Utilization Sports Psychology to Prevent Sports Injury: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 263 - 272, 22.12.2025
Ömer Zambak
,
Sermet Toktas
Öz
Sports injuries are a global issue that threatens athletes' physical and mental health, performance, and career longevity. While traditional prevention strategies have largely focused on biomechanical and physiological factors, the role of psychological factors in the etiology of injuries has gained increasing recognition in recent years. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions, such as stress management, mental training, and mindfulness, in preventing sports injuries through a synthesis of high-quality scientific studies published between 2000 and 2018. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, a minimum follow-up period of 6 months, and a primary outcome measure of injury incidence. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and AMSTAR-2, with studies at high risk of bias being excluded. The analyzed studies demonstrate that structured psychological interventions are statistically significantly effective in preventing sports injuries. These interventions were found to reduce overall injury incidence by 28% to 42% (Combined OR=0.62). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-based programs reduced anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in elite football players by 38%. Mindfulness-based interventions, particularly in endurance sports, reduced overuse injuries by 31% and decreased the number of injuries per 1,000 training hours from 5.2 to 3.6. These practices significantly increased neuromuscular control (average effect size d=0.47). It was confirmed that the interventions resulted in physiological improvements such as an average 28% reduction in cortisol levels and a +14 ms increase in heart rate variability (RMSSD). Additionally, cognitive gains such as a 0.21-second improvement in danger perception time and an increase in decision-making quality (d=0.39) were also identified. The findings indicate that the integration of psychological interventions into standard injury prevention protocols is an inevitable necessity. These approaches, which target the physiological and cognitive mechanisms of stress, play a central role in protecting athlete health. In this context, it is recommended to adopt a multidisciplinary approach based on collaboration among coaches, sports physicians, and psychologists, and to implement frameworks such as the "Integrated Biopsychosocial Prevention Model.".
Etik Beyan
**Ethics Statement for the Study**
This study, by its nature, is a **review article** (or **compilation/literature review**) and was carried out starting in **2014**.
**Nature of the Review Study:** Review articles, which are generally based on the synthesis and analysis of existing literature, are typically **exempt from the requirement to obtain Ethics Committee approval** under current legislation and scientific ethical practices, provided they **do not require direct data collection from human or animal subjects** (through methods such as surveys, experiments, interviews, etc.) or the **use of personal data**.
**Timeline and Approval Process:** The general scientific practice and acceptance in **2016**, the year the study was presented, was that an ethics statement was **not required** for review-type studies. This fact does not constitute a deficiency in the scientific processes of the study.
**Completion of the Scientific Validity Process:** The study completed its scientific validity procedures, having been reviewed, approved, and accepted for **Poster Presentation** by the competent **Scientific Board** in the field of Sports Sciences in **2016**. This approval process confirms the study's compliance with the scientific criteria and validity within its field.
In light of the aforementioned points, given that the study is a **review**, that it complies with the **scientific practices of 2016**, and that it received **approval from the competent scientific board** allowing its presentation, there is **no legal or scientific necessity** for an additional Ethics Committee Statement. The scientific validity of the study has been legally and scientifically established through the aforementioned approval process.
Proje Numarası
2016 kongre sunu
Teşekkür
Aşağıdaki çeviriyi kullanabilirsiniz:
**İngilizce Teşekkür Metni (Acknowledgements):**
"Our review study, which was initiated in **2014** and culminated in a conference presentation in **2016**, focused on the examination of literature regarding injury prevention in the field of sports. The writing and finalization process of this compilation has been completed.
We are indebted to express our deepest gratitude to those who provided unwavering support throughout this process: my beloved late mother, **Şadiye ERİŞ**, my advisor, **Prof. Dr. Yağmur Akkoyunlu**, and all the esteemed faculty members who contributed to this work."
Kaynakça
-
Akyüz, O., & Duran, M. (2025). Examining the gender perception and self-efficacy levels of female volleyball players. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 9(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1619673
-
Allen, R. J., & Hyde, D. (1981). Investigations in stress control. Burgess.
