Milenyum Çağında AB Kimliğinin Analizi (2010-2018)

Öz

Uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde Avrupa ile ilgili konular her zaman dikkat çekmektedir. Avrupa kavramı genellikle Avrupa Birliğiyle (AB) özdeşleşmiştir. Avrupa Birliği ise bölgesel olarak bütünleşmeyi öngören bireylerin, toplulukların ve devletlerin ortak özlemidir. Doğal olarak bu amaca ulaşmak çok çaba gerektirmektedir ve bunun için ortak değerlere dair farkındalığın oluşturulması ve geliştirilmesi de temel hedef olmaktadır. Özellikle bireylerin değişen kimliksel aidiyetleri AB’ye olan aidiyetlerini de etkilemektedir. Çalışmamızda bireylerin uluslarına ve AB’ye karşı olan aidiyet durumu Sosyal Kimlik Teorisi ve İnşacı Teori çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bu teorilerin benimsenmesinin temel nedeni ise gerek bireylerin gerekse de kurumsal üst yapı hakkındaki karşılıklı değerlendirmelerde en iyi sonucu vermelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada geniş bir literatür taraması neticesinde elde edilen verilerden bireylerin AB kimlik aidiyetine dair bakış açılarında; özellikle AB’nin büyük genişlemesi, Avro Bölgesi krizi ve Brexit süreçlerine rağmen dikkate değer bir artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Avrupa Birliğinin bütünleşme süreci zorlu olaylarla sınanmasına rağmen halen güçlü bir şekilde desteklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği
• Kimliksel Aidiyet
• Sosyal Kimlik
• Yapısalcı Yaklaşım
• Bütünleşme Süreci

Analysis of EU Identity in the Millennium Age (2010-2018)

Öz

In the discipline of international relations, European issues always attract attention. The concept of Europe is generally associated with the European Union (EU). The European Union, on the other hand, is the common longing of individuals, communities, and states that envision regional integration. Naturally, achieving this goal requires a lot of effort and for this, creating and developing awareness of common values is the main goal. Especially the changing identity of individuals affects their belonging to the EU. In our study, the state of belonging of individuals towards their nations and the EU was examined within the framework of Social Identity Theory and Constructivist Theory. The main reason for the adoption of these theories is that they give the best results in mutual evaluations of both individuals and the institutional superstructure. From the data obtained as a result of a wide literature review in the study, in the perspectives of individuals regarding the EU identity belonging; It has been determined that it has shown a remarkable increase especially despite the large enlargement of the EU, the Eurozone crisis and Brexit processes. Although the European Union's integration process has been challenged, it is still strongly supported.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Union
• Identity
• Social Identity
• Structuralist Approach
• Integration Process

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London/New York: Verso, 1991.
2. Ashmore, R. D., K. Deaux, and T. McLaughlin-Volpe. "An Organizing Framework for Collective Identity: Articulation and Significance of Multidimensionality." [In English]. Psychological Bulletin 130, no. 1 (2004): 80-114.
3. Barkin, J. Samuel. "Realist Constructivism." International Studies Review 5, no. 3 (2003): 325-42.
4. Beaudonnet, L., and D. Di Mauro. "Support for Europe: Assessing the Complexity of Individual Attitudes." [In English]. European Integration Online Papers-Eiop 16 (2012): 241-66.
5. Beetham, David, and Christopher Lord. Legitimacy and the Eu. London: Longman, 1998.
6. Bergbauer, Stephanie. "The Relevance of a Common European Identity among the Citizens of Europe." In Explaining European Identity Formation Citizens’ Attachment from Maastricht Treaty to Crisis, edited by Stephanie Bergbauer, 1-13, 2018.
7. Boomgaarden, H. G., A. R. T. Schuck, M. Elenbaas, and C. H. de Vreese. "Mapping Eu Attitudes: Conceptual and Empirical Dimensions of Euroscepticism and Eu Support." [In English]. European Union Politics 12, no. 2 (2011): 241-66.
8. Brewer, M. B. "The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology." [In English]. Political Psychology 22, no. 1 (2001): 115-25.

