BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Understanding African Relationships: The Case Of Eritrean Ethiopian Border Dispute

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 63 - 78, 30.05.2016

Öz

Boundary disputes are among the most explosive international flashpoints. They frequently correlate with militarised interstate disputes and are more likely to lead to high-intensity conflict compared to other forms of friction. The Eritrea-Ethiopia peace process remains stalled a decade after the arbitral award by the Boundary Commission and several years after awards by the Commission. To this end, I analyse primary and secondary sources and assesse why arbitration by the commissions did not produce the desired outcome. This paper examines the Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute from 1998 to the present and explains the case while searching for solutions. In detail, the analysis first sheds light on the dispute as well as previous attempts at settlement. Second, a new theoretical approach is introduced in the form of conflict resolution theory. Finally, an analysis of the peace process in light of this theoretical tool is used to offer a prognosis of the future.

Kaynakça

  • Abbink, Jon. (2003). “Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean Border: The Challenge of Demarcation in the Post-War Period.” Africa: Rivista Trimestrale Di Studi e Documentazione 58. 1-4: 219–231.
  • Agnew, John. (1994). “The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory.” Review of International Political Economy 1: 53-80.
  • Albert, Mathias, Jacobson, David, and Yosef, Lapid. (2001). Identity, Borders, Orders: New Directions in International Relations Theory. University of Minnesota Press, USA.
  • Astill, James. (2002). “Ethiopia and Eritrea Claim Border Victory.” London, The Guardian. Available online at http://www.surafelyemane.hpage.co.in/ethio-ertrian- relation-ship_18804930.html
  • Banks, Arthur, Muller, Thomas, and Overstreet, William, (ed.). (2005). “Political Handbook of the World 2005-6.” A Division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.: Washington, D.C.
  • BBC World Service. (1999). “Organisation Data Service (ODS) Team: The United Nations Security Council Resolution ” Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War.
  • BBC. (2002). “Ethiopian Official Wants Border Clarification.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1946997.stm
  • BBC (2005) “Ethiopia ‘to Reduce’ Border Force.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4516754.stm
  • BBC. (2005). “Horn Border Tense before Deadline.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4555892.stmBBCNEWS
  • BBCNEWS. (2000). “Ethiopian Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi, Says War Nearly Over.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/760146.stm
  • Bhalla, Nita. (2002). “Badme: Village in no Man’s Land.” BBC. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Biles, Peter. (2000). “Ethiopia’s Push North.” BBCNEWS. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/756845.stm
  • Brenner, Neil. (1999). “Globalisation as reterritorialization: The Re-Scaling of Urban Governance in the European Union.” Urban Studies 36. 3: 431-451.
  • Castellino, Joshua, J., & Allen, S. (2003). Title to Territory in International Law, Ashgate Publishers: Aldershot, UK.
  • CNN. (2000). “Eritrea Accepts Peace Deal after Ethiopian Incursion.” Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN
  • CNN. (2000). “Eritrean Independence Celebrations Muted as Ethiopian Troops Advance.” Available online at http:// archive.is/sRemP
  • CNN. (2000). “Eritrean, Ethiopian Exchange of POWs Begins.” Available online at http:// military.wikia.com/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Damian, Zane. (2003). “Ethiopia Regrets Badme Ruling, 82 Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission.” BBC. Available online at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Dan, Connell. (2004). “Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms.” Foreign Policy in Focus. Available online at http://shelf3d.com/i/Eritrean–Ethiopian%20War
  • Denise, Watson. (2013). “Poorest Country in the World-Top 10 List of Countries from Africa.” Available online at http://www.techscio.com/the-poorest-country-in-the-world/
  • Ducan, J. (1993). “Sites of Representation: Place, Time and the Discussion of the Other.” In Ducan, J., & Ley, D., (eds.) Place/Culture/Representation 39-56.
  • Dzurek, Daniel. (1999). “What Makes some Boundary Disputes Important?.” Boundary and Security Bulletin 7. 4: 83-89.
  • Eritrea Profile. (2013). “A Chronology of key Events.” BBC News-Eritrea profile Timeline. Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095300
  • “Ethiopia Declares Victory.” (1999). Africa, Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/287736.stm
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (1996). “Beyond Sovereignty, Within territoriality: Mapping the Space of Latemodern (Geo) Politics.” Cooperation and Conflict 31. 4: 355-386.
