BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Enterprising Strangers: Social Capital and Social Liability Among African Migrant Traders

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 93 - 111, 30.05.2016

Öz

In this paper I seek to analyze the advantages foreign entrepreneurs may possess in this context by considering the types of social relations in which these merchants are embedded. Two closely related concepts will be critical to my analysis: social networks and social capital. Through this exploration of immigrant traders in an African city, I identify weaknesses in the conceptualization of social capital and call for a re-thinking of the linkages between migration, social networks, and social relations.

Kaynakça

  • Amselle, J.-L. (1985). “Le Wahabisme à Bamako (1945-1985)”. The Canadian Journal of African Studies. 19(2): 345-357.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1999). “Observations on Social Capital” in P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, pp. 3-5. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Bailleul, C. (2000). Dictionnaire Bambara-Français. Bamako: Editions Donniya.
  • Barten, J. (2009). Families in Movement: Transformation of the family in urban Mali, with a focus on intercontinental mobility. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
  • Bayart, J.-F., S. Ellis and B. Hibou (1999). The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Bourdarias, F. (2009). “Mobilités chinoises et dynamiques sociales locales au Mali.” Politique Africaine. 113: 28-54.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Browning, C. R. (2009). “Illuminating the Downside of Social Capital: Negotiated Coexistence, Property Crime, and Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods.” American Behavioral Scientist. 52(11): 1556-1578.
  • Cliggett, L. (2005). Grains from Grass: Aging, Gender and Famine in Rural Africa. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Cohen, A. (1969). Custom and Politics in Urban Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Coleman, J. C. (1988). “Social capital in the creation of human capital”. American Journal of Sociology. 94:S95-S120.
  • Daum, C. (2002). “Aides au ‘retour volontaire’ et reinsertion au Mali : un bilan critique.” Hommes et migrations. 1239: 40-48.
  • Devauges, R. (1977). L’Oncle, le ndoki, et l’entrepreneur : la petite entreprise congolaise à Brazzaville. Paris: ORSTOM.
  • Dorier-Apprill, E. (2001). “The New Pentecostal Networks of Brazzaville” in A. Corten and R. Marshall-Fratani (eds.), Between Babel and Pentecost: Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin America, pp. 293-308. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Douma, J.-B. (2003). L'immigration congolaise en France : entre crises et recherche d'identité. Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dzaka, T. (2001). “Formation à la culture entrepreneuriale et identité ethnique au Congo-Brazzaville chez les entrepreneurs bakongo : une analyse par la confiance et les réseaux sociaux”. Proceedings of the 7th Journées scientifiques du réseau thématique de la Recherche Entrepreneuriat, pp. 89-104, Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie, Mauritius, 4-6 July 2001.
  • Dzaka, T. and M. Milandou (1994). “L’entrepreneuriat congolais à l’épreuve des pouvoirs magiques : une face cachée de la gestion culturelle du risque ?” Politique Africaine. 56: 108-118.
  • Dzaka, T. and M. Milandou (1995). « Entrepreneurs de Brazzaville : cinq réussites singulières” in Y.-A. Faure and S. Ellis (eds.), Entreprises et entrepreneurs africains, pp. 97. Paris: Karthala.
  • Eaton, D. (2006). “Diagnosing the Crisis in the Republic of Congo”. Africa. 76(1): 44
  • Fine, B. (1999). “The Developmental State is Dead—Long Live Social Capital?” Development and Change. 30: 1-19.
  • Fine, B. (2001). Social Capital Versus Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium. London: Routledge.
  • Foster, B. L. (1974). “Ethnicity and Commerce”. American Ethnologist 1(3): 447-448.
  • Geertz, C. (1963). Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Geschiere, P. (2003). “Witchcraft as the Dark Side of Kinship: Dilemmas of Social Security in New Contexts”. Ethnofoor. 16(1): 43-61.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). The Third Way and its Critics. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
  • Granovetter, M. (1995). “The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs.” In A. Portes (ed.), The Economic Sociology of Immigration, pp. 128-165. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
  • Grootaert, C. (1998). “Social Capital: The Missing Link?” Social Capital Initiative, Working Paper No. 3, World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCIALCAPITAL/Resources/Social- Capital-Initiative-Working-Paper-Series/SCI-WPS-03.pdf. (Sourced July 21, 2009).
