Emerging Cyber Security Threats: India’s Concerns and Options

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 170 - 200, 01.05.2022

Alık Naha

https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.996755

Cited By: 2

Öz

Siber gücün, ekonomik kaynaklar ve siyasi irade gibi geleneksel yönlerle birlikte, ulusal gücün önemli bir bileşeni haline geldiğine inanılmaktadır. Bu yöndeki inanç özellikle son yıllardaki terör saldırılarının niteliğiyle oldukça pekişmiş ve siber güvenliğe verilen önem artmıştır. Bu mantığa göre siber gücü en iyi yönetebilecek ve kontrol edebilecek ülke diğerlerinden daha güçlü olacaktır. Bu kapsamda siber terörizm Hindistan'da yeni bir fenomen olarak ortaya çıkmış ve terör saldırılarına ilişkin soruşturmalar siber terörizmin izlerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca, devlet kurumlarının, işletmelerin, ekonomik operasyonların ve askeri işlerin Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojisine (BİT) güvenmesi, siber teknolojinin stratejik hesaplamalara dahil edilmesini gerektirir. Bu nedenle, bu makale, siber güç kapasitesinin oluşturulmasını, bölgedeki deneyim ve insan kaynaklarından yararlanmanın yanı sıra yerel ve küresel siber işbirliğini güçlendirerek Hindistan dış politikasının bir aracı olarak kullanılabileceği üzerinde duruyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Siber Savaş, Siber terörizm, Hindistan, Ulusal Güvenlik, Pakistan

Emerging Cyber Security Threats: India’s Concerns and Options

Öz

It has been believed that cyber power, along with conventional aspects such as economic resources and political will, is becoming a key component of national power. According to this logic, the country that can best lead and control cyber power would be more powerful than others. Cyber terrorism has arisen as a new phenomenon in India and investigations about terror attacks revealed the cyber terrorism trials. Furthermore, the reliance of government organizations, businesses, economic operations, and military affairs on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) demands the inclusion of cyber technology in strategic calculations. So, this essay recons to building cyber power capacity may be used as a tool of Indian foreign policy, leveraging the experience and human resources in the area, as well as enhancing local and global cyber cooperation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyber Warfare, Cyber Terrorism, India, Pakistan, National Security

