Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Cultural Diplomacy of China: Role and Criticisms of Confucius Institutes

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4 (Çin Özel Sayısı), 217 - 245, 21.08.2020

Öz

“Culture”, which is an important tool of diplomacy in reaching the foreign policy targets of the countries, has been serving this purpose for centuries. States that see the positive results of cultural diplomacy often use this diplomacy as a foreign policy tool within the framework of state-centered institutional plans and programs. The aim is to promote the culture and spread it outside in order to provide an environment that can carry out foreign policy. The most important tool to achieve this is “Language”. China, gave the task of introducing and teaching his language and culture to the world to Confucius Institutes. These institutes, which have many examples in the world and opened almost everywhere in the world, are at the center of China's cultural diplomacy. The function of the Confucius Institutes is to build a harmonious world that can carry out foreign policy and at the same time help the “peaceful rise”. These institutes opened in partnership with educational institutions in other countries have been criticized both externally and internally since the day they were founded. Despite the external criticism which suggests that these institutes are China's propaganda tool, there are criticisms inside that the Institutes are not able to fulfill this task adequately. In this study, the role of Institutes in cultural diplomacy and criticisms of the institutes will be discussed in detail.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Becard, Danielly Silva Ramos, Paulo Menechelli Filho. “Chinese Cultural Diplomacy: instruments in China’s strategy for international insertion in the 21st Century”, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Vol.62, No.1 (2019) http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-73292019000100205&script=sci_arttext (23.03.2020)
  • Referans2 Bradley, Robert Burton. “孔子学院:语言学习中心还是中国政府代理人?(Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü: Dil Öğrenim Merkezi mi, Çin Hükümet Temsilcisi mi?), ABC News (2019) https://www.abc.net.au/chinese/2019-03-10/confucius-influence-around-the-world-in-question/10883700 (02.05.2020)
  • Referans3 Chakraborty, Kishore (Ed.). Cultural Diplomacy Dictionary, The Academy for Cultural Diplomacy (2013):1-97 http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/culturaldiplomacynews/content/pdf/Cultural_Diplomacy_Dictionary.pdf (18.03.2020) Referans4 Çelebi, Vedat. “John Roger Searle’de Bilinç ve Yönelimsellik”, Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı.18 (2014):15-30
  • Referans5 Fulda, Andreas. “Chinese Propaganda Has No Place on Campus”, Foreign Policy (2019) https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/15/confucius-institute-chinese-propaganda-campus-communist-party-censorship/ (01.05.2020)
  • Referans6 Guirong, Yu ,Gu Xiaodan. “胡锦涛/ 和谐世界0思想的内涵及特征”,(Hu Jintao / Uyumlu Dünya Çağrısı ve Özellikleri), Journal of Northeastern University ( Social Science), Vo.9, No.6 (2007):512-515
  • Referans7 Hartig, Falk. “Cultural diplomacy with Chinese characteristics: The case of Confucius Institutes in Australia”, Communication, Politics&Culture, Vol.45 (2012): 256-276
  • Referans8 Hopper, Tristin. “Canadian Teachers Urge Universities to Close on-Campus Cultural Schools Funded by Chinese Government”, National Post (2014) https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/confucius-institutes (01.05.2020)
  • Referans9 Huifen, Yu. “文化外交:中国的优势、机遇与挑战”(Kültürel Diplomasi: Çin’in Avantajları, Fırsatları ve Zorlukları) (2017) http://www.chinesewritersusa.org/yuhuifen-blog/2017/8/12 (18.03.2020)
  • Referans10 Jie, Wang. “汉语言文化国际推广的收益问题及孔子学院等的运作建议” (Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü'nün Çin Dilinin ve Kültürünün Uluslararası Teşviki ve İşletme Önerileri) (2020) https://www.zz-news.com/com/xdywyyyj/news/itemid-104543.html (25.04.2020)
