Puberty and Body Image

Öz

Erinlik gelişimde bir benzeri olmayan çarpıcı fizyolojik değişimler sürecini temsil etmektedir (Connolly, Paikoff ve Buchanan, 1996). Beklendiği üzere bu gelişimsel süreç gençlerin psikolojik fonksiyonlarına yoğun etki etmektedir. Erinlik döneminde gerçekleşen en etkili değişimlerden biri, kişinin bedeni üzerindeki bilişsel ve duygusal algılarını ifade eden beden imajında olmaktadır. Beden imajındaki değişimler özellikle dikkat çekicidir; çünkü belirli cinsiyet farklılıklarını kapsamaktadır. Beden memnuniyetsizliği beden imajı bozukluklarının en yaygın incelenen boyutudur, ki toplumun büyük bir katmanına sıkıntı vermekte ve yeme bozuklukları, anksiyete, depresyon, düşük özsaygı ve gereksiz estetik ameliyatlar gibi birtakım olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaktadır (Thompson, vd., 1999). Bu bölümün amacı, (1) erinlikte beden imajı algısındaki cinsiyet farklılıklarını, (2) sosyokültürel faktörlerin bu süreç üzerindeki etkilerini, (3) beden imajındaki değişimlerin daha kapsamlı psikolojik gelişim üzerindeki etkilerini ve (4) bu konudaki literatürün sınırlılıklarını tartışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• erinlik,beden imajı,eric stice

ERİNLİK VE BEDEN İMAJI

Öz

Erinlik gelişimde bir benzeri olmayan çarpıcı fizyolojik değişimler sürecini temsil etmektedir (Connolly, Paikoff ve Buchanan, 1996). Beklendiği üzere bu gelişimsel süreç gençlerin psikolojik fonksiyonlarına yoğun etki etmektedir. Erinlik döneminde gerçekleşen en etkili değişimlerden biri, kişinin bedeni üzerindeki bilişsel ve duygusal algılarını ifade eden beden imajında olmaktadır. Beden imajındaki değişimler özellikle dikkat çekicidir; çünkü belirli cinsiyet farklılıklarını kapsamaktadır. Beden memnuniyetsizliği beden imajı bozukluklarının en yaygın incelenen boyutudur, ki toplumun büyük bir katmanına sıkıntı vermekte ve yeme bozuklukları, anksiyete, depresyon, düşük özsaygı ve gereksiz estetik ameliyatlar gibi birtakım olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaktadır (Thompson, vd., 1999). Bu bölümün amacı, (1) erinlikte beden imajı algısındaki cinsiyet farklılıklarını, (2) sosyokültürel faktörlerin bu süreç üzerindeki etkilerini, (3) beden imajındaki değişimlerin daha kapsamlı psikolojik gelişim üzerindeki etkilerini ve (4) bu konudaki literatürün sınırlılıklarını tartışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• erinlik,beden imajı,eric stice

Kaynakça

1. Allgood-Merten, B.; Lewinsohn, P. M.; and Hops, H. (1990). “Sex Differences and Adolescent Depression”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 55–63.
2. Angold, A.; Rutter, M. (1992). “The Effects of Age and Pubertal Status on Depression in a Large Clinical Sample”. Developmental Psychopathology, 4, 5–28.
3. Angold, A.; Costello, E. J.; Worthman, C. W. (1998). “Puberty and Depression: The Roles of Age, Pubertal Status and Pubertal Timing”. Psychological Medicine, 28, 51–61.
4. Attie, I.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (1989). “Development of Eating Problems in Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Study”. Developmental Psychology, 25, 70–79.
5. Birmaher, B.; Ryan, N.; Williamson, D.; Brent, D.; Kaufman, J.; Dahl, R.; Perel, J.; Nelson, B. (1996). “Childhood and Adolescent Depression: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Part 1”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427–1439.
6. Blyth, D. A.; Simmons, R. G.; Zakin, D. F. (1985). “Satisfaction with Body Image for Early Adolescent Females: The Impact of Pubertal Timing within Different School Environments”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 207– 225.
7. Brooks-Gunn, J.; Warren, M. P. (1989). “Biological and Social Contributions to Negative Affect in Young Adolescnt Girls”. Child Development, 60, 40–55.
8. Buchanan, C. M. (1991). “Pubertal Status in Early Adolescent Girls: Relations to Moods, Energy, and Restlessness”. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 185–200.