  • Gruénais, M.-E. et al. (1995). “Messies, fétiches et lutte de pouvoirs entre les ‘grands hommes’ du Congo démocratique”. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines. 137/35(1): 163-193.
  • Gubert, F. (2008). “(In)coherence des politiques migratoires et de codéveloppement françaises”. Politique Africaine. 109: 42-55.
  • Hart, K. (1970). “Small-scale Entrepreneurs in Ghana and Development Planning.” Journal of Development Studies. 6(3): 104-120.
  • Hart, K. (1975). “Swindler or Public Benefactor? The Entrepreneur in his Community” in J. Goody (ed.), Changing Social Structure in Ghana: Essays in the Comparative Sociology of a New State and an Old Tradition, pp. 1-35. London: International African Institute.
  • Jeune Afrique-L’Intelligent (2004). “Forte croyance au kindoki.” February 23. http://www.lintelligent.com/articleImp.asp?art_cle=LIN22024forteikodni0. (Sourced February 25, 2004).
  • Jonsson, G. (2008). “Migration Aspirations and Involuntary Immobility in a Malian Soninke Village.” Working paper no. 10, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford. http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/working-paper-10-migration-aspirations- and-immobility. (Sourced July 16, 2009).
  • Kaba, L. (1974). The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
  • Kernen, A. and B. Vulliet (2008). “Les petits commerçants et entrepreneurs chinois au Mali et au Sénégal”. Afrique Contemporaine. 228: 69-94.
  • MacGaffey, J. (1987). Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The Struggle for Indigenous Capitalism in Zaire. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • MacGaffey, J. and R. Bazenguissa-Ganga (2000). Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Meagher, K. (2005). “Social Capital or analytical liability? Social networks and African informal economies”. Global Networks. 5(3): 217-238.
  • Meagher, K. (2006). “Social Capital, Social Liabilities, and Political Capital: Social Networks and Informal Manufacturing in Nigeria”. African Affairs. 105/421: 553-582.
  • Milandou, A.-M. (1997). “‘Type connu Qui ne le connaît pas ?’ Anonymat et culture populaire à Brazzaville”. L’Homme. 141: 119-130.
  • Moody, J. and P. Paxton (2009). “Building Bridges: Linking Social Capital and Social Networks to Improve Theory and Research.” American Behavioral Scientist. 52(11): 1506.
  • New York Times (1997). “Bamako Journal: Here, an Artist's Fame and Fortune Can Be Fatal”. September 11. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/11/world/bamako- journal-here-an-artist-s-fame-and-fortune-can-be-fatal.html. (Sourced July 16, 2009).
  • Newell, S. (2006). “Estranged belongings: A moral economy of theft in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire”. Anthropological Theory. 6(2): 179-203.
  • Palloni, A. et al. (2001). “Social Capital and International Migration: A Test Using Information on Family Networks”. American Journal of Sociology. 106(5): 1262-1298.
  • Portes, A. (1994). “The Informal Economy and Its Paradoxes” in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, eds. N. J. Smelser and R. Swedberg, pp. 426-449. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Portes, A. (1998). “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology”. Annual Review of Sociology. 24: 1-24.
  • Portes, A. and M. Zhou. (1992). “Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic Mobility among Immigrant and Domestic Minorities”. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 15(4): 491-522.
  • Portes, A. and P. Landolt (1996). “The Downside of Social Capital”. The American Prospect. 7(26): 18-21.
  • Portes, A. and J. Sensenbrenner. (1993). “Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action”. American Journal of Sociology. 98(6): 50.
  • Prashad, V. 2001. “The Merchant is Always a Stranger” in Everybody was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity, pp. 97-125. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Pringle, R. (2006). “Democratization in Mali: Putting History to Work”. Peaceworks. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks58.pdf. (Sourced December 15, 2006).
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Robison, L. J. et al. (2002). “Is Social Capital Really Capital?” Review of Social Economy. (1): 2-21.
