Huawei, 5G Network and Digital Geopolitics

Öz

The new global competition between the United States of America (USA) and China is shaped on the access into the flows of the networks. This competition particularly intensified on 5G networks. China has already surpassed the USA in the development of 5G technology with its trademark company Huawei and has stepped up its efforts to reach global market. While China lays out infrastructure projects such as railways or roads to develop physical connectivity among countries, it also emphasizes building digital connectivity. It started to build fiber cable networks for the countries, which legged behind in terms of digital infrastructure. In addition to these countries, Huawei expanded into European countries, which want to upgrade its domestic 5G networks. U.S. government perceives China’s technological reach as a security risks toward infrastructure networks. Hence, it intensified its efforts to restrict Huawei’s access to global market. Thus, instead of striving to control of a particular territory, the USA and China seeks to gain influence over networks, hubs, and services. Although China and the USA are main actors, this confrontation includes regional bodies such as the European Union (EU) and multinational companies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Networks
• Digital Geopolitics
• 5G
• Huawei
• China
• the USA

Huawei, 5G Network and Digital Geopolitics

Öz

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Çin arasındaki yeni küresel rekabet ağların akışlarına erişim noktasında şekillenmektedir. Bu rekabet özellikle 5G ağları üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Çin zaten ABD’yi 5G teknolojisi geliştirme konusunda, marka şirketi Huawei ile geçmişti ve küresel pazara açılma çabalarını artırdı. Çin ülkeler arası fiziksel bağlantıları genişletmek için yol ve demir yolu inşası gibi altyapı projelerini inşa ederken, dijital bağlantıları geliştirmeyi de ön plana almıştır. Çin dijital altyapı açısından az gelişmiş ülkelerde fiber optik kablo inşa etmeyi başlamıştır. Bu ülkelerin yanı sıra, Huawei, kendi 5G teknolojilerini geliştirmek isteyen Avrupa ülkelerine de yayılmıştır. ABD hükümeti Çin’in teknolojik genişlemesini altyapı ağlarına yönelik bir güvenlik tehditi olarak algılamıştır. Bundan dolayı, Huawei’nin küresel pazara girişini engelleme çabalarını yoğunlaştırdı. Böylece, herhangi bir toprak parçasını kontrol etmekten ziyade ABD ve Çin ağlar, merkezler ve servisler üzerinde etkili olmaya çabalamaktadır. Çin ve ABD bu mücadelenini ana aktörleri olmakla birlikte, bu karşılaşma Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve çok uluslu şirketleri de içine almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağlar
• Dijital Jeopolitik
• 5G
• Huawei
• Çin
• ABD

Kaynakça

1. "5G Explained: How 5G Work". EMF Explained, 2020. http://www.emfexplained.info/?ID=25916 (14.05.2020).
2. 5G Security Huawei: Facts, Not Myths (Huawei, 2020).
3. Barton, James. "“4G Changed Lives. 5G Will Change Society” – Huawei’s Steven Wu". Developing Telecoms, 2019. https://www.developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/q-and-a-interviews/8393-4g-changed-lives-5g-will-change-society-huawei-s-steven-wu.html (16.05.2020).
4. Bendiek, Annegret, Nadine Godehardt, and David Schulze. "The Age of Digital Geopolitics". International Politics and Society, 2019. https://www.ips-journal.eu/in-focus/chinas-new-power/article/show/the-age-of-digital-geopolitics-3593/ (10.05.2020).
5. Burdeau, Cain. "Europe Becomes a Battleground Over Huawei and 5G". Courthouse News Services, 2020. https://www.courthousenews.com/europe-becomes-a-battleground-over-huawei-and-5g/ (04.06.2020).
6. Castells, Manuel. "Grassrooting the Space of Flows". Urban Geography 20 (1999), 294–302.
7. Castells, Manuel. "Informationalism, Networks, and the Network Society: A Theoretical Blueprint," in The Network Society, ed. Manuel Castells. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004: 3–49.
8. Castells, Manuel. "The Contours of the Network Society". The Journal of Futures Studies Strategic Thinking and Policy, 2 (2000): 151–57.

