Will the Gandhian Non-Violence Produce Nonviolence Peacekeeping: From Shanti Sena (Peace Army) to the Islamic Nonviolence

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 5, 71 - 93, 01.10.2020

Sezai Ozcelik

Öz

The improvement of global security and world peace is the raison d’etre of the United Nations. The concept of multilateral peacekeeping has been practiced by the UN over the last eighty-five years. The peacekeeping operations have three main objectives: collective security, preventive diplomacy, and peaceful settlement of international conflicts. The idea of creating an international nonviolence “peace army” can be traced to the Shanti Sena (Gandhian peace brigade). The members of the Shanti Sena used nonviolent unarmed tools not kill but die for their peacekeeping duties. The present study aims to shed light on the evolution of nonviolent peacekeeping ideas and present some examples in the post-Cold War conflicts.
In the post-Covid-19 world, it is possible to refrain from the threat or actual use of force and replace it with unarmed civilian peacekeeping. Nonviolent peacekeeping may employ some Western (relationships, influence, advocacy, solidarity) and Islamic (sabr (patience), Hijra (exodus), fasting, umma (community), sulha (reconciliation) cultural and traditional principles and commitments. With the help of social media, citizens may become a central force for pro-democracy and anti-dictatorship movements with the emphasis of nonviolence for preventing escalation of violence and conflict early warning, and early response. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Peacekeeping, Nonviolence, Collective Security, Shanti Sena (Peace Army)

Will the Gandhian Non-Violence Produce Nonviolence Peacekeeping: From Shanti Sena (Peace Army) to the Islamic Nonviolence

Öz

Küresel güvenlik ve dünya barışı alanlarında ilerleme sağlamak Birleşmiş Milletler (BM)’in varoluş sebebidir. Çok uluslu barış gücü kavramı, BM tarafından son seksen beş yıldır uygulanmaktadır. Barış gücü operasyonlarının üç ana amacı vardır: Ortak güvenlik, önleyici diplomasi ve uluslararası çatışmaların barışçıl yollarla çözümü. Uluslararası şiddetsizik “barış ordusu” yaratma fikri Shanti Sena’ya (Gandiyan barış tugayları) kadar uzanmaktadır. Shanti Sena üyeleri şiddetsiz ve silahsız araçları kullanarak öldürmek için değil barış gücü ile ilgili görevlerini yerine getirmek için ölmeyi göze alarak görev yapmışlardır. Bu çalışma şiddetsiz barış gücü fikrinin evrilme aşamalarını açıklamak ve Soğuk Savaş çatışmalarında şiddetsiz barış gücü örneklerini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
COVID-19 sonrası dünyada, güç kullanma ya da güç kullanma tehdidi yerine silahsız ve sivil barış gücünün gelmesi mümkün gözükmektedir. Şiddetsiz barış gücü bazı Batıcı (ilişkiler, etki, savunuculuk, dayanışma) kavramlar yanında sabır, hicret, oruç tutma, ümmet, sulh gibi İslami kültürel ve geleneksel ilkeler ve uygulamaları da kullanabilir. Sosyal medya yardımıyla vatandaşların demokrasi yanlısı ve anti-diktatörlük hareketlerde merkezi güç olabilirler. Bunu yaparken çatışmalara karşı erken uyarı ve erken müdahale teknikleri ve şiddetsizliğe vurgu yapılarak çatışmaların tırmanışa geçmesine engel olunabilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