-
Alper, R., & Başaran, Z. (2023). To examine the work commitment and psychological flexibility levels of university stuff who participate in yoga activities as a recreational experience. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 7(1), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1281670
-
Andersen, M. B., & Williams, J. M. (1988). A model of stress and athletic injury: Prediction and prevention. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(3), 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.3.294
-
Arundale, A. J., Cummer, K., Capin, J. J., Zarzycki, R., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2017). Report of the clinical and functional primary outcomes in men of the ACL-SPORTS trial: Similar outcomes in men receiving secondary prevention with and without perturbation training 1 and 2 years after ACL reconstruction. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 475, 2523-2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5348-y
-
Ayhan, C., Gümüş, H., Marcen, C., & Çağlayan, B. (2023). Leisure activity type and sustainable health status in late adolescents. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 6(2), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.1372057
-
Brewer, B. W. (Ed.). (2009). Handbook of sports medicine and science: Sport psychology. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303650
-
Brewer, B. W., & Redmond, C. (2016). Psychology of sport injury. Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595786
-
Cooper, B. T. (2017). The mindfulness meditation training for sport and injury rehabilitation with high school athletes: A pilot study [Master's thesis, The Florida State University]. FSU Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.31274/etd-180810-5351
-
Coronado, R. A., Sterling, E. K., Fenster, D. E., Bird, M. L., Heritage, A. J., Woosley, V. L., Devin, C. J., & Archer, K. R. (2020). Cognitive-behavioral-based physical therapy to enhance return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An open pilot study. Physical Therapy in Sport, 42, 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.12.004
-
Cupal, D. D., & Brewer, B. W. (2001). Effects of relaxation and guided imagery on knee strength, reinjury anxiety, and pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(1), 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.46.1.28
-
Ekizoğlu, Ö., & Sever, M. O. (2023). The emotions of athletes who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament surgery during their return to sport, their self-confidence in performance, and their risk assessments. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 12(1), 227–232.https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1130617
-
Gökalp, H. A. (2025). Investigation of kinesiophobia, psychological performance and achievement motivation levels of athletes. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 9(1), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1636702
-
Gumus, H., Koc, M. C., & Talaghir, L. G. (2024). Global research trends in physical activity barriers: A study on men. Healthcare, 12(20), Article 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12202098
-
Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., Andersen, M. B., Tranaeus, U., Stenling, A., & Lindwall, M. (2017). Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: Meta-analyses for prediction and prevention. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0578-x
-
Janda, D. H. (2004). Do no harm: Better yet, prevent it. AMA Journal of Ethics, 6(7), 322-326. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2004.6.7.msoc1-0407
-
Jones, B. J., Kaur, S., Miller, M., & Spencer, R. M. (2020). Mindfulness-based stress reduction benefits psychological well-being, sleep quality, and athletic performance in female collegiate rowers. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 572980. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572980
-
Joreitz, R., Lynch, A., Popchak, A., & Irrgang, J. (2020). Criterion-based rehabilitation program with return to sport testing following ACL reconstruction: A case series. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(6), 1151-1162. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20201151
-
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
-
Kara, M., Ogras, E. B., Talaghir, L. G., Iconomescu, T. M., & Gumus, H. (2025). Mental fatigue and return to well-being in athletes: Roles of cognitive reappraisal, gender, and alcohol consumption. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1569973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1569973
-
Koc, M. (2023). Determining the correlations between faculty of sport sciences students' unemployment anxiety and their levels of hopelessness. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 4(3), 230-249. https://doi.org/10.29228/roljournal.69873
-
Mercanoğlu, A. O., & Kaçoğlu, C. (2024). Psychometric properties evaluation of the Turkish version of the Brief-Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (B-CaffeQ): An adaptation study in recreationally active individuals. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 8(1), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1540395
-
Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.514
-
Noh, Y. E., Morris, T., & Andersen, M. B. (2007). Psychological intervention programs for reduction of injury in ballet dancers. Research in Sports Medicine, 15(1), 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620600987064
-
Rose, S., Bisson, J., & Wessely, S. (2003). A systematic review of single-session psychological interventions ('debriefing') following trauma. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 72(4), 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070781
-
Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life (Rev. ed.). McGraw-Hill.