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2003). “The Ground without Foundation: Territory as Social Construct.” Geopolitics 8. 2: 7-24.
  • Gilkes, Patrick. (1999). “The Somali Connection.” BBC. Available online at http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/07/99/battle.../399898.stm
  • Heinlein, Peter. (2007). “On the Possibility of War Restarting.” Voice of America. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Human Rights Watch World Report (HRW). (1999). “Ethiopia: The Role of the International Community.” Available online at http://dehai.org/conflict/uprooted/uprooted2.html
  • Inquai, Solomon. (2000). “Ethiopia’s Victory Statement.” BBC News. Available online at http://www.essex.ac.uk/ARMEDCON/world/africa/east_africa/.../default.htm
  • International Herald Tribune. (2005). “Eritrea Orders Westerners in UN Mission Out in Days.” Available online at www.nytimes.com/2005/12/07/world/africa/07iht- eritrea.html
  • IRIN. (2007). “Ethiopia-Eritrea, ‘New Peace Efforts, Claims of Rights Abuse.” Available online at http://www.refworld.org/docid/469cd6ad17.html
  • IRIN. (2007). “Ethiopia-Eritrea: New Peace Efforts, Claims of Rights Abuse.” Available online at surafelyemane.hpage.co.in/ethio-ertrian-relation- ship_18804930.html
  • James, Turner, Johnson. (1981). Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, New Jersey: Princeton University.
  • Kaplan, David. (1999). “Territorial Identities and Geographic Scale.” In Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale, Guntram Herb and David Kaplan, (eds.). Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Keith, Highet. (1993). “The Gulf of Fonseca and St. Pierre and Miquelon Disputes.” IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin 93. 19: 87-91.
  • Kemp, Adriana. (2000). “Dramatizing Sovereignty: The Construction of Territorial Dispute in the Israeli-Egyptian Border at Taba.” Political Geography 19: 315-344.
  • Klein, S., Natalie. (1999). “Mass Expulsion from Ethiopia: Report on the Deportation of Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean Origin from Ethiopia, June-August, 1998.” Connecticut: Yale School of Law.
  • Laeke, Mariam, Demassie. (1999). “Touring the Ethiopian Front.” BBC NEWS. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/07/99/battle.../399366.stm
  • Last, Alex. (2000). “Eritrea’s Tactical Retreat.” BBCNEWS Africa, Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/764749.stm
  • Lortan, Fiona. (2000). “The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict: A Fragile Peace.” African Security Review 9. 4: 1-2.
  • Luban, David. (2003). “Just War and Human Rights.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 9. : 160-181.
  • Pearce, Justin. (2000). “Diplomats Fail to Bridge the Gap.” BBC NEWS, Africa. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/746423.stm
  • Plaut, Martin. (2003). “Crucial Horn Border Talks.” BBC. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3115638.stm
  • Plaut, Martin, and Gilkes, Patrick. (1999). “Conflict in the Horn: Why Eritrea and Ethiopia are at War.” Chatham House. Available online at http://reliefweb.int/report/eritrea/conflict-horn-why-eritrea-and-ethiopia-are-war
  • Report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Eritrea, September 19, 2006, UN Doc. S/2006/749.
  • Ronald, Bruce, St. John. (1998-99). “Ecuador-Peru Endgame.” IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin 79-85.
  • Ruling. (2005). “Eritrea Broke International Law in Ethiopia Attack.” CNN.Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Shinn, David Hamilton. (2004). “Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia.” The Scarecrow Press, Inc.: Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford.
  • Staff, World. (1999). “Africa Ethiopian-Eritrean War of Words Continues”. BBC World Service. Available online at http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Staff, World. (2000). “Horn Peace Deal: Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.” BBC. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1066401.stm
  • Staff, World. (2001). “Human Rights Developments.” World Report 2001 Human Rights Watch. Available online at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/africa/overview/summary.html
  • Staff, World. (2004). “Ethiopia Backs Down over Border.” BBC. Available online at http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Sumner, Brian, Taylor. (2004). “Note: Territorial Disputes at the International Court of Justice.” Duke Law Journal 53: 1779-1812.
  • Tareke, Gebru. (2009). “The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa.” New Haven: Yale University.