  • Rubio, Mauricio. 1997). “Perverse Social Capital—Some Evidence from Colombia”. Journal of Economic Issues. 31(3): 805-816.
  • Sandefur, R. L. and E. O. Laumann (1998). “A Paradigm for Social Capital”. Rationality and Society. 10(4): 481-501.
  • Sanneh, L. (1996). Piety and Power: Muslims and Christians in West Africa. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Silvey, Rachel and Rebecca Elmhirst. 2003). “Engendering social capital: women workers and rural-urban networks in Indonesia’s crisis”. World Development. 31(5): 879.
  • Smith, S. S. and J. Kulynych (2002). “It May Be Social, but Why Is It Capital? The Social Construction of Social Capital and the Politics of Language”. Politics & Society. (1): 149-186.
  • Solow, R. M. (1999). “Notes on Social Capital and Economic Performance” in P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, pp. 6-12. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Syfia Congo. (2006). “Congo Brazzaville : travailleurs étrangers indésirables et indispensables”. http://www.syfia.info/fr/article.asp?article_num=4298. (Sourced January 28, 2006).
  • Tsika, J. (1995). “Entre l’enclume étatique et le marteau familial: l’impossible envol des entrepreneurs au Congo” in Y.-A. Fauré and S. Ellis (eds.), Entreprises et entrepreneurs africains, pp. 251-265. Paris: Karthala.
  • Vuarin, R. (1997). “Les entreprises de l’individu au Mali : Des chefs d’entreprises innovateurs dans le procès d’individualisation” in A. Marie (ed.), L’Afrique des Individus, pp. 171-200. Paris: Karthala.
  • Warms, R. L. (1992). “Merchants, Muslims, and Wahhabiyya: The Elaboration of Islamic Identity in Sikasso, Mali”. The Canadian Journal of African Studies. 26(3): 485- 507
  • World Bank (2007). “Overview: Social capital”. http://go.worldbank.org/C0QTRW4QF0. (Sourced July 14, 2009).
  • Zhou, M. (2004). “Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergencies, Controversies, and Conceptual Advancements”. International Migration Review. 38(3): 1040-1074.
Yıl 2011, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 93 - 111, 30.05.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Amselle, J.-L. (1985). “Le Wahabisme à Bamako (1945-1985)”. The Canadian Journal of African Studies. 19(2): 345-357.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1999). “Observations on Social Capital” in P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, pp. 3-5. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Bailleul, C. (2000). Dictionnaire Bambara-Français. Bamako: Editions Donniya.
  • Barten, J. (2009). Families in Movement: Transformation of the family in urban Mali, with a focus on intercontinental mobility. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
  • Bayart, J.-F., S. Ellis and B. Hibou (1999). The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Bourdarias, F. (2009). “Mobilités chinoises et dynamiques sociales locales au Mali.” Politique Africaine. 113: 28-54.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Browning, C. R. (2009). “Illuminating the Downside of Social Capital: Negotiated Coexistence, Property Crime, and Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods.” American Behavioral Scientist. 52(11): 1556-1578.
  • Cliggett, L. (2005). Grains from Grass: Aging, Gender and Famine in Rural Africa. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Cohen, A. (1969). Custom and Politics in Urban Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Coleman, J. C. (1988). “Social capital in the creation of human capital”. American Journal of Sociology. 94:S95-S120.
  • Daum, C. (2002). “Aides au ‘retour volontaire’ et reinsertion au Mali : un bilan critique.” Hommes et migrations. 1239: 40-48.
  • Devauges, R. (1977). L’Oncle, le ndoki, et l’entrepreneur : la petite entreprise congolaise à Brazzaville. Paris: ORSTOM.
  • Dorier-Apprill, E. (2001). “The New Pentecostal Networks of Brazzaville” in A. Corten and R. Marshall-Fratani (eds.), Between Babel and Pentecost: Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin America, pp. 293-308. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Douma, J.-B. (2003). L'immigration congolaise en France : entre crises et recherche d'identité. Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dzaka, T. (2001). “Formation à la culture entrepreneuriale et identité ethnique au Congo-Brazzaville chez les entrepreneurs bakongo : une analyse par la confiance et les réseaux sociaux”. Proceedings of the 7th Journées scientifiques du réseau thématique de la Recherche Entrepreneuriat, pp. 89-104, Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie, Mauritius, 4-6 July 2001.