-
Seyrek, M., Tezcan, N., Ekici, F., & Özyıldırım, M. (2023). Examining the relationship between body image and psychological resilience in individuals who do fitness as recreational activity. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 7(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1393236
-
Smith, D., Wright, C. J., & Cantwell, C. (2008). Beating the bunker: The effect of PETTLEP imagery on golf bunker shot performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2008.10599502
-
Smith, D., Wright, C., Allsopp, A., & Westhead, H. (2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600944132
-
Somoğlu, M. B., Tezcan, E., Albayrak, A. Y., & Türkmen, M. U. (2023). The effect of role uncertainty of students in university team sports on team combination. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 6(Special Issue 1), 240-252. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1348515
-
Sun, J. N., Wang, R. S., Zheng, Q. Y., Ma, Y. R., & Chen, P. (2025). Cognitive-behavioural physical therapy improves psychological readiness for return to sport, knee function, and resilience in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized controlled trial. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 33(1), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.12553
-
Van Raalte, J. L., & Andersen, M. B. (2007). When sport psychology consulting becomes a means to an end(ing): Roles and agendas when helping athletes leave their sports. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.2.227
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Wright, C. J., & Smith, D. K. (2007). The effect of a short-term PETTLEP imagery intervention on a cognitive task. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 2(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1014
Spor Yaralanmalarını Önlemek için Spor Psikolojisinin Kullanımı: kapsamlı bir sistematik inceleme
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 263 - 272, 22.12.2025
Ömer Zambak
,
Sermet Toktas
Öz
Spor yaralanmaları, sporcuların fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlığını, performansını ve kariyer sürekliliğini tehdit eden küresel bir sorundur. Geleneksel önleme stratejileri genellikle biomekanik ve fiziolojik faktörlere odaklansa da, yaralanmaların etyolojisi (oluşum nedenleri) açısından psikolojik faktörlerin rolü son yıllarda giderek daha fazla tanınmaya başlamıştır. Bu sistematik incelemin amacı, 2000 ile 2018 yılları arasında yayınlanan yüksek kaliteli bilimsel çalışmaların sentezi yardımıyla, stres yönetimi, zihinsel eğitim ve farkındalık gibi psikolojik müdahalelerin spor yaralanmalarını önlemekte etkinliğini değerlendirmektir. Bu sistematik inceleme, Sistematik İncelemeler ve Meta-Analizler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri (PRISMA) kılavuzlarına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. kapsamlı bir literatür araması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dahil edilen çalışmaların kriterleri, rasgele kontrol edilmiş denemeler (RCT'ler) ve meta-analizler, en az 6 aylık bir takip süresi ve birincil sonuç ölçümünün yaralanma oranının olmasıdır. Çalışmaların metodolojik kalitesi, Cochrane Yolsuzluk Riski Araçları ve AMSTAR-2 kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş ve yolsuzluk riski yüksek olan çalışmalar dışlanmıştır. Analiz edilen çalışmalar, yapılandırılmış psikolojik müdahalelerin spor yaralanmalarını önlemekte istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede etkin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu müdahalelerin toplam yaralanma oranını %28 ile %42 arasında düşürdüğü (Birleşik OR=0.62) tespit edilmiştir. Bilişsel-davranışsal terapi (CBT) temelli programlar, elit futbolcuların ön çapraz bağ (ACL) yaralanmalarını %38 oranında azaltmıştır. Farkındalık temelli müdahaleler özellikle dayanıklılık sporlarında, aşırı kullanım yaralanmalarını %31 oranında düşürerek her 1000 antrenman saati başına yaralanma sayısını 5,2'den 3,6'ya düşürmüştür. Bu uygulamaların nöromusküler kontrolü önemli ölçüde artırdığı (ortalama etki büyüklüğü d=0,47) da doğrulanmıştır. müdahalelerin kortizol seviyelerinde ortalama %28 azalma ve kalp atım değişkenliği (RMSSD) +14 ms artış gibi fiziolojik iyileşmelere yol açtığı da doğrulanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, tehlike algılamada 0,21 saniye iyileşme ve karar verme kalitesinde (d=0,39) artış gibi bilişsel kazanımlar da tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, psikolojik müdahalelerin standart yaralanma önleme protokollerine entegrasyonunun kaçınılmaz bir gerekliliği olduğunu göstermektedir. Stresin fiziolojik ve bilişsel mekanizmalarını hedefleyen bu yaklaşımlar, sporcu sağlığını koruma konusunda merkezi bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, antrenörler, spor doktorları ve psikologlar arasındaki işbirliği temelinde çok disiplinli bir yaklaşım benimsenmesi ve "Entegrasyonlu Biyopsikososyal Önleme Modeli" gibi çerçevelerin uygulanması önerilmektedir.