  • Referans11 Jintao, Hu. “世界媒体应携手并进为和谐世界作出贡献”( Dünya Medyası Uyumlu Bir Dünyaya Katkıda Bulunmak İçin El Ele Gitmeli), Dünya Medya Zirvesi Açılış Töreninde Yapılan Konuşma, The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China (2009) http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2009-10/09/content_1434675.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referans12 Jisheng, Su. “传统文化与十八大以来中国外交话语体系构建” (18. Ulusal Kongreden Bu yana Çin Diplomatik Söylem Sisteminin Geleneksel Kültürü ve İnşası), gmw.cn/xueshu (2019) https://www.gmw.cn/xueshu/2019-08/16/content_33083529.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referan13 Karp, Paul. “Government to Assess Regulation of Chinese influence at Universities”, The Guardian (2019) https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jul/25/government-to-assess-regulation-of-chinese-influence-at-universities (02.05.2020)
  • Referans14 Koçak, Seyda. “Pierre Bourdieu ve Meşhur Kavramları”, https://www.academia.edu/5808619/Pierre_Bourdieu_ve_Meşhur_Kavramları (18.03.2020) Referan15 Konak, Emre. “Türkiye’deki Konfüçyüs Enstitüleri Kapatılmalı mı?”, China Pulse (2018) https://cinnabzi.com/page/4/?lang=tr; https://www.abc.net.au/chinese/2019-03-10/confucius-influence-around-the-world-in-question/10883700 (29.04.2020)
  • Referans16 Kozaki, Danuta. “NSW Government Scraps Chinese Government-Sponsored Program over Foreign Influence Fears”, ABC News (2019) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-23/nsw-government-scraps-confucius-classroom-foreign-influence-fear/11440936 (02.05.2020)
  • Referans17 Kun, Yang. “Discourse, Identity and Strategy: The Analysis of China’s Cultural Diplomacy Based on the Case of Confucius Institutes”, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 181 (2018): 627-631 Referans18 Lihua, Zhang, Shi Anbin, Men Honghua, Zhang Qingmin, Li Zhi, Liang Bin. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: Strategy, Policy, and Implementation”, Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy (2015) https://carnegietsinghua.org/2015/04/17/zh-event-4812 (18.03.2020)
  • Referans19 Liu, Xin. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Great Leap Outward with Chinese Characteristics? Multiple Comparative Case Studies of the Confucius Institutes”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.28, Issue, 118 (2019): 646-661 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2018.1557951 (18.03.2020)
  • Referans20 Luedi, Jeremy. “Why Canada is shutting down its Confucius Institutes”, True Nort Far East 2019 https://truenorthfareast.com/news/confucius-institute-canada-closing-shut-down (01.05.2020)
  • Referans21 Palit, Parama Sinha. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: Historical Origin, Modern Methods and Strategic Outcomes”, China Research Center Vol.12, No.2 (2013) https://www.chinacenter.net/2014/china_currents/12-2/chinas-cultural-diplomacy-historical-origin-modern-methods-and-strategic-outcomes/ (18.03.2020)
  • Referans22 Pan, Su-Yan. “Confucius Institute project: China’s cultural diplomacy and soft power projection”, Asian Education and Development Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2013): 22-33
  • Referans23 Pekcan, Cemre. “Konfüçyüs Felsefesinin Dış Politikaya Etkisi Bağlamında 2003-2013 Yılları Arasında Çin-ABD İlişkiler”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 72(4) (2017):1127-1155
  • Referans24 Shan, Wang. “美国已有13间大学关闭孔子学院” (13 ABD Üniversitesi Konfüçyüs Enstitülerini Kapattı) (2019) http://www.rfi.fr/cn/20190719-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%8913%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2 (30.04.2020)
  • Referans25 Shiwei, Lu. “中国文化外交的机遇、挑战与战略思考”(Çin Kültür Diplomasisinin Fırsatları, Zorlukları ve Stratejik Düşüncesi) (2012) http://memo.cfisnet.com/2012/1231/1294075.html (20.03.2020)