9. Brewer, M. B.; Silver, M. D. "Self, Identity, and Social Movements." In Social Movements, Protest, and Contention, edited by Sheldon Stryker, Timothy J. Owens and Robert W. White, 153-71. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
10. Bruter, Michael. Citizens of Europe? : The Emergence of a Mass European Identity. Houndmills England ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
11. Burchill, Scott, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Terry Nardin, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit, and Jacqui True. Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri. 4. Baskı ed. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2013.
12. Carey, S. "Undivided Loyalties: Is National Identity an Obstacle to European Integration?". European Union Politics 3 (2002): 387-413.
13. Cederman, L. E. "Nationalism and Bounded Integration: What It Would Take to Construct a European Demos." [In English]. European Journal of International Relations 7, no. 2 (2001): 139-74.
14. Cerutti, F. "A Political Identity of the Europeans?". Thesis Eleven 72, no. 1 (2003): 26-45.
15. Citrin, J.; Sides, J. "Can Europe Exist without Europeans? Problems of Identity in a Multinational Community." Elsevier 1 (2004): 41-70.
16. ———. "More Than Nationals: How Identity Choice Matters in the New Europe.". In Transnational Identities Becoming European in the Eu, edited by M.B. Herrmann R.K.; Risse T.; Brewer, 161-85, 2004.
17. Clark, N., and T. Hellwig. "Information Effects and Mass Support for Eu Policy Control." [In English]. European Union Politics 13, no. 4 (2012): 535-57.
18. David, O., and D. Bar-Tal. "A Sociopsychological Conception of Collective Identity: The Case of National Identity as an Example." [In English]. Personality and Social Psychology Review 13, no. 4 (2009): 354-79.
19. Decker, F. "Governance Beyond the Nation-State. Reflections on the Democratic Deficit of the European Union." [In English]. Journal of European Public Policy 9, no. 2 (2002): 256-72.
20. Deutsch, Karl W. Nationalism and Social Communication; an Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge: Published jointly by the Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Wiley, 1953.
21. ———. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area; International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience. Publications of the Center for Research on World Political Institutions. Princeton,: Princeton University Press, 1968.
22. ———. Political Community at the International Level: Problems of Definition and Measurement. Foreign Policy Analysis Series. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 1953.
23. Duchesne, S.; Frognier, A. P. "Is There a European Identity?". In Public Opinion and Internationalized Government, edited by O.; Sinnott Niedermayer, R., 193-226, 1995.
24. Duchesne, S.;Frognier, A-P. "Is There a European Identity?". In Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance, edited by Oskar Niedermayer and R. Sinnott, 193-226. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press,, 1998.
25. Emir, Mehmet. "Almanya’nın 1990-2018 Yılları Arasındaki Ekonomik Gücünün Askeri Güce Tahvili."Yüksek Lisans, Ufuk Üniversitesi, 2019 (552077).
26. Eurobarometer, Standard. Standard Eurobarometer 89 Spring 2018. European Commission (2018).
27. Evans, M. D. R., and J. Kelley. "National Pride in the Developed World: Survey Data from 24 Nations." [In English]. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 14, no. 3 (2002): 303-38.
28. Fligstein, Neil. Euroclash : The Eu, European Identity, and the Future of Europe. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
29. Fuchs, D. "Cultural Diversity, European Identity and Legitimacy of the Eu: A Theoretical Framework." [In English]. Cultural Diversity, European Identity and the Legitimacy of the Eu (2011): 27-57.
30. Fuchs, D., and C. Schneider. "Support of the Eu and European Identity: Some Descriptive Results." [In English]. Cultural Diversity, European Identity and the Legitimacy of the Eu (2011): 61-85.
31. Fuchs, Dieter, Raul Magni-Berton, and Antoine Roger. Euroscepticism : Images of Europe among Mass Publics and Political Elites. Opladen ; Farmington Hills, MI: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2009.
32. Haas, Ernst B. The Uniting of Europe; Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950-1957. Stanford, Calif.,: Stanford University Press, 1958.
33. Habermas, J. Der Gespaltene Westen. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2004.
34. ———. Zeit Der Ubergange. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2001.
35. Herrmann, Richard K., Thomas Risse, and Marilynn B. Brewer. Transnational Identities : Becoming European in the Eu. Governance in Europe. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
36. Hjerm, M. "National Identities, National Pride and Xenophobia: A Comparison of Four Western Countries." [In English]. Acta Sociologica 41, no. 4 (1998): 335-47.
37. Hogg, M. A., D. J. Terry, and K. M. White. "A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory." [In English]. Social Psychology Quarterly 58, no. 4 (1995): 255-69.
38. Hogg, Michael A., and Dominic Abrams. Social Identifications : A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. London ; New York: Routledge, 1988.
39. Kaina, Viktoria, and Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski. "Eu Governance and European Identity." Living Reviews in European Governance 8 (2013).