  • The African Economist. (2013). “Ethiopia Ranked 2nd: 10 Poorest Countries in The World.” Available online at http://ecadforum.com/2013/07/30/ethiopia-ranked-2nd-10- poorest-countries-in-the-world/
  • The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission held internal meetings on 10-11 August for the purpose of discussing certain technical issues related to the demarcation of the boundary between the two states. After considering the parties’ comments of January 24, April 15, and May 2, 2003, the Commission decided to issue instructions for implementing the plan of work set out in the Commission’s latest ‘Schedule of the order of activities ahead as at 16 July 2003’. Copies of these instructions were communicated to the parties.
  • Thomas, Bradford, L. (1997). “Ecuador and Peru Discuss Border Impasses.” IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin: 69-71.
  • Tran, Mark. (2000). “Ethiopia Declares Victory over Eritrea.” The Guardian Unlimited. Available online at http://www.theguardian.com/ethiopia2000
  • UN. (2005). “Ethiopia–Eritrea Stalemate Could Spark Renewed War.” Voice of America. Available online at http://www.books.google.com.tr/books?isbn=0415966671
  • Van, Houtum, Henk, and Anke, Strüver. (2002). “Borders, Strangers, Bridges and Doors.” Space and Polity 6. 2: 141-146.
  • Winfield, Nicole. (2000a). “Will Arms Ban Slow War?.” BBC. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm
  • Winfield, Nicole. (2000b). “Will Arms ban Slow War?.” BBC Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm
  • WoodWard, Peter. (2003). “Regional Conflict in North-East Africa.” Available online at http://bic.cass.cn/english/InfoShow/Arcitle_Show_Conference_Show.asp?ID=350&Titl e=&strNavigation=Home-%3EForum&BigClassID=4&SmallClassID=11
  • Xan, Rice. (2006). “Annan Warns of Another War between Ethiopia and Eritrea.” Guardian, the East Africa Correspondent. Available online at http://www.theguardian.comıNewsıWorldnews
  • Xan, Rice. (2012). “East Africa Correspondent, ‘Annan Warns of Another War between Ethiopia and Eritrea.” Guardian. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Zenawi, Meles. (2007). “Ethiopian Leader Admits Allegation of Eritrean Air Strike Based on Wrong Information.” Available online at http://article.wn.com/.../ERITREAETHIOPIA_Boundary_Commission_rejects_
  • Zenbeworke, Tadesse. (2008). “Eritrea Expels Over 800 Ethiopians Home–Official.” Sudan Tribune. Available online at http://surafelyemane.hpage.co.in/ethio-ertrian- relation-ship_18804930.html
Yıl 2014, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 63 - 78, 30.05.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abbink, Jon. (2003). “Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean Border: The Challenge of Demarcation in the Post-War Period.” Africa: Rivista Trimestrale Di Studi e Documentazione 58. 1-4: 219–231.
  • Agnew, John. (1994). “The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory.” Review of International Political Economy 1: 53-80.
  • Albert, Mathias, Jacobson, David, and Yosef, Lapid. (2001). Identity, Borders, Orders: New Directions in International Relations Theory. University of Minnesota Press, USA.
  • Astill, James. (2002). “Ethiopia and Eritrea Claim Border Victory.” London, The Guardian. Available online at http://www.surafelyemane.hpage.co.in/ethio-ertrian- relation-ship_18804930.html
  • Banks, Arthur, Muller, Thomas, and Overstreet, William, (ed.). (2005). “Political Handbook of the World 2005-6.” A Division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.: Washington, D.C.
  • BBC World Service. (1999). “Organisation Data Service (ODS) Team: The United Nations Security Council Resolution ” Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War.
  • BBC. (2002). “Ethiopian Official Wants Border Clarification.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1946997.stm
  • BBC (2005) “Ethiopia ‘to Reduce’ Border Force.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4516754.stm
  • BBC. (2005). “Horn Border Tense before Deadline.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4555892.stmBBCNEWS
  • BBCNEWS. (2000). “Ethiopian Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi, Says War Nearly Over.” Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/760146.stm
  • Bhalla, Nita. (2002). “Badme: Village in no Man’s Land.” BBC. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Biles, Peter. (2000). “Ethiopia’s Push North.” BBCNEWS. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/756845.stm
  • Brenner, Neil. (1999). “Globalisation as reterritorialization: The Re-Scaling of Urban Governance in the European Union.” Urban Studies 36. 3: 431-451.
