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Defining Environmental Security as a National Security Issue

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 73 - 94, 01.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1178361

Öz

In the 1990s, globalization created a wide-ranging plan regarding security and environmental issues at the state level. Hence, the global actors aimed at development goals have caused the rapid depletion of the environment, by recognizing natural resources as a production factor in the development process. The aim of this paper is to explain the nation-state as the main problem solver of environmental problems in terms of the relationship between security and the environment. This article examines the role of the state in environmental security due to the national security problem created by the environmental problems at the global level and the importance of the environment in society's struggle for survival.

Kaynakça

  • Latin-English Dictionary. 11 10, 2020. https://latin.english-dictionary.help/english-to-latin-meaning-environment.
  • Ahmed, Gaffar Karrar. "Chinese Stance on the Darfur Conflict." South African Institute of International Affairs. September 2010. https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA _Occasional _Paper _67.pdf.
  • Aksoy Özcan, Berna. "Ortak Mülkiyet Çerçevesinde İklim Değişikliği Sorununun Çözümünde Kyoto Protokolü’nün Etkisi." Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 20, no. 2 (2020): 169-184.
  • American Rhetoric Top 100 Speeches, “Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Speeches”, https://www .americanrhetoric .com/ speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm, (28.04).2022)
  • Annan, Kofi. "Millennium Report." annual, 2002, 43-44.
  • Arends, J. Frederick M. "Homeros’dan Hobbes ve Ötesine: “Güvenlik” Kavramının Avrupa Geleneğindeki Boyutları." Uluslararası İlişkiler 6, no. 22 (2009): 3-33.
  • Balzacq, Thiery. "The Rise of Precaution and the Global Governance of Risks." Political Studies Review, 2015: 546-559.
  • BBC. War in Sudan's Darfur 'is over'. August 27, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8224424.stm., (27.01)2022)
  • Benjamin, Paul. "Green Wars: Making Environmental Degradation A National Security Issue Puts Peace and Security at Risk." Policy Analysis 369 (April 2000): 1-25.
  • Bentham, Jeremy. Yasamanın İlkeleri. İstanbul: Onikilevha Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Booth, Ken. "Problem Solvers of the World unite!Waltz and the Critical Project." Australian Journal of Political Science, 2014: 558-563.
  • Bowen, K., N. Cradock-Henry, and F. Koch. "Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals: towards addressing three key governance challenges?, collective action, trade-offs and accountability." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 26 (2017): 90-96.
  • Brauch, Hans Günter. "From a Security Towards A Survival Dilemma." In Globalisation and Environmental Challenges, by Hans Günter Brauch, Ursula Oswald Spring, Czeslaw Mesjasz, John Grin and Pal Dunay, 537-552. New York: Springer, 2007.
  • Brauch Hans Günter. "Threats Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks inEnvironmental and Human Security. Bonn, Germany: UNU-EHS, 2005.
  • Brauch Hans Günter. "Güvenliğin Yeniden Kavramsallaştırılması:Barış, Güvenlik, Kalkınma ve Çevre Kavramsal Dörtlüsü." Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 2008: 1-47.
  • Brown, Lester. "Redefining Security." Challenge, July-August 1986.
  • Brundtland, G.H. Our Common Future.Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • Busby, Joshua. "Environmental Security." In The Oxford Handbook of International Security, by Alexandra Gheciu and William C. Wohlworth, 471-487. Oxford, London: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear. London, GBR: Guilford and King's Lynn, 1991.
  • Buzan, Barry. "The Changing Agenda of Military Security." In Globalization andEnvironmental Challenges, by Hans Günter Brauch et al., 553-560. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2008.
  • Buzan, Barry, and Ole Weaver. Regions and Powers- The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, and Jaap De Wilde. Security:A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynn RienerPublishing, 1998.
  • Callicott, J. Baird. "Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics." American Philosophical Quarterly, 1984: 299-308.
  • Dalby, Simon. ""Security and Environment Linkages Revisited"." In Globalization and Environmental Challenges, by Hans Günter Brauch, John Grin, Czeslaw Mesjasz, Pal Dunay and Navnita Chadha Behera, 163-172. Springer, 2008.
  • Dalby, Simon. "Environmental Security and Climate Change." International Studies (Oxford Press), 2020.
  • Dalby, Simon. "Güvenlik ve Çevre Bağlantılarına Yeniden Bakmak." Uluslararası İlişkiler 5, no. 18 (Yaz 2008): 179-195.
  • Dunne, J. Paul, and Nan Tian. "Military Expenditure and Economic Growth." The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 8, no. 1 (2013): 5-11.
  • Elliott, Lorraine. "human security/environmental security." Contemporary Politics (Routledge ) 21, no. 1 (2015): 11-24.
  • Emiroğlu, Sema. "Trump ABD'yi Paris İklim Anlaşması'ndan neden çekti?" BBC Türkçe. Haziran 2, 2017. (15.05. 2021).
  • Eralp, Atilla. Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1997.
  • Falk, Richard A. This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival. NY, USA: Random House, 1972.
  • Giddens, Anthony. Elimizden Kaçıp Giden Dünya. İstanbul : Alfa Yayınları, 2000.
  • Giddens Anthony. The Nation-State and Violence. California: University of California Press, 1992.
  • Giddens Anthony. The Politics of Climate Change. Polity Press, 2011.
  • Goldstone, Jack A. "Population and Security: How Demographic Change Can Lead to a Violent Conflict." Journal of International Affairs (Columbia University) 56, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 3-21.
  • Gore, Al. "Gore says climate change "not a political issue"." Reuters, October 2007.