Kaynakça

• Ball, Desmond. 2011. "China’s Cyber Warfare Capabilities." Security Challenges 7 (2): 81-103.
• Basu, N. 2020. "Cybersecurity is critical for national security of India & US, says Indian envoy to US Sandhu." The Print, December 14. Accessed September 7, 2021. https://theprint.in/diplomacy/cybersecurity-is-critical-for-national-security-of-india-us-says-indian-envoy-to-us-sandhu/566765/.
• Bennett, John T. 2010. "Chinese Buildup of Cyber, Space Tools Worries U.S." Defense News, January 13.
• Brown, Peter J. 2010. "Lost Asian Satellites Send Powerful Signals." Asia Times Online, October 9.
• Buzan, B. 1991. People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post Cold War Era. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
• Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. 2019. "India, Russia step up cyber security cooperation after attack on Kudankulam." The Economic Times, November 13. Accessed September 8, 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-russia-step-up-cyber-security-cooperation-after-attack-on-kudankulam/articleshow/72033001.cms?from=mdr.
• China Review News. 2010. "The People's Liberation Army's First Force on Strategic Information Support and Protection is Established." July 20.
• Desai, Nitin. 2012. INDIA'S CYBER SECURITY CHALLENGE. New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
• Dhawan, Sandeep. 2021. India-China Cyber Asymmetry: Act Now. Chanakya Forum. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://chanakyaforum.com/india-china-cyber-asymmetry-act-now/.
• DIETY. 2011. Discussion Draft on National Cyber Security Policy. New Delhi: Government of India.
• Dutta, Sanjay. 2021. "10 power assets, Mumbai, Tamil Nadu ports came under RedEcho cyberattack." The Times of India, March 2021. Accessed September 6, 2021. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/10-power-assets-mumbai-tamil-nadu-ports-came-under-redecho-cyberattack/articleshow/81337328.cms.
• ET Bureau. 2014. "Government Mulls Digital India Programme to Connect All Villages." The Economic Times, August 21. Accessed September 2, 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-mulls-digital-india-programme-to-connect-all-villages/articleshow/40524106.cms.
• Gercke. 2009. Understanding Cybercrime: A Guide for Developing Countries. Geneva: ITU Publication.
• Gill, P. 2021. "The Chinese cyber threat is real — and India’s best defence right now is to keep its outage time limited." Business Insider India, April 9. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/the-chinese-cyber-threat-is-real-and-indias-best-defence-right-now-is-to-keep-its-outage-time-limited/articleshow/81981886.cms.
• Halder, Debarati. 2011. "Information Technology Act and Cyber Terrorism: A Critical Review." SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1964261.
• Healey, Jason. 2012. "Cybersecurity Legislation Should Force U.S. Government to Listen Less and Speak More." The Atlantic, March 15.
• Jain, S. 2014. "Cyber Security: A Sine Qua Non." Accessed September 2, 2021. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/cyber-security-a-sine-qua-non/.
• Joseph, J. 2012. "India to Add Muscle to Its Cyber Arsenal." The Times of India, June 11.
• Kaul, Ayushman, and Khalid Shah. 2020. "Indian government’s 2G restrictions in Kashmir fail to curb online extremism." DFRLab. MAy 25. Accessed September 11, 2021. https://medium.com/dfrlab/indian-governments-2g-restrictions-in-kashmir-fail-to-curb-online-extremism-ea7a461f71cd.
• Kaushik, R.K. 2014. "Cyber Security Needs Urgent Attention of Indian Government." Accessed September 2, 2021. http://cybersecurityforindia.blogspot.in/2014/09/cyber-security-needs-urgent-attention.html.
• Kumar, A.V., K. K. Pandey, and D. K. Punia. 2013. Facing the Reality of Cyber-Threats in the Power Sector . Bangalore: Wipro Technologies. MEA, India. 2010. Joint Statement: Celebrating a Decade of the India- Russian Federation Strategic Partnership and Looking Ahead. New Delhi: Ministry Of External Affairs, GOI. Accessed September 8, 2021. https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm? dtl/5118/Joint+Statement+Celebrating+a+Decade+of+the+India+Russian+Federation+Strategic+Partnership+and+Looking+Ahead.
• Miller, Greg, and Souad Mekhennet. 2015. "Inside the surreal world of the Islamic State’s propaganda machine." The Washington Post, November 20. Accessed August 30, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/inside-the-islamic-states-propaganda-machine/2015/11/20/051e997a-8ce6-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html.
• Mint. 2021. "Centre says four load despatch units came under cyberattack." July 22. Accessed September 5, 2021. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-four-regional-load-despatch-centres-faced-cyberattacks-govt-11626856955565.html.