9. Castells, Manuel. The Rise of The Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
10. China Going Global between Ambition and Capacity. Beijing, 2017.
11. China Is Poised to Win the 5G Race Key Steps Extending Global Leadership.Ernst & Young, 2018.
12. "China Threatens Germany with Retaliation If Huawei 5G Is Banned". The Strait Times, 2019. https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/china-threatens-germany-with-retaliation-if-huawei-5g-is-banned (12.06.2020).
13. Chong, Guan. Huawei Chinese Telecommunications Giant Huawei: Strategies to Success Singapore: Nanyang Technopreneurship Center, 2019.
14. "Commerce Addresses Huawei’s Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Produced with U.S. Technologies". U.S. Department of Commerce, 2020. https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts (10.06.2020).
15. Commission Recommendation. Brussels: The European Commission, 2019.
16. Cyrill, Melissa. "What Is Made in China 2025 and Why Has It Made the World So Nervous?". China Briefing, 2018. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/made-in-china-2025-explained/#:~:text=Made in China 2025 seeks,value-added global sourcing segment (17.05.2020).
17. EU Coordinated Risk Assessment of the Cybersecurity of 5G Networks. Brussels: NIS Cooperation Group, 2019.
18. "EU Leaders: We Won’t Follow Trump’s Huawei Ban". DW, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/eu-leaders-we-wont-follow-trumps-huawei-ban/a-48768000 (04.06.2020).
19. Europe and 5G: The Huawei Case. Paris: Institut Montaigne, 2019.
20. Farrell, Henry, and Abraham Newman. "Weaponized Globalization: Huawei and the Emerging Battle over 5G Networks", Global Asia, 2019, https://www.globalasia.org/v14no3/cover/weaponized-globalization-huawei-and-the-emerging-battle-over-5g-networks_henry-farrellabraham-newman (20.05.2020).
21. Feng, Emily, "China’s Tech Giant Huawei Spans Much Of The Globe Despite U.S. Efforts To Ban It". NPR, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/10/24/759902041/chinas-tech-giant-huawei-spans-much-of-the-globe-despite-u-s-efforts-to-ban-it (29.05.2020).
22. Fengru, Cui, and Liu Guitang. Global Value Chains and Production Networks Case Studies of Siemens and Huawei. London: Academic Press, 2019.
23. Fifth-Generation (5G) Telecommunications Technologies: Issues for Congress.Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2019.
24. "First Commercial 5G Network Launched in Poland". 2020. https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/05/12/first-commercial-5g-network-launched-in-poland/ (11.06.2020).
25. Frost, Caroline. "5G Is Being Used to Perform Remote Surgery from Thousands of Miles Away, and It Could Transform the Healthcare Industry".Business Insider, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/5g-surgery-could-transform-healthcare-industry-2019-8 (15.05.2020).
26. Gu, Xuewu, Christiane Heinbrik, Ying Huang, Philip Nock, Hendrik W. Ohnesorge, and Andrej Pustovitovskij. Geopolitics and Global Race for 5G. Bonn: The Center for Global Studies, 2019.
27. Hosain, Md Sajjad. "Huawei Ban in the US: Projected Consequences for International Trade". International Journal of Commerce and Economics 1 (2019): 22–25.
28. "How Poland Became a Front in the Cold War between the U.S. and China". Reuters, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/huawei-poland-spying/ (10.06.2020).
29. Huawei Investment & Holding Co., Ltd. 2019 Annual Report. Huawei, 2020.
30. Kitson, Andrew, and Kenny Liew. "China Doubles Down on Its Digital Silk Road". Reconnecting Asia CSIS, 2019. https://reconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/china-doubles-down-its-digital-silk-road/ (20.05.2020).
31. Klinck, Heino. The Strategic Implications of Chinese Companies Going Global. Kansas, 2011.
32. Kratochwil, Friedrich. "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the State System". World Politics 39 (1986): 27–52.
33. Lele, Ajey, and Kritika Roy. Analysing China’s Digital and Space Belt and Road Initiative New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 2019.
34. Leonard, Mark. "Introduction: Connectivity Wars". in Connectivity Wars Why Migration, Finance and Trade Are The Geo-Economic Battlegrounds Of The Future, ed. by Mark Leonard (London: The European Council on Foreign Relations, 2016): 13–31.
35. Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne. "5G: Huawei Unveils New Infrastructure Products Aimed at Europe". ZD Net, 2019. https://www.zdnet.com/article/5g-huawei-unveils-new-infrastructure-products-aimed-at-europe/ (08.06.2020).
