The Degradation of Athenian Women in the Phallicratic Polis

Öz

The rise of hoplite-democracy and the virtual imprisonment of respectable women in the oikos (household) and the more extreme exploitation of all other women for male convenience and pleasure was no paradox of the Athenian conception of freedom. The increase in the power and wealth of Athens implied (in the male-dominated politics of the day) that respectable women, i.e., those who might bear legitimate heirs, had to be kept under close supervision, lest this all-important function be compromised, thereby jeopardizing the all the gains Athens had procured since the victory at Marathon. Self-consciously Athenians related hoplite democracy to their remarkable and sudden success. Equally, they appreciated their vulnerability, individually and politically, to domestic uncertainty. Their remedy was not merely to sequester their wives and daughters, but to degrade women generally. This process was more than an expression of male arbitrari­ness or an adolescent desire to have women serve male needs, cheerfully, instantly, obediently and without complication. It was seen as essential to the survival of Athens as a political entity. The Phallicratic Polis has twin foundations: (1) the need to deliver effective martial valor at the behest of the polis; (2) the need to secure domestic order, so that the oikos, the most important under-lying social unit of the polis, could protect family succes­sion and property, and ultimately the polis itself.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Women in Athenian, antique household economy, social representation of women

Kaynakça

1. Adkins, A.W.H. (1960) Merit and Responsibility, Oxford
2. Arthur, Marilyn, B. (1984) "Origins of the Western Attitude Toward Women", in Women in the Ancient World: the Arethusa Papers, Peradotto and Sullivan, editors, SUNY, Albany
3. Beye, Charles Rowan (1975) Ancient Greek Literature and Society, Anchor, Garden City
4. Blaiklock, E.M. (1952) The Male Characters of Euripides: A Study in Realism, New Zealand, Wellington
5. Calhoun, G. (1927) The Growth of Criminal Law in Ancient Greece, Berkeley,
6. Davies, J.K.(1978) Democracy and Classical Greece, Fontana/Collins, Glasgow
7. Dodds, E.R. (1973) The Ancient Concept of Progress, Oxford
8. Dover, K.J.(1989) Greek Homosexuality, Harvard, Cambridge