  • Dzaka, T. and M. Milandou (1994). “L’entrepreneuriat congolais à l’épreuve des pouvoirs magiques : une face cachée de la gestion culturelle du risque ?” Politique Africaine. 56: 108-118.
  • Dzaka, T. and M. Milandou (1995). « Entrepreneurs de Brazzaville : cinq réussites singulières” in Y.-A. Faure and S. Ellis (eds.), Entreprises et entrepreneurs africains, pp. 97. Paris: Karthala.
  • Eaton, D. (2006). “Diagnosing the Crisis in the Republic of Congo”. Africa. 76(1): 44
  • Fine, B. (1999). “The Developmental State is Dead—Long Live Social Capital?” Development and Change. 30: 1-19.
  • Fine, B. (2001). Social Capital Versus Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium. London: Routledge.
  • Foster, B. L. (1974). “Ethnicity and Commerce”. American Ethnologist 1(3): 447-448.
  • Geertz, C. (1963). Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Geschiere, P. (2003). “Witchcraft as the Dark Side of Kinship: Dilemmas of Social Security in New Contexts”. Ethnofoor. 16(1): 43-61.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). The Third Way and its Critics. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
  • Granovetter, M. (1995). “The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs.” In A. Portes (ed.), The Economic Sociology of Immigration, pp. 128-165. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
  • Grootaert, C. (1998). “Social Capital: The Missing Link?” Social Capital Initiative, Working Paper No. 3, World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCIALCAPITAL/Resources/Social- Capital-Initiative-Working-Paper-Series/SCI-WPS-03.pdf. (Sourced July 21, 2009).
  • Gruénais, M.-E. et al. (1995). “Messies, fétiches et lutte de pouvoirs entre les ‘grands hommes’ du Congo démocratique”. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines. 137/35(1): 163-193.
  • Gubert, F. (2008). “(In)coherence des politiques migratoires et de codéveloppement françaises”. Politique Africaine. 109: 42-55.
  • Hart, K. (1970). “Small-scale Entrepreneurs in Ghana and Development Planning.” Journal of Development Studies. 6(3): 104-120.
  • Hart, K. (1975). “Swindler or Public Benefactor? The Entrepreneur in his Community” in J. Goody (ed.), Changing Social Structure in Ghana: Essays in the Comparative Sociology of a New State and an Old Tradition, pp. 1-35. London: International African Institute.
  • Jeune Afrique-L’Intelligent (2004). “Forte croyance au kindoki.” February 23. http://www.lintelligent.com/articleImp.asp?art_cle=LIN22024forteikodni0. (Sourced February 25, 2004).
  • Jonsson, G. (2008). “Migration Aspirations and Involuntary Immobility in a Malian Soninke Village.” Working paper no. 10, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford. http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/working-paper-10-migration-aspirations- and-immobility. (Sourced July 16, 2009).
  • Kaba, L. (1974). The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
  • Kernen, A. and B. Vulliet (2008). “Les petits commerçants et entrepreneurs chinois au Mali et au Sénégal”. Afrique Contemporaine. 228: 69-94.
  • MacGaffey, J. (1987). Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The Struggle for Indigenous Capitalism in Zaire. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • MacGaffey, J. and R. Bazenguissa-Ganga (2000). Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Meagher, K. (2005). “Social Capital or analytical liability? Social networks and African informal economies”. Global Networks. 5(3): 217-238.
  • Meagher, K. (2006). “Social Capital, Social Liabilities, and Political Capital: Social Networks and Informal Manufacturing in Nigeria”. African Affairs. 105/421: 553-582.
  • Milandou, A.-M. (1997). “‘Type connu Qui ne le connaît pas ?’ Anonymat et culture populaire à Brazzaville”. L’Homme. 141: 119-130.