9. Caspi, A.; Moffitt, T. E. (1991). “Individual Differences are Accentuated During Periods of Social Change: The Sample Case of Girls at Puberty”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 157–168.
10. Cattarin, J. A.; Thompson, J. K. (1994). “A Three-Year Longitudinal Study of Body İmage, Eating Disturbance, and General Psychological Functioning in Adolescent Females”. Eating Disorders: Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 2, 114–125.
11. Childress, A. C.; Brewerton, T. D.; Hodges, E. L.; Jarrell, M. P. (1993). “The Kids’ Eating Disorder Survey (KEDS): A Study of Middle School Students”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 843–850.
12. Cok, F. (1990). “Body Image Satisfaction in Turkish Adolescents”. Adolescence, 25, 409–413.
13. Connolly, S. D.; Paikoff, R. L., Buchanan, C. M. (1996). “Puberty: The İnterplay of Biological and Psychosocial Processes in Adolescence”. Psychosocial Development during Adolescence, G. R. Adams, R. Montemayor, T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 259–299.
14. Cooper, H.; Hedges, L. V. (1994). The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
15. Doswell, W.; Millor, G.; Thompson, H.; Braxter, B. (1998). “Self-Image and Self-Esteem in African American Preteen Girls: Implications for Mental Health”. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 19, 71–94.
16. Duncan, P. D.; Ritter, P. L.; Dornbusch, S. M.; Gross, R. T.; Carlsmith, J. M. (1985). “The Effects of Pubertal Timing on Body Image, School Behavior, and Deviance”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 227–235.
17. Edelbrook, C.; Costello, A. J.; Dulcan, M. K.; Kalas, R.; Conover, N. C. (1985). “Age Difference in the Reliability of the Psychiatric Interview of the Child”. Child Development, 56, 265–275.
18. Fairburn, C. G.; Cooper, Z.; Doll, H. A.; Norman, P. A.; O’Connor, M. E. (2000). “The Natural Course of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder in Young Women”. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 659–665.
19. Field, A. E.; Camargo, C. A.; Taylor, C. B.; Berkey, C. S.; Colditz, G. A. (1999a). “Relation of Peer and Media Influences to the Development of Purging Behaviors among Preadolescent and Adolescent Girls”. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 153, 1184–1189.
20. Field, A. E.; Camargo, C. A.; Taylor, C. B.; Berkey, C. S.; Frazier, L.; Gillman, M.W.; Colditz, G. A. (1999b). “Overweight, Weight Concerns, and Bulimic Behaviors among Girls and Boys”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 754–757.
21. French, S. A.; Story, M.; Neumark-Sztainer, D.; Downes, B.; Resnick, M.; Blum, R. (1997). “Ethnic Differences in Psychosocial and Health Behavior Correlates of Dieting, Purging, and Binge Eating in a Population-Based Sample of Adolescent Females”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 315–322.
22. Garfinkel, P. E.; Lin, E.; Goering, P.; Spegg, C.; Goldbloom, D. S.; Kennedy, S.; Kaplan, A. S.; Woodside, D. B. (1995). “Bulimia Nervosa in a Canadian Community Sample: Prevalence and Comparison of Subgroups”. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1052–1058.
23. Gotlib, I. H.; Lewinsohn, P. M.; Seeley, J. R. (1998). “Consequences of Depression during Adolescence: Marital Status and Martial Functioning in Early Adulthood”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 686–690.
24. Graber,J.A.; Brooks-Gunn, J.; Paikoff, R. L.; Warren, M. P. (1994). “Prediction of Eating Problems: An Eight-Year Study of Adolescent Girls”. Developmental Psychology, 30, 823–834.
25. Graber, J.A.; Lewinsohn, P. M.; Seeley, J. R.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997). “Is Psychopathology Associated with the Timing of Pubertal Development?”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1768–1776.
26. Graber, J. A.; Petersen, A. C.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996). “Pubertal Processes: Methods, Measures, and Methods”. Transitions through Adolescence: Interpersonal Domains and Context, J. A. Graber, J. Brooks-Gunn, A.C. Petersen (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 23–53.
27. Gross, J.; Rosen, J. C. (1988). “Bulimia in Adolescents: Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 51–61.
28. Hayward,C.; Gotlib, I. H.; Schraedley, P. K.; Litt, I. F. (1999). “Ethnic Differences in the Association between Pubertal Status and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescent Girls”. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 143–149.
29. Hayward, C.; Killen, J. D.; Wilson, D. M.; Hammer, L. D.; Litt, I. F.; Kraemer, H. C.; Haydel, F.; Varady, A.; Taylor, C. B. (1997). “Psychiatric Risk Associated with Early Puberty in Adolescent Girls”. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 255–262.