  • Harris, Paul G. "Environmental Security: Will Bush Follow Clinton's Lead?" Pacifica Review 14, no. 2 (2002): 149-157.
  • Hobbes Thomas. Leviathan (Longman Library of Primary Sources in Philosophy). New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Homer-Dixon, Thomas. Environment Scarcity and Violence . Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Homer-Dixon, Thomas. "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases." International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 5-40.
  • "Initiatives-Al Gore." Clinton White House Archieves. 2001. https://clintonwhitehouse3 .archives.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives_bottom.html (15.05.2021).
  • "Interim National Security Strategic Guidance." White House. March 2021. https://www. whitehouse .gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf (10.04.2021).
  • Kaarbo, Juliette, and Ray James Lee. Global Politics. Boston, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
  • Kagan, Robert. The Return of History and the End of Dreams. Londra, U.K.: Atlantic, 2008.
  • Kaplan, Robert. "The Coming Anarchy." Atlantic Monthly 273, no. 2 (1994): 57-58.
  • Ki-Moon, Ban. Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. 2015. https://www.un.org /millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20Summary%20web_english.pdf.(20.04)2021)
  • Lomborg, Bjorn. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. New York: Cambridge UP, 2001.
  • Matthew, Richard A. "Is Climate Change a National Security Issue?" Issues in Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (Spring 2011): 49-60.
  • Mazo, Jeffrey. "Chapter Three: Darfur: The First Modern Climate-Change Conflict." Adelphi Papers (The Adelphi Papers) 49, no. 409 (2009): 73-86.
  • Meadows, Donella H., Dennis Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe, 1972.
  • MYers, Norman. "Linking Environment and Security." Bulletin on the Atomic Scientist, 1987: 46-48. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington D.C.: White House, 2002.
  • Keohane Robert O. and Joseph Nye Jr., “Power and Interdependence Revisited”, International Organization, 41 (4), (1987): 733.
  • Keohane Robert O. and Joseph Jr. Nye "Güç ve Karşılıklı Bağımlılığı Yeniden Ele Almak." Uluslararası İlişkiler 12, no. 46 (2015): 79-104.
  • Obama Barack. "UN Speech on Climate Change." September 22, 2009.
  • Obama, Barack. "Remarks by the President on Climate Change." The White House President Barack Obama. June 25, 2013. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/25/ remarks-president-climate-change (05.05. 2021).
  • Oran, Filiz Çoban, and Cemre Pekcan. "Uluslararası İlişkiler Düşüncesinde "Dünya Barışı": Immanuel Kant ve Zhao Tingyang Felsefesi Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma." Uluslararası İlişkiler 14, no. 55 (2017): 3-18.
  • Orlove, Ben. "Two Days in the Life of a River:Glacier Floods in Bhutan." Anthropologica 58, no. 2 (2017): 227-242.
  • Owen, Taylor. "Challenges and Opportunities for Defining and Measuring Human Security." Disarmament Forum 3 (2004): 15-24.
  • Piper, Don C. "This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival." American Political Science Review 69, no. 1 (March 1975): 370-372.
  • Posner, Michael H. "Four Freedoms Turn 70." U.S. Department of State. March 24, 2011. https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/rm/2011/159195.htm (01.05.2021).
  • Purvis, Ben, Yong Mao, and Daren Robinson. "Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins." Sustainability Science 14 (2019): 681-695.
  • Radkau, Joachim. Doğa ve İktidar. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2020.
  • Ravallion, Martin. "Good and Bad Growth: The Human Development Reports." World Development (Elsevier) 25, no. 5 (1997): 631-638.
  • Salehyan, Idean. "From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet." Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 3 (2008): 315-326.
  • Schwartz, Peter, and Doug Randall. "‘An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and its Implications for United States National Security." Global Business Network Report, Emeryville,CA, 2003, 1- 22.
  • Smith, Michael E. International Security: Politics, Policy, Prospects. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Smith, W. Douglas. "The Connection Between Environment, Conflict and Security." MAHB. May 1, 2018. https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/environment-conflict-security/ (03.06.2021).
  • Spring, Ursula Oswald. Earth at Risk in the 21st Century. Prod. Springer. Cham: Springer, 2020.
  • "Sudan National Drought Plan." UN Convention for Combat Desertification. November 21, 2018. https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/country_profile_documents/1%2520FINAL_NDP_Sudan.pdf., (17.04).2022)
  • Tobgay, Tshering. This country isn't just carbon neutral-it is carbon negative. 2016. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=7Lc_dlVrg5M&t=355s. (12.11) 2021)
  • Ullman, Richard H. "Redefining Security." International Security (MIT Press) 8, no. 1 (1983): 129-153.
  • UN. Conference on Environment and Development (Agenda 21). Rio: UN, 1992.
  • UND. World Leaders Adopt "United Nations Millennium Declaration at Conclusion of Extraordinary Three Day Summit. September 8, 2000. https://www.un.org/press/en/2000/20000908 .ga9758 .doc.html (22.05.2021).
  • UND. News on Millennium Development Goals. 2015. https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (20.05. 2021).
  • Uvin, Peter. "A Field of Overlapps and Interactions." Security Dialogue 35, no. 3 (2004).
  • Welsh, David A., and Joseph S. Nye. Küresel Çatışmayı ve İşbirliğini Anlamak. 2. baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011.
  • Workman, Annabella, Grant Blashki, Kathryn J. Bowen, David J. Karoly, and Joe Wiseman. "Political leadership on climate change: the role of health in Obama-era U.S. climate policies." Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing) 15 (July 2020).