Etik Beyan
Çalışmanın Etik Beyanı
İşbu çalışma, niteliği gereği bir derleme çalışması olup, 2014 senesinde den başlayarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Derleme Çalışması Niteliği: Derleme çalışmaları, genellikle mevcut literatürün sentezlenmesi ve analiz edilmesi esasına dayandığından, insan veya hayvanlar üzerinde doğrudan veri toplama (anket, deney, mülakat vb. yöntemlerle) veya kişisel veri kullanma gerektirmediği durumlarda, yürürlükteki mevzuat ve bilimsel etik uygulamalar çerçevesinde etik kurul izni alma zorunluluğundan muaf tutulmaktadır.
Zaman ve Onay Süreci: Çalışmanın yürütüldüğü 2016 senesinde, derleme türü çalışmalar için etik kurul beyanı istenmemesi yönündeki genel bilimsel uygulama ve kabul, çalışmanın bilimsel süreçleri açısından bir eksiklik teşkil etmemektedir.
Bilimsel Geçerlilik Sürecinin Tamamlanması: Çalışma, bilimsel geçerlilik süreçlerini tamamlamış olup, 2016 senesinde Spor Bilimleri alanında yetkili Bilimsel Kurul tarafından incelenmiş, onaylanmış ve Poster Sunumu hakkı kazanmıştır. Bu onay, çalışmanın alanının bilimsel kriterlerine uygunluğunu ve geçerliliğini tasdik eden bir süreçtir.
Yukarıda belirtilen hususlar ışığında, çalışmanın bir derleme olması, yürütüldüğü 2016 yılındaki bilimsel pratiklere uygun olması ve yetkili bilimsel kurul onayı alarak sunum hakkı kazanması sebebiyle, ek bir Etik Kurul Beyanı alınmasına yönelik hukuki veya bilimsel bir gereklilik bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmanın bilimsel geçerliliği, yukarıda anılan onay süreci ile hukuken ve bilimsel olarak tesis edilmiştir.
Proje Numarası
2016 kongre sunu
Teşekkür
2014 de başladığımız ve 2016 senesi kongre sunumunu da yaptğımız spor alanında sakatlanmaları önleme üzerine alanyazında yapılmıış çalışmaların incelenmesiyle oluşturulan derleme çalışmamızın yazım ve bütünleme süreci evvelce bitmiştir. Bu süreç içerisinde desteğini hiç esirgemeyen sevgili Rahmetli ANNEM Şadiye ERİŞ, danışmanın Prof.Dr. Yağmur Akkoyunlu hocam ve emeği geçen tüm hocalarıma teşekkürü borç biliriz.
Kaynakça
-
Akyüz, O., & Duran, M. (2025). Examining the gender perception and self-efficacy levels of female volleyball players. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 9(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1619673
-
Allen, R. J., & Hyde, D. (1981). Investigations in stress control. Burgess.