30. Hill, J. P.; Lynch, M. E. (1983). “The İntensification of Gender-Related Role Expectations during Early Adolescence”. Girls at Puberty: Biological and Psychosocial Perspectives, J. Brooks-Gunn, A. C. Petersen (Eds.), New York: Plenum, 201–228.
31. Killen, J.; Hayward, C.; Litt, I.; Hammer, L.; Wilson, D.; Miner,B.; Barr-Taylor, C.; Varady, A.; Shisslak, C. (1992). “Is Puberty a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders?”. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 146, 323–325.
32. Killen, J. D.; Taylor, C. B.; Hayward, C.; Wilson, D.; Haydel, K.; Hammer, L.; Simmonds, B.; Robinson, T.; Litt, I.; Varady, A.; Kraemer, H. (1994). “Pursuit of Thinness and Onset of Eating Disorder Symptoms in a Community Sample of Adolescent Girls: A Three-Year Prospective Analysis”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 227–238.
33. Killen, J. D.; Taylor, C. B.; Hayward, C.; Haydel, K. F.; Wilson, D. M.; Hammer, L.; Kraemer, H.; Blair-Greiner, A.; Strachowski, D. (1996). “Weightconcerns Influence the Development of Eating Disorders: A Four-Year Prospective Study”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 936–940.
34. Koff, E.; Rierdan, J. (1993). “Advanced Pubertal Development and Eating Disturbances in Early Adolescent Girls”. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14, 433– 439.
35. Leon, G. R.; Fulkerson, J. A.; Perry, C. L.; Early-Zald, M. B. (1995). “Prospective Analysis of Personality and Behavioral Vulnerabilities and Gender Influences in the Later Development of Disordered Eating”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 140–149.
36. Lewinsohn, P. M.; Hops, H.; Roberts, R. E.; Seeley, J. R.; Andrews, J. A. (1993). “Adolescent Psychopathology: I. Prevalence and Incidence of Depression and Other DSM III-R Disorders in High School Students”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133–144.
37. Lewinsohn, P. M.; Roberts, R. E.; Seeley, J. R.; Rohde, P.; Gotlib, I. H.; Hops, H. (1994). “Adolescent Psychopathology: II. Psychosocial Risk Factors for Depression”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 302–315.
38. Lopez, E.; Blix, G.; Blix, A. (1995). “Body Image of Latinas Compared to Body İmage of Non-Latina White Women”. Health Values: Journal of Health Behavior, Education, and Promotion, 19, 3–10.
39. McCarthy, M. (1990). “The Thin Ideal, Depression, and Eating Disorders in Women”. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 28, 205–218.
40. Newcomb, M. D.; Bentler, P. M. (1988). “Impact of Adolescent Drug Use and Social Support on Problems of Young Adults: A Longitudinal Study”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 64–75.
41. Newman, D. L.; Moffitt, T. E.; Caspi, A.; Magdol, L.; Silva, P. A.; Stanton, W. R. (1996). “Psychiatric Disorder in a Birth Cohort of Young Adults: Prevalence, Comorbidity, Clinical Significance, and New Case Incidence from Ages 11 to 21”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552–562.
42. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). “An Integrative Model for the Emergence of Gender Differences in Depression in Adolescence”. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 519–534.
43. Nottelmann, E. D.; Susman, E. J.; Inoff-German, G.; Cutler, G.; Loriaux, D.L.; Chrousos, G. P. (1987). “Gonadal and Adrenal Hormone Correlates of Adjustment in Early Adolescence”. Biological-Psychosocial Interaction in Early Adolescence, R. M. Lerner, T. T. Foch (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 303–323.
44. Paikoff, R. L.; Brooks-Gunn, J.; Warren, M. P. (1991). “Effects of Girls’ Hormonal Status on Depression and Aggression over the Course of One Year”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 191–215.
45. Patton, G. C.; Hibbert, M. E.; Carlin, J. (1996). “Menarche and the Onset of Depression and Anxiety in Victoria, Australia”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50, 661–666.
46. Petersen, A. C.; Crockett, L. (1985). “Pubertal Timing and Grade Effects on Adjustment”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 191–206.
47. Petersen, A. C.; Sarigiani, P. A.; Kennedy, R. E. (1991). “Adolescent Depression: Why More Girls?”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 247–271.
48. Polivy, J.; Herman, C. P. (1985). “Dieting and Binge Eating: A Causal Analysis”. American Psychologist, 40, 193–204.
49. Richards, M. H.; Boxer, A. M.; Petersen, A.C.; Albrecht, R. (1990). “Relation of Weight to Body Image in Pubertal Girls and Boys from Two Communities”. Developmental Psychology, 26, 313–321.
50. Rierdan, J.; Koff, E. (1991). “Depressive Symptomatology among very Early Maturing Girls”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 415–425.