  • Castellino, Joshua, J., & Allen, S. (2003). Title to Territory in International Law, Ashgate Publishers: Aldershot, UK.
  • CNN. (2000). “Eritrea Accepts Peace Deal after Ethiopian Incursion.” Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN
  • CNN. (2000). “Eritrean Independence Celebrations Muted as Ethiopian Troops Advance.” Available online at http:// archive.is/sRemP
  • CNN. (2000). “Eritrean, Ethiopian Exchange of POWs Begins.” Available online at http:// military.wikia.com/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Damian, Zane. (2003). “Ethiopia Regrets Badme Ruling, 82 Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission.” BBC. Available online at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Dan, Connell. (2004). “Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms.” Foreign Policy in Focus. Available online at http://shelf3d.com/i/Eritrean–Ethiopian%20War
  • Denise, Watson. (2013). “Poorest Country in the World-Top 10 List of Countries from Africa.” Available online at http://www.techscio.com/the-poorest-country-in-the-world/
  • Ducan, J. (1993). “Sites of Representation: Place, Time and the Discussion of the Other.” In Ducan, J., & Ley, D., (eds.) Place/Culture/Representation 39-56.
  • Dzurek, Daniel. (1999). “What Makes some Boundary Disputes Important?.” Boundary and Security Bulletin 7. 4: 83-89.
  • Eritrea Profile. (2013). “A Chronology of key Events.” BBC News-Eritrea profile Timeline. Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095300
  • “Ethiopia Declares Victory.” (1999). Africa, Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/287736.stm
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (1996). “Beyond Sovereignty, Within territoriality: Mapping the Space of Latemodern (Geo) Politics.” Cooperation and Conflict 31. 4: 355-386.
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2003). “The Ground without Foundation: Territory as Social Construct.” Geopolitics 8. 2: 7-24.
  • Gilkes, Patrick. (1999). “The Somali Connection.” BBC. Available online at http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/07/99/battle.../399898.stm
  • Heinlein, Peter. (2007). “On the Possibility of War Restarting.” Voice of America. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Human Rights Watch World Report (HRW). (1999). “Ethiopia: The Role of the International Community.” Available online at http://dehai.org/conflict/uprooted/uprooted2.html
  • Inquai, Solomon. (2000). “Ethiopia’s Victory Statement.” BBC News. Available online at http://www.essex.ac.uk/ARMEDCON/world/africa/east_africa/.../default.htm
  • International Herald Tribune. (2005). “Eritrea Orders Westerners in UN Mission Out in Days.” Available online at www.nytimes.com/2005/12/07/world/africa/07iht- eritrea.html
  • IRIN. (2007). “Ethiopia-Eritrea, ‘New Peace Efforts, Claims of Rights Abuse.” Available online at http://www.refworld.org/docid/469cd6ad17.html
  • IRIN. (2007). “Ethiopia-Eritrea: New Peace Efforts, Claims of Rights Abuse.” Available online at surafelyemane.hpage.co.in/ethio-ertrian-relation- ship_18804930.html
  • James, Turner, Johnson. (1981). Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, New Jersey: Princeton University.
  • Kaplan, David. (1999). “Territorial Identities and Geographic Scale.” In Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale, Guntram Herb and David Kaplan, (eds.). Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Keith, Highet. (1993). “The Gulf of Fonseca and St. Pierre and Miquelon Disputes.” IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin 93. 19: 87-91.
  • Kemp, Adriana. (2000). “Dramatizing Sovereignty: The Construction of Territorial Dispute in the Israeli-Egyptian Border at Taba.” Political Geography 19: 315-344.
  • Klein, S., Natalie. (1999). “Mass Expulsion from Ethiopia: Report on the Deportation of Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean Origin from Ethiopia, June-August, 1998.” Connecticut: Yale School of Law.
  • Laeke, Mariam, Demassie. (1999). “Touring the Ethiopian Front.” BBC NEWS. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/07/99/battle.../399366.stm
  • Last, Alex. (2000). “Eritrea’s Tactical Retreat.” BBCNEWS Africa, Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/764749.stm
  • Lortan, Fiona. (2000). “The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict: A Fragile Peace.” African Security Review 9. 4: 1-2.
  • Luban, David. (2003). “Just War and Human Rights.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 9. : 160-181.