  • Referans26 Shuo, Zou. “Closing of Confucius classes in Australia 'deeply regretted'”, China Daily (2019) https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201908/26/WS5d631dd5a310cf3e35567c53.html (02.05.2020)
  • Referans27 Torres, Diego. “China’s soft power offensive”, POLITICO (2017) https://www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/ (22.04.2020)
  • Referans28 Qingmin, Zhang. “文化外交:塑造国家良好形象” (Kültürel Diplomasi: Ülkenin Güzel İmajını Şekillendirmek), China.com.cn, 2009 http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2009-09/10/content_18501006.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referans29 Wang, Jian (Jay). “Chines Cultural Diplomacy: Confucius Institutes, University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy (2014) https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/chinese-cultural-diplomacy-confucius-institutes (27.04.2020)
  • Referans30 Wong, Kayla. “Sweden Closes its Last Chinese-Funded Confucius Institute amid Strained Relations with China”, Mothership (2020) https://mothership.sg/2020/04/sweden-closes-last-confucius-institute-china/ (01.05.2020)
  • Referans31 HANBAN, http://www.hanban.org/confuciousinstitutes/node_10961.htm (21.04.2020)
  • Referans32 “42所“世界一流大学”建设高校承办的154所孔子学院名单 ( 42 Birinci Sınıf Üniversite Tarafından Üstlenilen 154 Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü'nün listesi), https://www.jiaohanyu.com/article/261 (24.04.2020)
  • Referans33 “2001年:江泽民提出“以德治国”理念”(2001: Jiang Zemin “erdemle yönet” kavramını ortaya koydu) (2009) http://news.ifeng.com/special/60nianjiaguo/60biaozhirenwu/renwuziliao/200909/0910_7766_1343080.shtml (18.03.2020)
  • Referans34 “2016 Confucius Institute Scholarship Application Procedure”, Hanban (2016) http://english.hanban.org/article/2016-01/15/content_629582.htm (24.04.2020)
  • Referans35 “About“Chinese Bridge”, Hanban http://english.hanban.org/node_8080.htm (24.04.2020)
  • Referans36 “Application Procedure “, Hanban http://english.hanban.org/node_7879.htm (25.04.2020)
  • Referans37 “British Politicians Realize Confucius Institutes Have Nothing to Do With Confucius”, Vision Times (2019) https://www.visiontimes.com/2019/03/02/british-politicians-realize-confucius-institutes-have-nothing-to-do-with-confucius.html (01.05.2020)
  • Referans38 “Brussels university to close Chinese-funded institute after espionage accusations”, The Brussels Times (2019) https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/83195/brussels-university-to-close-chinese-funded-institute-after-espionage-accusations-vub-confucius-institute/ (29.04.2020)
  • Referans39 “China”, The Soft Power 30 (2019) https://softpower30.com/country/china/ (23.03.2020)
  • Referans40 “China: Government Threats to Academic Freedom Abroad”, Human Rights Watch (2019) https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/21/china-government-threats-academic-freedom-abroad (28.04.2020)
  • Referans41 “Constitution and By-Laws of the Confucius Institutes”, Hanban http://english.hanban.org/node_7880.htm ( 22.04.2020)
  • Referans42 “Historical Acts of Cultural Diplomacy”, Academy for Cultural Diplomacy, http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_historical-acts-of-cd (26.04.2020)
  • Referans43 “How Many Confucius Institutes Are in the United States?”, National Association of Scholars (2020) https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how_many_confucius_institutes_are_in_the_united_states (30.04.2020)
  • Referans44 “胡锦涛在联合国首脑会议上发表重要讲话” ( Hu Jintao BM Zirvesi’nde Önemli Bir Konuşma Yaptı), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2005) https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/123/wjdt/zyjh/t212359.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referans45 “孔子学院——中国文化“走出去”的成功案例” (Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü-Çin Kültürünün Başarılı Örneği "Küreselleşme"), Xinhua, ,2008 https://www.chsi.com.cn/jyzx/200811/20081103/9654675.html (30.04.2020)