Defining Environmental Security as a National Security Issue

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 73 - 94, 01.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1178361

Öz

In the 1990s, globalization created a wide-ranging plan regarding security and environmental issues at the state level. Hence, the global actors aimed at development goals have caused the rapid depletion of the environment, by recognizing natural resources as a production factor in the development process. The aim of this paper is to explain the nation-state as the main problem solver of environmental problems in terms of the relationship between security and the environment. This article examines the role of the state in environmental security due to the national security problem created by the environmental problems at the global level and the importance of the environment in society's struggle for survival.

Kaynakça

  • Latin-English Dictionary. 11 10, 2020. https://latin.english-dictionary.help/english-to-latin-meaning-environment.
  • Ahmed, Gaffar Karrar. "Chinese Stance on the Darfur Conflict." South African Institute of International Affairs. September 2010. https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA _Occasional _Paper _67.pdf.
  • Aksoy Özcan, Berna. "Ortak Mülkiyet Çerçevesinde İklim Değişikliği Sorununun Çözümünde Kyoto Protokolü’nün Etkisi." Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 20, no. 2 (2020): 169-184.
  • American Rhetoric Top 100 Speeches, “Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Speeches”, https://www .americanrhetoric .com/ speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm, (28.04).2022)
  • Annan, Kofi. "Millennium Report." annual, 2002, 43-44.
  • Arends, J. Frederick M. "Homeros’dan Hobbes ve Ötesine: “Güvenlik” Kavramının Avrupa Geleneğindeki Boyutları." Uluslararası İlişkiler 6, no. 22 (2009): 3-33.
  • Balzacq, Thiery. "The Rise of Precaution and the Global Governance of Risks." Political Studies Review, 2015: 546-559.
  • BBC. War in Sudan's Darfur 'is over'. August 27, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8224424.stm., (27.01)2022)
  • Benjamin, Paul. "Green Wars: Making Environmental Degradation A National Security Issue Puts Peace and Security at Risk." Policy Analysis 369 (April 2000): 1-25.
  • Bentham, Jeremy. Yasamanın İlkeleri. İstanbul: Onikilevha Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Booth, Ken. "Problem Solvers of the World unite!Waltz and the Critical Project." Australian Journal of Political Science, 2014: 558-563.
  • Bowen, K., N. Cradock-Henry, and F. Koch. "Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals: towards addressing three key governance challenges?, collective action, trade-offs and accountability." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 26 (2017): 90-96.
  • Brauch, Hans Günter. "From a Security Towards A Survival Dilemma." In Globalisation and Environmental Challenges, by Hans Günter Brauch, Ursula Oswald Spring, Czeslaw Mesjasz, John Grin and Pal Dunay, 537-552. New York: Springer, 2007.
  • Brauch Hans Günter. "Threats Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks inEnvironmental and Human Security. Bonn, Germany: UNU-EHS, 2005.
  • Brauch Hans Günter. "Güvenliğin Yeniden Kavramsallaştırılması:Barış, Güvenlik, Kalkınma ve Çevre Kavramsal Dörtlüsü." Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 2008: 1-47.
  • Brown, Lester. "Redefining Security." Challenge, July-August 1986.
  • Brundtland, G.H. Our Common Future.Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • Busby, Joshua. "Environmental Security." In The Oxford Handbook of International Security, by Alexandra Gheciu and William C. Wohlworth, 471-487. Oxford, London: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear. London, GBR: Guilford and King's Lynn, 1991.
  • Buzan, Barry. "The Changing Agenda of Military Security." In Globalization andEnvironmental Challenges, by Hans Günter Brauch et al., 553-560. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2008.
  • Buzan, Barry, and Ole Weaver. Regions and Powers- The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, and Jaap De Wilde. Security:A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynn RienerPublishing, 1998.