-
Alper, R., & Başaran, Z. (2023). To examine the work commitment and psychological flexibility levels of university stuff who participate in yoga activities as a recreational experience. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 7(1), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1281670
-
Andersen, M. B., & Williams, J. M. (1988). A model of stress and athletic injury: Prediction and prevention. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(3), 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.3.294
-
Arundale, A. J., Cummer, K., Capin, J. J., Zarzycki, R., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2017). Report of the clinical and functional primary outcomes in men of the ACL-SPORTS trial: Similar outcomes in men receiving secondary prevention with and without perturbation training 1 and 2 years after ACL reconstruction. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 475, 2523-2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5348-y
-
Ayhan, C., Gümüş, H., Marcen, C., & Çağlayan, B. (2023). Leisure activity type and sustainable health status in late adolescents. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 6(2), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.1372057
-
Brewer, B. W. (Ed.). (2009). Handbook of sports medicine and science: Sport psychology. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303650
-
Brewer, B. W., & Redmond, C. (2016). Psychology of sport injury. Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595786
-
Cooper, B. T. (2017). The mindfulness meditation training for sport and injury rehabilitation with high school athletes: A pilot study [Master's thesis, The Florida State University]. FSU Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.31274/etd-180810-5351
-
Coronado, R. A., Sterling, E. K., Fenster, D. E., Bird, M. L., Heritage, A. J., Woosley, V. L., Devin, C. J., & Archer, K. R. (2020). Cognitive-behavioral-based physical therapy to enhance return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An open pilot study. Physical Therapy in Sport, 42, 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.12.004
-
Cupal, D. D., & Brewer, B. W. (2001). Effects of relaxation and guided imagery on knee strength, reinjury anxiety, and pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(1), 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.46.1.28
-
Ekizoğlu, Ö., & Sever, M. O. (2023). The emotions of athletes who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament surgery during their return to sport, their self-confidence in performance, and their risk assessments. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 12(1), 227–232.https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1130617
-
Gökalp, H. A. (2025). Investigation of kinesiophobia, psychological performance and achievement motivation levels of athletes. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 9(1), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1636702
-
Gumus, H., Koc, M. C., & Talaghir, L. G. (2024). Global research trends in physical activity barriers: A study on men. Healthcare, 12(20), Article 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12202098
-
Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., Andersen, M. B., Tranaeus, U., Stenling, A., & Lindwall, M. (2017). Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: Meta-analyses for prediction and prevention. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0578-x
-
Janda, D. H. (2004). Do no harm: Better yet, prevent it. AMA Journal of Ethics, 6(7), 322-326. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2004.6.7.msoc1-0407
-
Jones, B. J., Kaur, S., Miller, M., & Spencer, R. M. (2020). Mindfulness-based stress reduction benefits psychological well-being, sleep quality, and athletic performance in female collegiate rowers. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 572980. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572980
-
Joreitz, R., Lynch, A., Popchak, A., & Irrgang, J. (2020). Criterion-based rehabilitation program with return to sport testing following ACL reconstruction: A case series. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(6), 1151-1162. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20201151
-
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
-
Kara, M., Ogras, E. B., Talaghir, L. G., Iconomescu, T. M., & Gumus, H. (2025). Mental fatigue and return to well-being in athletes: Roles of cognitive reappraisal, gender, and alcohol consumption. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1569973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1569973
-
Koc, M. (2023). Determining the correlations between faculty of sport sciences students' unemployment anxiety and their levels of hopelessness. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 4(3), 230-249. https://doi.org/10.29228/roljournal.69873
-
Mercanoğlu, A. O., & Kaçoğlu, C. (2024). Psychometric properties evaluation of the Turkish version of the Brief-Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (B-CaffeQ): An adaptation study in recreationally active individuals. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 8(1), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1540395
-
Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.514
-
Noh, Y. E., Morris, T., & Andersen, M. B. (2007). Psychological intervention programs for reduction of injury in ballet dancers. Research in Sports Medicine, 15(1), 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620600987064
-
Rose, S., Bisson, J., & Wessely, S. (2003). A systematic review of single-session psychological interventions ('debriefing') following trauma. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 72(4), 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070781
-
Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life (Rev. ed.). McGraw-Hill.
-
Seyrek, M., Tezcan, N., Ekici, F., & Özyıldırım, M. (2023). Examining the relationship between body image and psychological resilience in individuals who do fitness as recreational activity. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 7(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1393236
-
Smith, D., Wright, C. J., & Cantwell, C. (2008). Beating the bunker: The effect of PETTLEP imagery on golf bunker shot performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2008.10599502
-
Smith, D., Wright, C., Allsopp, A., & Westhead, H. (2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600944132
-
Somoğlu, M. B., Tezcan, E., Albayrak, A. Y., & Türkmen, M. U. (2023). The effect of role uncertainty of students in university team sports on team combination. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 6(Special Issue 1), 240-252. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1348515
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