  • Pearce, Justin. (2000). “Diplomats Fail to Bridge the Gap.” BBC NEWS, Africa. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/746423.stm
  • Plaut, Martin. (2003). “Crucial Horn Border Talks.” BBC. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3115638.stm
  • Plaut, Martin, and Gilkes, Patrick. (1999). “Conflict in the Horn: Why Eritrea and Ethiopia are at War.” Chatham House. Available online at http://reliefweb.int/report/eritrea/conflict-horn-why-eritrea-and-ethiopia-are-war
  • Report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Eritrea, September 19, 2006, UN Doc. S/2006/749.
  • Ronald, Bruce, St. John. (1998-99). “Ecuador-Peru Endgame.” IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin 79-85.
  • Ruling. (2005). “Eritrea Broke International Law in Ethiopia Attack.” CNN.Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Shinn, David Hamilton. (2004). “Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia.” The Scarecrow Press, Inc.: Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford.
  • Staff, World. (1999). “Africa Ethiopian-Eritrean War of Words Continues”. BBC World Service. Available online at http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Staff, World. (2000). “Horn Peace Deal: Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.” BBC. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1066401.stm
  • Staff, World. (2001). “Human Rights Developments.” World Report 2001 Human Rights Watch. Available online at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/africa/overview/summary.html
  • Staff, World. (2004). “Ethiopia Backs Down over Border.” BBC. Available online at http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Sumner, Brian, Taylor. (2004). “Note: Territorial Disputes at the International Court of Justice.” Duke Law Journal 53: 1779-1812.
  • Tareke, Gebru. (2009). “The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa.” New Haven: Yale University.
  • The African Economist. (2013). “Ethiopia Ranked 2nd: 10 Poorest Countries in The World.” Available online at http://ecadforum.com/2013/07/30/ethiopia-ranked-2nd-10- poorest-countries-in-the-world/
  • The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission held internal meetings on 10-11 August for the purpose of discussing certain technical issues related to the demarcation of the boundary between the two states. After considering the parties’ comments of January 24, April 15, and May 2, 2003, the Commission decided to issue instructions for implementing the plan of work set out in the Commission’s latest ‘Schedule of the order of activities ahead as at 16 July 2003’. Copies of these instructions were communicated to the parties.
  • Thomas, Bradford, L. (1997). “Ecuador and Peru Discuss Border Impasses.” IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin: 69-71.
  • Tran, Mark. (2000). “Ethiopia Declares Victory over Eritrea.” The Guardian Unlimited. Available online at http://www.theguardian.com/ethiopia2000
  • UN. (2005). “Ethiopia–Eritrea Stalemate Could Spark Renewed War.” Voice of America. Available online at http://www.books.google.com.tr/books?isbn=0415966671
  • Van, Houtum, Henk, and Anke, Strüver. (2002). “Borders, Strangers, Bridges and Doors.” Space and Polity 6. 2: 141-146.
  • Winfield, Nicole. (2000a). “Will Arms Ban Slow War?.” BBC. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm
  • Winfield, Nicole. (2000b). “Will Arms ban Slow War?.” BBC Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm
  • WoodWard, Peter. (2003). “Regional Conflict in North-East Africa.” Available online at http://bic.cass.cn/english/InfoShow/Arcitle_Show_Conference_Show.asp?ID=350&Titl e=&strNavigation=Home-%3EForum&BigClassID=4&SmallClassID=11
  • Xan, Rice. (2006). “Annan Warns of Another War between Ethiopia and Eritrea.” Guardian, the East Africa Correspondent. Available online at http://www.theguardian.comıNewsıWorldnews
  • Xan, Rice. (2012). “East Africa Correspondent, ‘Annan Warns of Another War between Ethiopia and Eritrea.” Guardian. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War
  • Zenawi, Meles. (2007). “Ethiopian Leader Admits Allegation of Eritrean Air Strike Based on Wrong Information.” Available online at http://article.wn.com/.../ERITREAETHIOPIA_Boundary_Commission_rejects_
  • Zenbeworke, Tadesse. (2008). “Eritrea Expels Over 800 Ethiopians Home–Official.” Sudan Tribune. Available online at http://surafelyemane.hpage.co.in/ethio-ertrian- relation-ship_18804930.html
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22EH34MK
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kieran E. Uchehara Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uchehara, K. E. (2016). Understanding African Relationships: The Case Of Eritrean Ethiopian Border Dispute. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 7(1), 63-78.

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