  • Referans46 “孔子学院:争议中扩张的中国文化机构”(Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü: Çin Kültür Kurumu Anlaşmazlık İçinde Genişliyor), BBC (2019) https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-49631216 (28.04.2020)
  • Referans47 “孔子学院章程”(Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü Şartı), Hanban http://www.hanban.org/confuciousinstitutes/node_7537.htm (21.04.2020)
  • Referans48 “Konfüçyüs Kimdir”, FELSEFE-FELSEFE-GEN-TR https://www.felsefe.gen.tr/konfucyus-kimdir/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020)
  • Referans49 “What is Cultural Diplomacy?”, Institute for Cultural Diplomacy http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy (16.03.2020)
  • Referans50 “Lao Zi (Lao Tzu) Kimdir?”, FELSEFE-FELSEFE.GEN.TR https://www.felsefe.gen.tr/lao-zi-lao-tzu-kimdir/ (18.03.2020)
  • Referans51 “Mencius”, Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mencius-Chinese-philosopher (18.03.2020)
  • Referans52 “Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019”, Annual Report to Congress, Office of the Secretary of Defense (2019):1-123 https://media.defense.gov/2019/May/02/2002127082/-1/-1/1/2019_CHINA_MILITARY_POWER_REPORT.pdf (30.04.2020)
  • Referans53 “Mohizm (Mohism) Nedir?”, FELSEFE-FELSEFE.GEN.TR https://www.felsefe.gen.tr/mohizm-mohism-nedir/ (18.03.2020)
  • Referans54 “Shut Down Griffith University's Confucius Institute”, Chance.org https://www.change.org/p/griffith-university-shut-down-griffith-university-s-confucius-institute?use_react=false (02.05.2020) Referans55 “Sun Tzu”, Wikipedia https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu (18.03.2020)
  • Referans56 “Taoizm”, Dünya Dinleri, http://dunyadinleri.com/taoizm.html (18.03.2020)

Çin’in Kültürel Diplomasisi: Konfüçyüs Enstitüleri’nin Rolü ve Eleştiriler

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4 (Çin Özel Sayısı), 217 - 245, 21.08.2020

Öz

Ülkelerin dış politika hedeflerine ulaşmada önemli bir diplomasi aracı olan “kültür” yüzyıllardır bu amaca hizmet etmektedir. Kültürel diplomasinin olumlu sonuçlarını gören devletler, bu diplomasiyi çoğu kez devlet merkezli kurumsal plan ve programlar çerçevesinde bir dış politika aracı olarak kullanmaktadırlar. Hedef, dış politikayı yürütebilecek ortamı sağlamak amacıyla kültürü dışarda tanıtmak ve yayılmasını sağlamaktır. Bunu sağlayacak en önemli araç da “Dil”dir. Çin de dilini ve kültürünü dünyaya tanıtma ve öğretme görevini Konfüçyüs Enstitülerine vermiştir. Kısa bir sürede dünyadaki örneklerini sayıca geçen ve dünyanın hemen hemen her yerinde açılan bu enstitüler, Çin’in kültürel diplomasisinin merkezinde yer almaktadırlar. Konfüçyüs Enstitülerinin işlevi, dış politikayı yürütebilecek uyumlu bir dünya inşa etmek ve aynı zamanda “barışçıl yükseliş”e yardım etmektir. Diğer ülkelerdeki eğitim kurumlarıyla ortaklık çerçevesinde açılan bu enstitüler, kuruldukları günden bugüne hem dışarıdan hem de içeriden eleştiri almaktadır. Bu enstitülerin Çin’in propaganda aracı olduğunu ileri süren dıştaki eleştirilere rağmen içeride de bunun tam aksi olarak Enstitülerin bu görevi yeterince yerine getiremediği yönünde eleştiriler vardır. Bu çalışmada, Enstitülerin kültürel diplomasideki rolü ve enstitülere yapılan eleştiriler ayrıntılı ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Becard, Danielly Silva Ramos, Paulo Menechelli Filho. “Chinese Cultural Diplomacy: instruments in China’s strategy for international insertion in the 21st Century”, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Vol.62, No.1 (2019) http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-73292019000100205&script=sci_arttext (23.03.2020)
  • Referans2 Bradley, Robert Burton. “孔子学院:语言学习中心还是中国政府代理人?(Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü: Dil Öğrenim Merkezi mi, Çin Hükümet Temsilcisi mi?), ABC News (2019) https://www.abc.net.au/chinese/2019-03-10/confucius-influence-around-the-world-in-question/10883700 (02.05.2020)