36. "Made in China 2025《中国制造 2025》". 2015. http://www.cittadellascienza.it/cina/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IoT-ONE-Made-in-China-2025.pdf (18.05.2020). Mariani, Lorenzo, and Micol Bertolini. The US–China 5G Contest: Options for Europe Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2019.
37. Miglani, Sanjeev, and Neha Dasgupta. "Exclusive: China Warns India of “reverse Sanctions” If Huawei Is Blocked - Sources". Reuters, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-india-exclusive/exclusive-china-warns-india-of-reverse-sanctions-if-huawei-is-blocked-sources-idUSKCN1UW1FF (11.06.2020).
38. Newman, Mark. "5G & The Fourth Industrial Revolution". UK5G, 2020. https://uk5g.org/5g-updates/read-articles/5g-fourth-industrial-revolution/ (15.05.2020).
39. Nolan, Peter. "Globalisation and Industrial Policy: The Case of China". The World Economy, (2014): 747–764.
40. "Out of Step Romania’s Foreign Policy and the Huawei 5G Case". Visegrad Insight, 2020. https://visegradinsight.eu/romania-out-of-stop-5g-china/ (12.06.2020).
41. Pao, Jeff, "China Unicom to Build 5G Networks on Belt and Road". Asia Times, 2019. https://asiatimes.com/2019/06/china-unicom-to-build-5g-networks-on-belt-and-road/ (24.05.2020).
42. Powell, W. "Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization". Research in Organizational Behavior 12, (1990) :295–336.
43. Nelson, Rick. "China’s Huawei Seeks to Dominate 5G Standards Development". Evaluation Engineering, 2018. https://www.evaluationengineering.com/industries/communications/wireless-5g-wlan-bluetooth-etc/article/13017349/chinas-huawei-seeks-to-dominate-5g-standards-development (16.05.2020).
44. Rühlig, Tim, John Seaman, and Daniel Voelsen. 5G and the US-China Tech Rivalry-a Test for Europe’s Future in the Digital Age. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2019. Santora, Marc, and Hana de Goeij. "Huawei Was a Czech Favorite. Now? It’s a National Security Threat". The New York Times, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/world/europe/czech-republic-huawei.html (11.06.2020).
45. Saran, Samir. "Navigating the Digitisation of Geopolitics". Observer Research Foundation, 2020. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/navigating-the-digitisation-of-geopolitics-60612/ (10.05.2020).
46. Schneider-Petsinger, Marianne, Jue Wang, Yu Jie, and James Crabtree. US-China Strategic Competition The Quest for Technological Leadership. London: Chatham House, 2019.
47. "Seeking Common Ground for the World-How Did China Approach the Center of the World Stage?". Xinhuanet, 2019. http://www.xinhuanet.com/silkroad/2019-08/13/c_1124867801.htm (02.06.2020).
48. Shen, Hong. "Building a Digital Silk Road? Situating the Internet in China’s Belt and Road Initiative". International Journal of Communication, 12 (2018): 2683–2701.
49. Sherman, Justin. "The UK Is Forging a 5G Club of Democracies to Avoid Reliance on Huawei". Atlantic Council, 2020. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-uk-is-forging-a-5g-club-of-democracies-to-avoid-reliance-on-huawei/> (10.06.2020).
50. Sink, Justin, and Alyza Sebenius. "U.S. and Poland Ink 5G Security Agreement Amid Anti-Huawei Campaign". Bloomberg, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-02/u-s-poland-ink-5g-security-agreement-amid-anti-huawei-campaign (10.06.2020).
51. Springbord, Morten. The New Tech War and The Geopolitics of 5G. Copenhagen: Worldwide Asset Management, 2019.
52. "The Early Years". Huawei, 2020. https://huawei.eu/story/early-years (17.05.2020).
53. "The Geopolitical Repecussions of the Digital Age". Luminae Group, 2019. https://www.luminaegroup.com/blog/geopolitics-digital-disruption (10.05.2020).
54. Verbovszky, Joseph. "Networked Geopolitics". The American Academy in Berlin https://www.americanacademy.de/networked-geopolitics/ (10 May 2020).
55. Vincent, James. "Don’t Use Huawei Phones, Say Heads of FBI, CIA, and NSA". The Verge, 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/14/17011246/huawei-phones-safe-us-intelligence-chief-fears (02.06.2020).
56. "Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2015. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1249618.shtml (17.05.2020).
57. Warner, Kelsey. "US Signs Deal with Czech Republic to Safeguard Future of 5G Networks", 2020. https://www.thenational.ae/world/the-americas/us-signs-deal-with-czech-republic-to-safeguard-future-of-5g-networks-1.1016365 (11.06.2020).
58. Wübbeke, Jost, Mirjam Meissner, Max J Zenglein, Jaqueline Ives, and Björn Conrad. MADE IN CHINA 2025 The Making of a High-Tech Superpower and Consequences for Industrial Countries. Berlin, 2016.
59. Xiaoping, Deng. "Realize the Four Modernizations and Never Seek Hegemony". 1978. http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103389.htm (18.05.2020).