  • Callicott, J. Baird. "Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics." American Philosophical Quarterly, 1984: 299-308.
  • Dalby, Simon. ""Security and Environment Linkages Revisited"." In Globalization and Environmental Challenges, by Hans Günter Brauch, John Grin, Czeslaw Mesjasz, Pal Dunay and Navnita Chadha Behera, 163-172. Springer, 2008.
  • Dalby, Simon. "Environmental Security and Climate Change." International Studies (Oxford Press), 2020.
  • Dalby, Simon. "Güvenlik ve Çevre Bağlantılarına Yeniden Bakmak." Uluslararası İlişkiler 5, no. 18 (Yaz 2008): 179-195.
  • Dunne, J. Paul, and Nan Tian. "Military Expenditure and Economic Growth." The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 8, no. 1 (2013): 5-11.
  • Elliott, Lorraine. "human security/environmental security." Contemporary Politics (Routledge ) 21, no. 1 (2015): 11-24.
  • Emiroğlu, Sema. "Trump ABD'yi Paris İklim Anlaşması'ndan neden çekti?" BBC Türkçe. Haziran 2, 2017. (15.05. 2021).
  • Eralp, Atilla. Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1997.
  • Falk, Richard A. This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival. NY, USA: Random House, 1972.
  • Giddens, Anthony. Elimizden Kaçıp Giden Dünya. İstanbul : Alfa Yayınları, 2000.
  • Giddens Anthony. The Nation-State and Violence. California: University of California Press, 1992.
  • Giddens Anthony. The Politics of Climate Change. Polity Press, 2011.
  • Goldstone, Jack A. "Population and Security: How Demographic Change Can Lead to a Violent Conflict." Journal of International Affairs (Columbia University) 56, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 3-21.
  • Gore, Al. "Gore says climate change "not a political issue"." Reuters, October 2007.
  • Harris, Paul G. "Environmental Security: Will Bush Follow Clinton's Lead?" Pacifica Review 14, no. 2 (2002): 149-157.
  • Hobbes Thomas. Leviathan (Longman Library of Primary Sources in Philosophy). New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Homer-Dixon, Thomas. Environment Scarcity and Violence . Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Homer-Dixon, Thomas. "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases." International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 5-40.
  • "Initiatives-Al Gore." Clinton White House Archieves. 2001. https://clintonwhitehouse3 .archives.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives_bottom.html (15.05.2021).
  • "Interim National Security Strategic Guidance." White House. March 2021. https://www. whitehouse .gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf (10.04.2021).
  • Kaarbo, Juliette, and Ray James Lee. Global Politics. Boston, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
  • Kagan, Robert. The Return of History and the End of Dreams. Londra, U.K.: Atlantic, 2008.
  • Kaplan, Robert. "The Coming Anarchy." Atlantic Monthly 273, no. 2 (1994): 57-58.
  • Ki-Moon, Ban. Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. 2015. https://www.un.org /millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20Summary%20web_english.pdf.(20.04)2021)
  • Lomborg, Bjorn. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. New York: Cambridge UP, 2001.
  • Matthew, Richard A. "Is Climate Change a National Security Issue?" Issues in Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (Spring 2011): 49-60.
  • Mazo, Jeffrey. "Chapter Three: Darfur: The First Modern Climate-Change Conflict." Adelphi Papers (The Adelphi Papers) 49, no. 409 (2009): 73-86.
  • Meadows, Donella H., Dennis Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe, 1972.
  • MYers, Norman. "Linking Environment and Security." Bulletin on the Atomic Scientist, 1987: 46-48. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington D.C.: White House, 2002.
  • Keohane Robert O. and Joseph Nye Jr., “Power and Interdependence Revisited”, International Organization, 41 (4), (1987): 733.
  • Keohane Robert O. and Joseph Jr. Nye "Güç ve Karşılıklı Bağımlılığı Yeniden Ele Almak." Uluslararası İlişkiler 12, no. 46 (2015): 79-104.
