BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Un-doing Gendered Power Relations Through Martial Arts?

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 17 - 37, 30.05.2016

Öz

According to gender theories there is a power differential between men and women that leaves women vulnerable to violence. This paper seeks to analyze whether martial arts training has the potential to improve women’s safety by challenging perceptions of their vulnerability. Findings from in-depth interviews with fourteen male and female martial artists show that, although martial artists hold normative beliefs about men’s and women’s bodies and their self-defense capabilities in general, they recognize that martial arts training can challenge stereotypical views about women’s weakness and vulnerability to violence. Specifically, women described how they gained self-confidence and learned to protect themselves and men explained how they saw female martial artists as equals when it came to their physical abilities. As such, martial arts training may be one potential avenue for un-doing the inequitable power relations that exist between women and men.

Kaynakça

  • Brecklin, L., & Ullman, S. (2005). Self-defense or assertiveness training and women‟s responses to sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 738-762.
  • Buchwald, E., Fletcher, P., & Roth, M. (Eds.). (1993). Transforming a rape culture. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions.
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2006). Criminal victimization in the United States, 2006
  • statistical tables: National crime victimization survey. Retrieved November 22, 2008 (http://www.ojp.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf)
  • Castelnuovo, S., & Guthrie, S. (1998.). Feminism and the female body: Liberating the Amazon within. London: Lynne Rienner.
  • Charmez, K. (1995). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre, & L.V. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp.27-49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Choi, P. (2003.). Muscle matters: Maintaining visible differences between women and men. Sexualities, Evolution & Gender, 5.2, 71-81.
  • David, W., Simpson, T., & Cotton, A. (2006). A pilot curriculum of self-defense and personal safety training for female veterans with PTSD because of military sexual trauma. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 555-565.
  • De Welde, K. (2003). Getting physical: Subverting gender through self-defense. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 32, 247-278.
  • Dowling, C. (2000). The frailty myth: Women approaching physical equality. New York: Random House.
  • Dworkin, S. L. (2001). ‟Holding back‟: Negotiating a glass ceiling on women‟s muscualar strength. Sociological Perspectives, 44, 333-350.
  • Ferraro, K. (1996). Women‟s fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault? Social Forces, 75, 667-690.
  • Fisher, B. S., & Sloan III, J. J. (2003). Unraveling the fear of victimziation among college women: Is the „Shadow of sexual assault hypothesis‟ supported? Justice Quarterly, 20, 633-659.
  • Frayer, D. W., & Wolpoff, M. H. (1985). Sexual dimorphism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 14, 429-473.
  • Gilchrist, E., Bannister, J., Ditton, J., & Farrall, S. (1998). Women and the fear of crime: Challenging the accepted stereotypes. British Journal of Criminology, 38, 283-298.
  • Hollander, J. A. (2004). I can take care of myself: The impact of self-defense training on women‟s lives. Violence Against Women, 10, 205-235.
  • Hughes, P. P., Marshall, D., & Sherrill, C. (2003). Multidimensional analysis of fear and confidence of university women relating to crimes and dangerous situations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 33-49.
  • Larsen, C. S. (2003). Equality for the sexes in human evolution? Early hominid sexual dimorphism and implications for mating systems and social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 9103-9104.
  • Lawler, J. (2002). PUNCH Why women participate in violent sports. Terre Haute, IN: Wish Publishing.
  • Madden, M. (1990). Attributions of control and vulnerability at the beginning and end of a karate class. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 787-794.
  • Madden, M. (1995). Perceived vulnerability and control of martial arts and physical fitness students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 899-910.
  • Madden, M., & Sokol, T. (1997). Teaching women self-defense: Pedagogical issues. Feminist Teacher, 11, 33-150.
  • McCaughey, M. (1997). Real knockouts: The physical feminism of women‟s self-defense. New York: New York University.
  • McDaniel, P. (1993). Self-defense training and women‟s fear of crime. Women‟s Studies Int. Forum, 16, 37-45.
  • Messerschmidt, J. W. (1986). Capitalism, patriarchy, and crime: Toward a socialist feminist criminology. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • -----. (1993). Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • -----. (1997). Crime as structured action: Gender, race, class and crime in the making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • -----. (2000). Nine lives: Adolescent masculinities, the body, and violence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • -----. (2004). Flesh and blood: Adolescent gender diversity and violence. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Rogers, A. R., & Mukherjee, A. (1992). Quantitative genetics of sexual dimorphism in human body size. Evolution, 46, 226-234.
  • Roth, A., & Basow, S. A. (2004). Femininity, sports, and feminism: Developing a theory of physical liberation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 28, 245-265.
  • Searles, P., & Berger, R. J. (1987). The feminist self-defense movement: A case study. Gender and Society, 1, 61-84.
  • Searles, P., & Follansbee, P. (1984). Self-defense for women: Translating theory into practice. Frontiers: A Journal of Women‟s Studies, 8, 65-70.
  • Stanko, E. (1995). Women, crime and fear. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 539, 46-58.
  • Stanko, E. (1997). Safety talk: Conceptualizing women‟s risk assessment as a „Technology of the soul‟. Theoretical Criminology, 1, 479-499.
  • Tjaden, P., & Theonnes, N. (1998). Prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Justice.
  • Warr, M. (1985). Fear of rape among urban women. Social Problems, 32, 238-250.
  • West, C. & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125-151.