9. Easterling, P.E. (1977) "The Infanticide in Euripides' Medea", Yale Classical Studies, edited by Herrington and Gould, Cambridge
10. Ehrenberg, Victor (1964) The Greek State, Norton, N.Y.,
11. Ehrenberg, Victor (1954) Sophocles and Pericles, Basil Blackwell, Oxford
12. Ehrenberg, Victor (1968) From Solon to Socrates, 2d, Methuen, London
13. Euben, J. Peter (1990) The Tragedy of Political Theory: The Road Not Taken, Princeton, Princeton, New Jersey
14. Finley, M.I. (1985) Democracy Ancient and Modern, Rutgers
15. Finley, M.I.(1982) Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, Viking, N.Y.
16. Finley, M.I.(1979) The World of Odysseus, Penguin, N.Y.,
17. Finley, M.I. (1970) Early Greece: the Bronze and Archaic Ages, London
18. Foley, Helen (1985)Ritual Irony: Poetry and Sacrifice in Euripides, Cornell, Ithaca
19. Freeman, Kathleen (1926) The Work and Life of Solon, Wales
20. Glotz, Gustave (1967) Ancient Greece at Work: An Economic History of Greece from the Homeric Period to the Roman Conquest, Norton, N.Y.,
21. Greenhalgh, P.A.L. (1973) Early Greek Warfare: Horsemen and Chariots in the Homeric and Archaic Ages, Cambridge
22. Grene, D. and Lattimore, R. (1955) Euripides: The Medea, translated by Rex Warner, University of Chicago, Chicago
23. Grote, George (1851) History of Greece, volumes I-VII, John Jewett, Boston
24. Grube, G.M.A.(1961) The Drama of Euripides, Methuen, London,
25. Harrison, Jane(1921) Epilogomena to Hope, University Books, 1962, first edition, Cambridge
26. Havelock, Eric(1978) The Greek Concept of Justice, Harvard, Cambridge
27. Havelock, Eric(1957) The Liberal Temper of Greek Politics, Yale, New Haven,
28. Hegel, F.W.(1962) Hegel on Tragedy, edited by Anne and Henry Paolucci, Anchor, Garden City
29. Jarde, A.(1970) The Formation of the Greek People, Cooper Square, N.Y.,
30. Jones, John (1962) On Aristotle and Greek Tragedy, Oxford
31. Kagan, Donald (1991) Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy, Free Press, N.Y.
32. Kerenyi, C.(1962) Religion of the Greeks and Romans, Dutton, N.Y.,
33. Keuls, Eva (1985) The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens, Harper Row, N.Y.,
34. Knox, B.M.W.(1977) "The Medea of Euripides", Yale Classical Studies, edited by Herrington and Gould, Cambridge
35. Lacey, W.K.(1968) The Family in Classical Greece, Cornell, Ithaca, N.Y.,
36. Lefkowitz, Mary (1986) Women in Greek Myth, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore
37. Licht, Hans (Paul Brandt) (1963) Sexual Life in Ancient Greece: Barnes and Noble
38. Linforth, Ivan (1919)Solon the Athenian, California
39. Loraux, Nicole(1987) Tragic Ways of Killing a Woman, Harvard, Cambridge
40. Lucas, D.W. (1959) The Greek Tragic Poets, 2d edition, Cohen & West, London
41. Manville, Philip Brook (1990) The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens, Princeton
42. Mcdermott, Emily(1989) Euripides' Medea: The Incarnation of Disorder, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
43. Meagher, Robert (1989) Mortal Vision: The Wisdom of Euripides, St. Martin's Press, N.Y.
44. Meier, Christian(1990) The Greek Concept of the Political, Harvard, Cambridge
45. Murray, Gilbert(1934) Fifteen Greek Plays, Oxford, N.Y.
46. Murray, Gilbert (1934) The Rise of the Greek Epic, Oxford, 4th edition
47. Murray, Gilbert (1968) Tradition and Progress, Freeport, N.Y.,
48. Murray, Osywn(1980) Early Greece, Fontana, Glasgow
49. Neumann, E.(1972) The Great Mother, Princeton, N.J.
50. Neumann, E.(1962) The Origins and History of Consciousness, Part One, The Psychological Stages and the Evolution of Consciousness, Harper, N.Y.,
51. Norwood, G.(1953) Greek Tragedy, Methuen, London, 1953
52. Pomeroy, Sarah (1975) Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity, Shocken, N.Y.,
53. Ohlander, S. (1989)Dramatic Suspense in Euripides' and Seneca's Medea, Peter Lang, N.Y.,
54. Ostwald, Martin (1969) Nomos and the Beginnings of the Athenian Democracy, Oxford,
55. Poole, Adrian(1987) Tragedy: Shakespeare and the Greek Example, Basil Blackwell, London
56. Pucci, Pietro (1980)The Violence of Pity in Euripides' Medea, Cornell, Ithaca
57. Roberts, Jennifer Tolbert (1982) Accountability in Athenian Government, Wisconsin
58. Sale, William(1977) Existentialism and Euripides, Aureal, Berwick, Australia
59. Schaps, David(1979) Economic Rights of Women in Ancient Greece, University Press, Edinburgh
60. Scheler, Max (1963) "On the Tragic", Tragedy: Modern Essays in Criticism, edited by Michel and Sewall, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
61. Sealey, Raphael (1990) Women and Law in Classical Greece, North Carolina, Chapel Hill
62. Segal, Charles: Interpreting Greek Tragedy: Myth, Poetry, Text, Cornell, Ithaca
63. Simon, Bennett (1988) Tragic Drama and the Family, Yale, New Haven
64. Silk, M.S. & Stern, J.P.(1981) Nietzsche on Tragedy, Cambridge
65. Sissa, Guilia(1990) Greek Virginity, Harvard, Cambridge
66. Snell, Bruno (1983) "From Tragedy to Philosophy: Iphigenia in Aulis", Greek Tragedy:
67. Modern Essays in Criticism, edited by E. Segal, Harper, N.Y.
68. Starr, Chester(1986) Individual and Community: The Rise of the Polis, Oxford, 1986
69. Starr, Chester (1990) The Birth of Athenian Democracy: The Assembly in the Fifth Century B.C., Oxford
70. Starr, Chester(1977) The Economic and Social Growth of Early Greece: 800-500 B.C., Oxford
71. Vellacott, Philip(1975) Ironic Drama: A Study of Euripides' Method and Meaning, Cambridge
72. Warner, Rex (1959) Medea, Greene and Lattimore, The Complete Greek Tragedies, Chicago
73. Zimmern, Alfred (1931) The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics, 5th edition, Oxford