40. Kuhn, T. Experiencing European Integration : Transnational Lives and European Identity. First edition. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
41. ———. "Individual Transnationalism, Globalisation and Euroscepticism: An Empirical Test of Deutsch's Transactionalist Theory." [In English]. European Journal of Political Research 50, no. 6 (2011): 811-37.
42. ———. "Why Educational Exchange Programmes Miss Their Mark: Cross-Border Mobility, Education and European Identity." [In English]. Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies 50, no. 6 (2012): 994-1010.
43. Marcussen, M., T. Risse, D. Engelmann-Martin, H. J. Knopf, and K. Roscher. "Constructing Europe? The Evolution of French, British and German Nation State Identities." [In English]. Journal of European Public Policy 6, no. 4 (1999): 614-33.
44. Marks, G. "Territorial Identities in the European Union." In Regional Integration and Democracy : Expanding on the European Experience, edited by Jeffrey J. Anderson. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
45. Medrano, J. D., and P. Gutierrez. "Nested Identities: National and European Identity in Spain." [In English]. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 5 (2001): 753-78.
46. Mendez, Carlos; Bachtler, John. European Identity and Citizen Attitudes to Cohesion Policy: What Do We Know? European Policies Research Centre (Glasgow: 2018).
47. Meyer, T. Die Identitat Europas. Der Eu Eine Seele? Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2004.
48. Pichler, F. "European Identities from Below: Meanings of Identification with Europe." Perspectives on European Politics and Society 9, no. 4 (2008): 411–30.
49. Risse, T.; Engelmann-Martin, D. "Identity Politics and European Integration: The Case of Germany." In The Idea of Europe : From Antiquity to the European Union, edited by Anthony Pagden, 287-316. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
50. Risse, Thomas. A Community of Europeans? : Transnational Identities and Public Spheres. Cornell Paperbacks. Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2010.
51. ———. To Euro or Not to Euro? : The Emu and Identity Politics in the European Union. Eui Working Paper Rsc. Florence: European University Institute, 1998.
52. Sanders, David. Citizens and the European Polity : Mass Attitudes Towards the European and National Polities. Intune, Integrated and United. First edition. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
53. Scharpf, F. W. "Legitimacy in the Multilevel European Polity." European Political Science Review 1, no. 02 (2009): 173-204.
54. Smith, A. D. "National Identity and the Idea of European Unity." [In English]. International Affairs 68, no. 1 (1992): 55-76.
55. Smith, Anthony D. National Identity. Ethnonationalism in Comparative Perspective. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991.
56. Tajfel, H. Human Groups and Social Categories. Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
57. ———. "Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour." Social Science Information Studies 13, no. 2 (1974): 65-93.
58. ———. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
59. Tajfel, H.; Turner, J. C. "The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behaviour." In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by S.; Austin Worchel, W.G., 7-24, 1986.
60. Tajfel, H.; Turner, J.C. "An Integrated Theory of Intergroup Conflict." In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel, 33-47. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1979.
61. Thoits, P. A., and L. K. Virshup. "Me's and We's - Forms and Functions of Social Identities." [In English]. Self and Identity 1 (1997): 106-33.
62. Turner, J. C. "Social-Categorization and the Self-Concept: A Social Cognitive Theory of Group Behaviour." In Advances in Group Processes: Theory and Reseach, edited by E.J. Lawler, 71-122, 1985.
63. Turner, J.C., Ma. Hogg, Pj. Oakes, Sd. Reicher, and Ms. Wetherell. "Rediscovering the Social Group a Self Categorization Theory." [In English]. British Journal of Social Psychology 26 (1987): 347-48.
64. Wendt, A. "Anarchy Is What States Make of It - the Social Construction of Power-Politics." [In English]. International Organization 46, no. 2 (1992): 391-425.
65. ———. Uluslararası Siyasetin Sosyal Teorisi. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2016.
66. West, B. "Europaische Identifikation Im Spannungsfeld Regionaler Und Nationaler Identitaten.". Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44, no. 4 (2003): 453-82.
67. ———. "European Identity as a Contrast or an Extension of National Identity?". In Methods, Theories, and Empirical Applications in the Social Sciences, edited by S.; Davidov Salzborn, E.; Reinecke, J., 249-54. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012.
68. Wike, Richard; Fetterolf, Janell; Fagan, Moira. Europeans Credit Eu with Promoting Peace and Prosperity, but Say Brussels Is out of Touch with Its Citizens. Pew Research Center (2019).
69. Yılmaz, Sait. Uluslararası Güvenlik Teori,Pratik Ve Gelecek. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2017.
70. Zurn, M. "Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation-State: The Eu and Other International Institutions." [In English]. European Journal of International Relations 6, no. 2 (2000): 183-221.