  • Referans3 Chakraborty, Kishore (Ed.). Cultural Diplomacy Dictionary, The Academy for Cultural Diplomacy (2013):1-97 http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/culturaldiplomacynews/content/pdf/Cultural_Diplomacy_Dictionary.pdf (18.03.2020) Referans4 Çelebi, Vedat. “John Roger Searle’de Bilinç ve Yönelimsellik”, Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı.18 (2014):15-30
  • Referans5 Fulda, Andreas. “Chinese Propaganda Has No Place on Campus”, Foreign Policy (2019) https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/15/confucius-institute-chinese-propaganda-campus-communist-party-censorship/ (01.05.2020)
  • Referans6 Guirong, Yu ,Gu Xiaodan. “胡锦涛/ 和谐世界0思想的内涵及特征”,(Hu Jintao / Uyumlu Dünya Çağrısı ve Özellikleri), Journal of Northeastern University ( Social Science), Vo.9, No.6 (2007):512-515
  • Referans7 Hartig, Falk. “Cultural diplomacy with Chinese characteristics: The case of Confucius Institutes in Australia”, Communication, Politics&Culture, Vol.45 (2012): 256-276
  • Referans8 Hopper, Tristin. “Canadian Teachers Urge Universities to Close on-Campus Cultural Schools Funded by Chinese Government”, National Post (2014) https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/confucius-institutes (01.05.2020)
  • Referans9 Huifen, Yu. “文化外交:中国的优势、机遇与挑战”(Kültürel Diplomasi: Çin’in Avantajları, Fırsatları ve Zorlukları) (2017) http://www.chinesewritersusa.org/yuhuifen-blog/2017/8/12 (18.03.2020)
  • Referans10 Jie, Wang. “汉语言文化国际推广的收益问题及孔子学院等的运作建议” (Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü'nün Çin Dilinin ve Kültürünün Uluslararası Teşviki ve İşletme Önerileri) (2020) https://www.zz-news.com/com/xdywyyyj/news/itemid-104543.html (25.04.2020)
  • Referans11 Jintao, Hu. “世界媒体应携手并进为和谐世界作出贡献”( Dünya Medyası Uyumlu Bir Dünyaya Katkıda Bulunmak İçin El Ele Gitmeli), Dünya Medya Zirvesi Açılış Töreninde Yapılan Konuşma, The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China (2009) http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2009-10/09/content_1434675.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referans12 Jisheng, Su. “传统文化与十八大以来中国外交话语体系构建” (18. Ulusal Kongreden Bu yana Çin Diplomatik Söylem Sisteminin Geleneksel Kültürü ve İnşası), gmw.cn/xueshu (2019) https://www.gmw.cn/xueshu/2019-08/16/content_33083529.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referan13 Karp, Paul. “Government to Assess Regulation of Chinese influence at Universities”, The Guardian (2019) https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jul/25/government-to-assess-regulation-of-chinese-influence-at-universities (02.05.2020)
  • Referans14 Koçak, Seyda. “Pierre Bourdieu ve Meşhur Kavramları”, https://www.academia.edu/5808619/Pierre_Bourdieu_ve_Meşhur_Kavramları (18.03.2020) Referan15 Konak, Emre. “Türkiye’deki Konfüçyüs Enstitüleri Kapatılmalı mı?”, China Pulse (2018) https://cinnabzi.com/page/4/?lang=tr; https://www.abc.net.au/chinese/2019-03-10/confucius-influence-around-the-world-in-question/10883700 (29.04.2020)
  • Referans16 Kozaki, Danuta. “NSW Government Scraps Chinese Government-Sponsored Program over Foreign Influence Fears”, ABC News (2019) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-23/nsw-government-scraps-confucius-classroom-foreign-influence-fear/11440936 (02.05.2020)
  • Referans17 Kun, Yang. “Discourse, Identity and Strategy: The Analysis of China’s Cultural Diplomacy Based on the Case of Confucius Institutes”, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 181 (2018): 627-631 Referans18 Lihua, Zhang, Shi Anbin, Men Honghua, Zhang Qingmin, Li Zhi, Liang Bin. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: Strategy, Policy, and Implementation”, Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy (2015) https://carnegietsinghua.org/2015/04/17/zh-event-4812 (18.03.2020)
  • Referans19 Liu, Xin. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Great Leap Outward with Chinese Characteristics? Multiple Comparative Case Studies of the Confucius Institutes”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.28, Issue, 118 (2019): 646-661 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2018.1557951 (18.03.2020)