51. Rierdan, J.; Koff, E.; Stubbs, M. L. (1989). “A Longitudinal Analysis of Body Image as a Predictor of the Onset and Persistence of Adolescent Girls’ Depression”. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 454–466.
52. Robinson, T. N.; Killen, J. D.; Litt, I. F.; Hammer, L. D.; Wilson, D.M.; Haydel, K. F.; Hayward, C.; Taylor, C. B. (1996). “Ethnicity and Body Dissatisfaction: Are Hispanic and Asian Girls at Increased Risk for Eating Disorders?” Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 384–393.
53. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
54. Rosner, B.; Prineas, R.; Loggie, J.; Daniels, S. R. (1998). “Percentiles for Body Mass Index in US Children 5 to 17 Years of Age”. Journal of Pediatrics, 132, 211–222.
55. Shadish, W. R.; Haddock, C. K. (1994). “Combining Estimates of Effect Size”. The Handbook of Research Synthesis, H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 261–281.
56. Siegel, J. M.; Yancey, A. K.; Aneshensel, C. S.; Schuler, R. (1999). “Body Image, Perceived Pubertal Timing, and Adolescent Mental Health”. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 155–165.
57. Simmons, R. G.; Blyth, D. A.; McKinney, K. L. (1983). “The Social and Psychological Effects of Puberty on White Females”. Girls at Puberty: Biological and Psychosocial Perspectives, J. Brooks-Gunn, A. Petersen (Eds.), New York: Plenum, 229–272.
58. Simmons, R. G.; Blyth, D. A.; Van Cleave, E. F.; Bush, D. M. (1979). “Entry into Early Adolescence: The Impact of School Structure, Puberty, and Early Dating on Self-Esteem”. American Sociological Review, 44, 948–967.
59. Simmons, R. G.; Burgeson, R.; Carlton-Ford, S.; Blyth, D. A. (1987). “The Impact of Cumulative Change in Early Adolescence”. Child Development, 58, 1220–1234.
60. Smolak, L.; Levine, M. P.; Gralen, S. (1993). “The Impact of Puberty and Dating on Eating Problems among Middle School Girls”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22, 355–368.
61. Stice, E.; Bearman, S. K. (2001). “Body Image and Eating Disturbances Prospectively Predict Growth in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: A Growth Curve Analysis”. Developmental Psychology, 37, 597–607.
62. Stice, E.; Hayward, C.; Cameron, R.; Killen, J. D.; Taylor, C. B. (2000). “Body Image and Eating Related Factors Predict Onset of Depression in Female Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 438–444.
63. Stice, E.; Presnell, K.; Bearman, S. K. (2001). “Relation of Early Menarche to Depression, Eating Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Comorbid Psychopathology among Adolescent Girls”. Developmental Psychology, 37, 608–619.
64. Stice, E.; Presnell, K.; Spangler, D. (2002). “Risk Factors for Binge Eating Onset: A Prospective Investigation”. Health Psychology, 131-138.
65. Stice, E.; Whitenton, K. (2002). “Risk Factors for Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Investigation”. Under review.
66. Story, M.; French, S. A.; Resnick, M. D.; Blum, R. W. (1995). “Ethnic/Racial and Socioeconomic Differences in Dieting Behaviors and Body Image Perceptions in Adolescents”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 173–179.
67. Swarr, A. E.; Richards, M. H. (1996). “Longitudinal Effects of Adolescent Girls’ Pubertal Development, Perceptions of Pubertal Timing, and Parental Relations on Eating Problems”. Developmental Psychology, 32, 636–646.
68. Tanner, J. M. (1978). Fetus into Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
69. Thompson, S. H.; Corwin, S. J.; Sargent, R. G. (1997). “Ideal Body Size Beliefs and Weight Concerns of Fourth-Grade Children”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 279–284.
70. Thompson, J. K.; Heinberg, L. J.; Altabe, M.; Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting Beauty. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
71. Tobin-Richards, M. H.; Boxer, A. M.; Kavrell, S. A.; Petersen, A. C. (1984). “Puberty and its Psychological and Social Significance”. Experiencing Adolescents: A Sourcebook for Parents, Teachers, and Teens, R. M. Lerner, N. L. Galambos (Eds.), New York: Garland 17–50.
72. Troiano, R. P.; Flegal, K. M.; Kuczmarski, R. J.; Campbell, S. M.; Johnson, C. L. (1995). “Overweight Prevalence and Trends for Children and Adolescents”. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 149, 1085–1091.
73. Wichstrom, L. (1999). “The Emergence of Gender Difference in Depressed Mood during Adolescence: The Role of Intensified Gender Socialization”. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232–245.
74. Wright, M. R. (1989). “Body İmage Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Longitudinal Study”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18, 71–83.