  • Wilcox, P., Jordan, C. E., & Pritchard, A. J. (2006). Fear of acquaintance versus stranger rape as a „master status‟: Towards refinement of the „shadow of sexual assault‟. Violence and Victims, 21, 355-370.
  • Young, K. (1997). Women, sport, and physicality: Preliminary findings from a Canadian study. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, 297-305.
Yıl 2009, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 17 - 37, 30.05.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Brecklin, L., & Ullman, S. (2005). Self-defense or assertiveness training and women‟s responses to sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 738-762.
  • Buchwald, E., Fletcher, P., & Roth, M. (Eds.). (1993). Transforming a rape culture. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions.
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2006). Criminal victimization in the United States, 2006
  • statistical tables: National crime victimization survey. Retrieved November 22, 2008 (http://www.ojp.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf)
  • Castelnuovo, S., & Guthrie, S. (1998.). Feminism and the female body: Liberating the Amazon within. London: Lynne Rienner.
  • Charmez, K. (1995). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre, & L.V. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp.27-49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Choi, P. (2003.). Muscle matters: Maintaining visible differences between women and men. Sexualities, Evolution & Gender, 5.2, 71-81.
  • David, W., Simpson, T., & Cotton, A. (2006). A pilot curriculum of self-defense and personal safety training for female veterans with PTSD because of military sexual trauma. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 555-565.
  • De Welde, K. (2003). Getting physical: Subverting gender through self-defense. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 32, 247-278.
  • Dowling, C. (2000). The frailty myth: Women approaching physical equality. New York: Random House.
  • Dworkin, S. L. (2001). ‟Holding back‟: Negotiating a glass ceiling on women‟s muscualar strength. Sociological Perspectives, 44, 333-350.
  • Ferraro, K. (1996). Women‟s fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault? Social Forces, 75, 667-690.
  • Fisher, B. S., & Sloan III, J. J. (2003). Unraveling the fear of victimziation among college women: Is the „Shadow of sexual assault hypothesis‟ supported? Justice Quarterly, 20, 633-659.
  • Frayer, D. W., & Wolpoff, M. H. (1985). Sexual dimorphism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 14, 429-473.
  • Gilchrist, E., Bannister, J., Ditton, J., & Farrall, S. (1998). Women and the fear of crime: Challenging the accepted stereotypes. British Journal of Criminology, 38, 283-298.
  • Hollander, J. A. (2004). I can take care of myself: The impact of self-defense training on women‟s lives. Violence Against Women, 10, 205-235.
  • Hughes, P. P., Marshall, D., & Sherrill, C. (2003). Multidimensional analysis of fear and confidence of university women relating to crimes and dangerous situations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 33-49.
  • Larsen, C. S. (2003). Equality for the sexes in human evolution? Early hominid sexual dimorphism and implications for mating systems and social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 9103-9104.
  • Lawler, J. (2002). PUNCH Why women participate in violent sports. Terre Haute, IN: Wish Publishing.
  • Madden, M. (1990). Attributions of control and vulnerability at the beginning and end of a karate class. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 787-794.
  • Madden, M. (1995). Perceived vulnerability and control of martial arts and physical fitness students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 899-910.
  • Madden, M., & Sokol, T. (1997). Teaching women self-defense: Pedagogical issues. Feminist Teacher, 11, 33-150.
  • McCaughey, M. (1997). Real knockouts: The physical feminism of women‟s self-defense. New York: New York University.
  • McDaniel, P. (1993). Self-defense training and women‟s fear of crime. Women‟s Studies Int. Forum, 16, 37-45.
  • Messerschmidt, J. W. (1986). Capitalism, patriarchy, and crime: Toward a socialist feminist criminology. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • -----. (1993). Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • -----. (1997). Crime as structured action: Gender, race, class and crime in the making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • -----. (2000). Nine lives: Adolescent masculinities, the body, and violence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • -----. (2004). Flesh and blood: Adolescent gender diversity and violence. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Rogers, A. R., & Mukherjee, A. (1992). Quantitative genetics of sexual dimorphism in human body size. Evolution, 46, 226-234.
  • Roth, A., & Basow, S. A. (2004). Femininity, sports, and feminism: Developing a theory of physical liberation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 28, 245-265.
  • Searles, P., & Berger, R. J. (1987). The feminist self-defense movement: A case study. Gender and Society, 1, 61-84.
  • Searles, P., & Follansbee, P. (1984). Self-defense for women: Translating theory into practice. Frontiers: A Journal of Women‟s Studies, 8, 65-70.
  • Stanko, E. (1995). Women, crime and fear. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 539, 46-58.
  • Stanko, E. (1997). Safety talk: Conceptualizing women‟s risk assessment as a „Technology of the soul‟. Theoretical Criminology, 1, 479-499.
  • Tjaden, P., & Theonnes, N. (1998). Prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Justice.
  • Warr, M. (1985). Fear of rape among urban women. Social Problems, 32, 238-250.
  • West, C. & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125-151.
  • Wilcox, P., Jordan, C. E., & Pritchard, A. J. (2006). Fear of acquaintance versus stranger rape as a „master status‟: Towards refinement of the „shadow of sexual assault‟. Violence and Victims, 21, 355-370.
  • Young, K. (1997). Women, sport, and physicality: Preliminary findings from a Canadian study. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, 297-305.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22NM83TS
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Harmonijoie Noel Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Noel, H. (2016). Un-doing Gendered Power Relations Through Martial Arts?. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 2(2), 17-37.

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