  • Referans20 Luedi, Jeremy. “Why Canada is shutting down its Confucius Institutes”, True Nort Far East 2019 https://truenorthfareast.com/news/confucius-institute-canada-closing-shut-down (01.05.2020)
  • Referans21 Palit, Parama Sinha. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: Historical Origin, Modern Methods and Strategic Outcomes”, China Research Center Vol.12, No.2 (2013) https://www.chinacenter.net/2014/china_currents/12-2/chinas-cultural-diplomacy-historical-origin-modern-methods-and-strategic-outcomes/ (18.03.2020)
  • Referans22 Pan, Su-Yan. “Confucius Institute project: China’s cultural diplomacy and soft power projection”, Asian Education and Development Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2013): 22-33
  • Referans23 Pekcan, Cemre. “Konfüçyüs Felsefesinin Dış Politikaya Etkisi Bağlamında 2003-2013 Yılları Arasında Çin-ABD İlişkiler”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 72(4) (2017):1127-1155
  • Referans24 Shan, Wang. “美国已有13间大学关闭孔子学院” (13 ABD Üniversitesi Konfüçyüs Enstitülerini Kapattı) (2019) http://www.rfi.fr/cn/20190719-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%8913%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2 (30.04.2020)
  • Referans25 Shiwei, Lu. “中国文化外交的机遇、挑战与战略思考”(Çin Kültür Diplomasisinin Fırsatları, Zorlukları ve Stratejik Düşüncesi) (2012) http://memo.cfisnet.com/2012/1231/1294075.html (20.03.2020)
  • Referans26 Shuo, Zou. “Closing of Confucius classes in Australia 'deeply regretted'”, China Daily (2019) https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201908/26/WS5d631dd5a310cf3e35567c53.html (02.05.2020)
  • Referans27 Torres, Diego. “China’s soft power offensive”, POLITICO (2017) https://www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/ (22.04.2020)
  • Referans28 Qingmin, Zhang. “文化外交:塑造国家良好形象” (Kültürel Diplomasi: Ülkenin Güzel İmajını Şekillendirmek), China.com.cn, 2009 http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2009-09/10/content_18501006.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referans29 Wang, Jian (Jay). “Chines Cultural Diplomacy: Confucius Institutes, University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy (2014) https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/chinese-cultural-diplomacy-confucius-institutes (27.04.2020)
  • Referans30 Wong, Kayla. “Sweden Closes its Last Chinese-Funded Confucius Institute amid Strained Relations with China”, Mothership (2020) https://mothership.sg/2020/04/sweden-closes-last-confucius-institute-china/ (01.05.2020)
  • Referans31 HANBAN, http://www.hanban.org/confuciousinstitutes/node_10961.htm (21.04.2020)
  • Referans32 “42所“世界一流大学”建设高校承办的154所孔子学院名单 ( 42 Birinci Sınıf Üniversite Tarafından Üstlenilen 154 Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü'nün listesi), https://www.jiaohanyu.com/article/261 (24.04.2020)
  • Referans33 “2001年:江泽民提出“以德治国”理念”(2001: Jiang Zemin “erdemle yönet” kavramını ortaya koydu) (2009) http://news.ifeng.com/special/60nianjiaguo/60biaozhirenwu/renwuziliao/200909/0910_7766_1343080.shtml (18.03.2020)
  • Referans34 “2016 Confucius Institute Scholarship Application Procedure”, Hanban (2016) http://english.hanban.org/article/2016-01/15/content_629582.htm (24.04.2020)
  • Referans35 “About“Chinese Bridge”, Hanban http://english.hanban.org/node_8080.htm (24.04.2020)
  • Referans36 “Application Procedure “, Hanban http://english.hanban.org/node_7879.htm (25.04.2020)
  • Referans37 “British Politicians Realize Confucius Institutes Have Nothing to Do With Confucius”, Vision Times (2019) https://www.visiontimes.com/2019/03/02/british-politicians-realize-confucius-institutes-have-nothing-to-do-with-confucius.html (01.05.2020)