  • Obama Barack. "UN Speech on Climate Change." September 22, 2009.
  • Obama, Barack. "Remarks by the President on Climate Change." The White House President Barack Obama. June 25, 2013. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/25/ remarks-president-climate-change (05.05. 2021).
  • Oran, Filiz Çoban, and Cemre Pekcan. "Uluslararası İlişkiler Düşüncesinde "Dünya Barışı": Immanuel Kant ve Zhao Tingyang Felsefesi Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma." Uluslararası İlişkiler 14, no. 55 (2017): 3-18.
  • Orlove, Ben. "Two Days in the Life of a River:Glacier Floods in Bhutan." Anthropologica 58, no. 2 (2017): 227-242.
  • Owen, Taylor. "Challenges and Opportunities for Defining and Measuring Human Security." Disarmament Forum 3 (2004): 15-24.
  • Piper, Don C. "This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival." American Political Science Review 69, no. 1 (March 1975): 370-372.
  • Posner, Michael H. "Four Freedoms Turn 70." U.S. Department of State. March 24, 2011. https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/rm/2011/159195.htm (01.05.2021).
  • Purvis, Ben, Yong Mao, and Daren Robinson. "Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins." Sustainability Science 14 (2019): 681-695.
  • Radkau, Joachim. Doğa ve İktidar. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2020.
  • Ravallion, Martin. "Good and Bad Growth: The Human Development Reports." World Development (Elsevier) 25, no. 5 (1997): 631-638.
  • Salehyan, Idean. "From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet." Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 3 (2008): 315-326.
  • Schwartz, Peter, and Doug Randall. "‘An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and its Implications for United States National Security." Global Business Network Report, Emeryville,CA, 2003, 1- 22.
  • Smith, Michael E. International Security: Politics, Policy, Prospects. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Smith, W. Douglas. "The Connection Between Environment, Conflict and Security." MAHB. May 1, 2018. https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/environment-conflict-security/ (03.06.2021).
  • Spring, Ursula Oswald. Earth at Risk in the 21st Century. Prod. Springer. Cham: Springer, 2020.
  • "Sudan National Drought Plan." UN Convention for Combat Desertification. November 21, 2018. https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/country_profile_documents/1%2520FINAL_NDP_Sudan.pdf., (17.04).2022)
  • Tobgay, Tshering. This country isn't just carbon neutral-it is carbon negative. 2016. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=7Lc_dlVrg5M&t=355s. (12.11) 2021)
  • Ullman, Richard H. "Redefining Security." International Security (MIT Press) 8, no. 1 (1983): 129-153.
  • UN. Conference on Environment and Development (Agenda 21). Rio: UN, 1992.
  • UND. World Leaders Adopt "United Nations Millennium Declaration at Conclusion of Extraordinary Three Day Summit. September 8, 2000. https://www.un.org/press/en/2000/20000908 .ga9758 .doc.html (22.05.2021).
  • UND. News on Millennium Development Goals. 2015. https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (20.05. 2021).
  • Uvin, Peter. "A Field of Overlapps and Interactions." Security Dialogue 35, no. 3 (2004).
  • Welsh, David A., and Joseph S. Nye. Küresel Çatışmayı ve İşbirliğini Anlamak. 2. baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011.
  • Workman, Annabella, Grant Blashki, Kathryn J. Bowen, David J. Karoly, and Joe Wiseman. "Political leadership on climate change: the role of health in Obama-era U.S. climate policies." Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing) 15 (July 2020).
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Berna Aksoy Özcan 0000-0002-2448-6282

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Nisan 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Aksoy Özcan, Berna. “Defining Environmental Security As a National Security Issue”. International Journal of Politics and Security 5, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2023): 73-94. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1178361.

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