PEACEKEEPING, NONVIOLENCE, COLLECTİVE SECURITY

Kaynakça

• Sezai Özçelik, Uluslararası Çatışma Analizi ve Çözümü (Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi, 2020).
• Sezai Özçelik, “II. Soğuk Savaş ve Kırım’daki Jeopolitik Gambit: Rusya’nın Stratejik Derinliği Bağlamında Kırım’ın İşgali ve Kırım Tatarları” in Karadeniz ve Kafkaslar: Riskler ve Firsatlar: Ekonomi, Enerji ve Güvenlik, ed. Osman Orhan (İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları, 2018)
• W. Raymond Duncan, Barbara Jancar-Webster, and Bob Switky, World Politics in 21st Century (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company, 2009)
• Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
• Stephen M. Walt, “Collective Security and Revolutionary Change: Promoting Peace in the former Soviet Empire” in Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ed. George W. Downs (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1994)
• Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations (New York: Alfred A.Kropf, 1967)
• N.J. Kritz, “The Risk of Law in the Post-conflict Phase: Building a Stable Peace”, in Crocker et.al, Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, (Washington D.C.: USIP, 1996)
• David S. Sorenson and Pia Christina Wood. “Introduction” in The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era, ed. David S. Sorenson and Pia Christina Wood (London: Frank Cass, 2005)
• Garenth Evans, Cooperating for Peace (St.Leonards,NSW, Australia: Allen&Unwin, 1993)
• Alex J., Bellamy, Paul d. Williams and Stuart Griffin. Understanding Peacekeeping, 2nd ed., (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2010)
• Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel. “Cascading generations of peacekeeping: Across the Mogadishu line to Kosovo and Timor” in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement, ed. Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel, (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2001)
• Gary. Wilson, The United Nations and Collective Security (New York: Routledge, 2014)
• N.D. White, Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance on International Peace and Security, 2nd ed., (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997)
• Brian Frederking, The United States and the Security Council: Collective Security since the Cold War (New York: Routledge, 2007)
• Paul F. Diehl, Peace Operations (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2008)
• Joachim Koops,A. et al. “Introduction”, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, ed. Joachim A. Koops et al., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)
• Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (London: John Hopkins University Press, 1993)
• Thomas Weber, Gandhi’s Peace Army: The Shanti Sena and Unarmed Peacekeeping (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996)
• Boutros Ghali-Boutros, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking, and Peacekeeping, Report of the Secretary General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, New York: United Nations, para. 34. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r120.htm
• .B. Fetherston, “Habitus in Cooperating for Peace: A Critique of Peacekeeping” in the New Agenda for Global Security: Cooperating for Peace and Beyond, ed. Stephanie Lawson, (St.Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin, 1994)
• Brian Urquhart, “Foreword” in United Nations Peacekeeping and the Non-Use of Force, ed. F.T. Liu, (Lynne Rienner: Boulder, 1992)
• Stephen M.Hill and Shahin P.Malik, Peacekeeping and the United Nations, (Dartmouth: Brookfield, 1996)
• Robert J. Jr. Schneller and John Darrell Sherwood, Anchor of Resolve: A History of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command/Fifth Fleet (Washington D.C: Naval History Center, 2007)
• Sezai Özçelik, “Çatışma Bilimleri ve Çatışma Haritalaması Çerçevesinde Balkanlar”, Yeni Türkiye Özel Sayı-V, sayı 70, (Mart-Haziran 2015): 5966-5983.
• Chester Crocker, The Lessons of Somalia, Foreign Affairs, vol.74, no.3 (May/June 1995)
• Stephen M.Hill and Shahin P.Malik, Peacekeeping and the United Nations (Dartmouth: Brookfield, 1996)
• Michael Harbottle., The Peacekeeper’s Handbook (New York: International Peace Academy, 1978)
• Easwaran, Eknath, Nonviolent Solider of Islam, Badshah Khan: A Man to Match His Mountains (USA: Blue Mountain Center of Mediation, 1999)
• Sezai, Özçelik, “From Terrorism to Nonviolence and the Islamic Peace Paradigm: Jihad, Just War, Peace and Islamic Nonviolence”, Peace and Conflict Studies Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, Article 4, (2005) Available at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol12/iss2/4
• Thomas Weber, “From Maude Royden’s Peace Army to the Gulf Peace Team: An Assessment of Unarmed Interpositionary Peace Forces”, Journal of Peace Research, vol.30, no.1, (1993)
• Thomas Weber, Gandhi’s Peace Army:The Shanti Sena and Unarmed Peacekeeping (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996)
• Ralph Bell, Alternative of Peace (London: James Clark, 1959)
• M.S. Wallace, Security Without Weapons: Rethinking Violence, Nonviolent Action, and Civilian Protection ( New York: Routledge, 2017)
• Thomas Weber, Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
• April Carter, Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics since 1945 (New York: Routledge, 1992)
• N. Radhakrishnan, “Brief Overview of the Shantisnea (Gandhi’s Peace Brigade)” in Global Nonkilling Leadership Forum Book of Proceedings, ed. Glenn D. Paige and Joam Evans Pim, (Hawaii: Center for Global Nonviolence, 2008)
• Timothy A. McElwee, “The Role of UN Police in Nonviolently Countering Terrorism in Nonviolence: An Alternative for Defeating Global Terror(ism), ed. Senthil Ram and Ralph Summy, (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 193)
• Peter Woodrow, “Training for Nonviolent Action” in Protest, Power and Change: An Encylopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women’s Suffrage, ed. Roger S. Powers and William B. Vogele, (New York: Routledge, 1997)