  • Referans38 “Brussels university to close Chinese-funded institute after espionage accusations”, The Brussels Times (2019) https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/83195/brussels-university-to-close-chinese-funded-institute-after-espionage-accusations-vub-confucius-institute/ (29.04.2020)
  • Referans39 “China”, The Soft Power 30 (2019) https://softpower30.com/country/china/ (23.03.2020)
  • Referans40 “China: Government Threats to Academic Freedom Abroad”, Human Rights Watch (2019) https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/21/china-government-threats-academic-freedom-abroad (28.04.2020)
  • Referans41 “Constitution and By-Laws of the Confucius Institutes”, Hanban http://english.hanban.org/node_7880.htm ( 22.04.2020)
  • Referans42 “Historical Acts of Cultural Diplomacy”, Academy for Cultural Diplomacy, http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_historical-acts-of-cd (26.04.2020)
  • Referans43 “How Many Confucius Institutes Are in the United States?”, National Association of Scholars (2020) https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how_many_confucius_institutes_are_in_the_united_states (30.04.2020)
  • Referans44 “胡锦涛在联合国首脑会议上发表重要讲话” ( Hu Jintao BM Zirvesi’nde Önemli Bir Konuşma Yaptı), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2005) https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/123/wjdt/zyjh/t212359.htm (18.03.2020)
  • Referans45 “孔子学院——中国文化“走出去”的成功案例” (Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü-Çin Kültürünün Başarılı Örneği "Küreselleşme"), Xinhua, ,2008 https://www.chsi.com.cn/jyzx/200811/20081103/9654675.html (30.04.2020)
  • Referans46 “孔子学院:争议中扩张的中国文化机构”(Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü: Çin Kültür Kurumu Anlaşmazlık İçinde Genişliyor), BBC (2019) https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-49631216 (28.04.2020)
  • Referans47 “孔子学院章程”(Konfüçyüs Enstitüsü Şartı), Hanban http://www.hanban.org/confuciousinstitutes/node_7537.htm (21.04.2020)
  • Referans48 “Konfüçyüs Kimdir”, FELSEFE-FELSEFE-GEN-TR https://www.felsefe.gen.tr/konfucyus-kimdir/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020)
  • Referans49 “What is Cultural Diplomacy?”, Institute for Cultural Diplomacy http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy (16.03.2020)
  • Referans50 “Lao Zi (Lao Tzu) Kimdir?”, FELSEFE-FELSEFE.GEN.TR https://www.felsefe.gen.tr/lao-zi-lao-tzu-kimdir/ (18.03.2020)
  • Referans51 “Mencius”, Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mencius-Chinese-philosopher (18.03.2020)
  • Referans52 “Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019”, Annual Report to Congress, Office of the Secretary of Defense (2019):1-123 https://media.defense.gov/2019/May/02/2002127082/-1/-1/1/2019_CHINA_MILITARY_POWER_REPORT.pdf (30.04.2020)
  • Referans53 “Mohizm (Mohism) Nedir?”, FELSEFE-FELSEFE.GEN.TR https://www.felsefe.gen.tr/mohizm-mohism-nedir/ (18.03.2020)
  • Referans54 “Shut Down Griffith University's Confucius Institute”, Chance.org https://www.change.org/p/griffith-university-shut-down-griffith-university-s-confucius-institute?use_react=false (02.05.2020) Referans55 “Sun Tzu”, Wikipedia https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu (18.03.2020)
  • Referans56 “Taoizm”, Dünya Dinleri, http://dunyadinleri.com/taoizm.html (18.03.2020)
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Buket Önal 0000-0001-9075-257X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4 (Çin Özel Sayısı)

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Önal, Buket. “Çin’in Kültürel Diplomasisi: Konfüçyüs Enstitüleri’nin Rolü Ve Eleştiriler”. International Journal of Politics and Security 2, sy. 4 (Çin Özel Sayısı) (Ağustos 2020): 217-45.

23370

Veri Paylaşım Politikası
Bu dergi, yazarları bilimsel etik ve atıf kuralları ile kişisel hakların korunmasına yönelik evrensel ve yasal kriterler çerçevesinde kalırken araştırmaları sonucunda elde ettikleri verileri paylaşmaya teşvik etmektedir. Bu bağlamda IJPS, Budapeşte Açık Erişim Girişimi Deklarasyonunu (2001) benimser.