Peters),” Aquaculture Research, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2140–2146, 2018, doi: 10.1111/are.13668.
• [38] M. Mazandarani and S. M. Hoseini, “Menthol and 1,8-cineole as new anaesthetics in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758),” Aquaculture Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 3041–3051, 2016, doi: 10.1111/are.13136.
• [39] A. M. Correia, A. S. Pedrazzani, R. C. Mendonça, A. Massucatto, R. A. Ozório, and M. Y. Tsuzuki, “Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830),” Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 436–442, 2017, doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.166695.
• [40] A. T. Mirghaed, M. Yasari, S. S. Mirzargar, and S. M. Hoseini, “Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) anesthesia with myrcene: efficacy and physiological responses in comparison with eugenol,” Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 919–926, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10695-018-0481-5.
• [41] B. Austin, A. L. Lawrence, E. Can, C. Carboni, J. Crockett, N. Demirtaş Erol, D. Dias Schleder, A. Jatobá, Ş. Kayış, U. Karacalar, V. Kizak, A. Kop, K. Thompson, C. A. Mendez Ruiz, O. Serdar, S. Seyhaneyildiz Can, S. Watts, and G. Yücel Gier, “Selected topics in sus-tainable aquaculture research: current and future focus,” Sustainable Aquatic Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 74–122, 2022, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7032804.