  • Moody, J. and P. Paxton (2009). “Building Bridges: Linking Social Capital and Social Networks to Improve Theory and Research.” American Behavioral Scientist. 52(11): 1506.
  • New York Times (1997). “Bamako Journal: Here, an Artist's Fame and Fortune Can Be Fatal”. September 11. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/11/world/bamako- journal-here-an-artist-s-fame-and-fortune-can-be-fatal.html. (Sourced July 16, 2009).
  • Newell, S. (2006). “Estranged belongings: A moral economy of theft in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire”. Anthropological Theory. 6(2): 179-203.
  • Palloni, A. et al. (2001). “Social Capital and International Migration: A Test Using Information on Family Networks”. American Journal of Sociology. 106(5): 1262-1298.
  • Portes, A. (1994). “The Informal Economy and Its Paradoxes” in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, eds. N. J. Smelser and R. Swedberg, pp. 426-449. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Portes, A. (1998). “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology”. Annual Review of Sociology. 24: 1-24.
  • Portes, A. and M. Zhou. (1992). “Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic Mobility among Immigrant and Domestic Minorities”. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 15(4): 491-522.
  • Portes, A. and P. Landolt (1996). “The Downside of Social Capital”. The American Prospect. 7(26): 18-21.
  • Portes, A. and J. Sensenbrenner. (1993). “Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action”. American Journal of Sociology. 98(6): 50.
  • Prashad, V. 2001. “The Merchant is Always a Stranger” in Everybody was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity, pp. 97-125. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Pringle, R. (2006). “Democratization in Mali: Putting History to Work”. Peaceworks. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks58.pdf. (Sourced December 15, 2006).
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Robison, L. J. et al. (2002). “Is Social Capital Really Capital?” Review of Social Economy. (1): 2-21.
  • Rubio, Mauricio. 1997). “Perverse Social Capital—Some Evidence from Colombia”. Journal of Economic Issues. 31(3): 805-816.
  • Sandefur, R. L. and E. O. Laumann (1998). “A Paradigm for Social Capital”. Rationality and Society. 10(4): 481-501.
  • Sanneh, L. (1996). Piety and Power: Muslims and Christians in West Africa. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Silvey, Rachel and Rebecca Elmhirst. 2003). “Engendering social capital: women workers and rural-urban networks in Indonesia’s crisis”. World Development. 31(5): 879.
  • Smith, S. S. and J. Kulynych (2002). “It May Be Social, but Why Is It Capital? The Social Construction of Social Capital and the Politics of Language”. Politics & Society. (1): 149-186.
  • Solow, R. M. (1999). “Notes on Social Capital and Economic Performance” in P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, pp. 6-12. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Syfia Congo. (2006). “Congo Brazzaville : travailleurs étrangers indésirables et indispensables”. http://www.syfia.info/fr/article.asp?article_num=4298. (Sourced January 28, 2006).
  • Tsika, J. (1995). “Entre l’enclume étatique et le marteau familial: l’impossible envol des entrepreneurs au Congo” in Y.-A. Fauré and S. Ellis (eds.), Entreprises et entrepreneurs africains, pp. 251-265. Paris: Karthala.
  • Vuarin, R. (1997). “Les entreprises de l’individu au Mali : Des chefs d’entreprises innovateurs dans le procès d’individualisation” in A. Marie (ed.), L’Afrique des Individus, pp. 171-200. Paris: Karthala.
  • Warms, R. L. (1992). “Merchants, Muslims, and Wahhabiyya: The Elaboration of Islamic Identity in Sikasso, Mali”. The Canadian Journal of African Studies. 26(3): 485- 507
  • World Bank (2007). “Overview: Social capital”. http://go.worldbank.org/C0QTRW4QF0. (Sourced July 14, 2009).
  • Zhou, M. (2004). “Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergencies, Controversies, and Conceptual Advancements”. International Migration Review. 38(3): 1040-1074.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22GG62VK
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bruce Whıtehouse Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Whıtehouse, B. (2016). Enterprising Strangers: Social Capital and Social Liability Among African Migrant Traders. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 4(1), 93-111.

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