• Mustafa, Ghulam, Zainab Murtaza, and Khadija Murtaza. 2020. "Cyber Warfare between Pakistan and India: Implications for the Region." Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review 59-71. doi:http://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2020(4-I)2.5.
• Naik, Saheli. 2017. "A Biggest Threat to India – Cyber Terrorism and Crime." Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science 27.
• Nanda, Prashant K. 2021. "Cyberattacks  surged  3-fold to 1.16 mn last year in India." Mint, March 23. Accessed September 2, 2021. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/as-tech-adoption-grew-india-faced-11-58-lakh-cyberattacks-in-2020-11616492755651.html. News Desk. 2014. "Pakistani hackers attacked 2,118 Indian websites." Pakistan Todays.
• Office of the Press Secretary, USA. 2011. "United States and India Sign Cybersecurity Agreement." Department of Homeland Security. July 19. Accessed September 7, 2021. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2011/07/19/united-states-and-india-sign-cybersecurity-agreement. Oh, O., M. Agrawal, and H.R. Rao. 2011. "Information control and terrorism: Tracking the Mumbai terrorist attack through twitter." Information Systems Frontiers 13 (1): 33-43.
• Pandit, Rajat. 2005. "Army gearing up for cyber warfare." The Times of India, July 7. Accessed September 2, 2021. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-gearing-up-for-cyber-warfare/articleshow/1163080.cms.
• Parmar, Sushma Devi. 2018. "Cybersecurity in India: An Evolving Concern for National Security." The Journal of Intelligence and Cyber Security 1 (1).
• Pillai, P. 2012. "History of Internet Security."
• Prakash, R. 2014. India-US cyber relations. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation.
• Pujari, Amaresh. 2017. CYBER TERRORISM: World Wide Weaponisation! Tamil Nadu Police Sesquicentennial Anniversary Souvenir.
• Raghavan, P.S. 2019. "The Evolution of India’s National Security Architecture." Journal of Defence Studies (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses) 13 (3): 33-52.
• Raman, Shiv, and Nidhi Sharma. 2019. "Cyber Terrorism in India: A Physical Reality Or virtual Myth." Indian Journal of Law and Human Behavior 5 (2): 133-140. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijlhb.2454.7107.5219.5.
• Rather, M.A., and K. Jose. 2014. "Human Security: Evolution and Conceptualization." European Academic Research 2 (5): 6766–6797.
• Saran, Samir. 2019. "Digital crossroads: Unlocking the potential of India-US cooperation in cyberspace." ORF ISSUE BRIEFS AND SPECIAL REPORTS (Oberserver Research Foundation (ORF)). Accessed September 7, 2021. https://www.orfonline.org/research/digital-crossroads-unlocking-the-potential-of-india-us-cooperation-in-cyberspace-56803/.
• Sharma, M K. 2011. "Cyber Warfare: Implications for India." In India’s National Securty Annual review 2011. Routledge.
• Sharma, M.K. July-Spetember 2013. "INDIA’S CYBER WARFARE STRATEGY IN NEXT DECADE." AIR POWER (Centre for Air Power Studies) 8 (3).
• Sherman, Jason. 2000. "Report: China Developing Force to Tackle Information Warfare." Defense News, November 27.
• Shuran, L., D. Hui, and G. Su. 2013. "Analyses and Discussions of the Blackout in Indian Power Grid." Energy Science and Technology 6 (1): 61-66.
• Singh, H., and J. T. Philip. 2010. "Spy Game: India Readies Cyber Army to Hack into Hostile Nations Computer Systems." The Economic Times, August 6. Accessed September 2, 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/spy-game-india-readies-cyber-army-to-hack-into-hostile-nations-computer-systems/articleshow/6258977.cms?from=mdr.
• Taneja, Kabir. 2020. From 4G to Languages: The Developing Online Jihadist Propaganda Network in India. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation.
• TASS. 2018. "Russia and India confirm readiness to cooperate in cyber security." Russian News Agency, February 17. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://tass.com/world/990504.
• The Economic Times. 2020. "37% increase in cyberattacks in India in Q1 2020: Report." May 25. Accessed September 16, 2021. https://ciso.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/37-increase-in-cyberattacks-in-india-in-q1-2020-report/75962696.
• The Strategist. n.d. Cyber terrorism and the reality of threat. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au.
• UNIDIR. 2013. The Cyber Index: International Security Trends and Realities. New York and Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
• Vijayan, Jaikumar. 2011. Carrier IQ Drops Legal Threat Against Security Researcher. Computerworld.
• Walstrom, M. 2016. India’s Electrical Smart Grid: Institutional and Regulatory Cybersecurity Challenges. Seattle: Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies.
• Weekly Standard. 2007. "Outrage in Berlin Over Chinese Cyber Attacks." August 31.
• Weimann, Gabriel. 2004. Cyberterrorism: How Real Is the Threat? Washington D.C.: UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE. Accessed September 1, 2021. www.usip.org.