BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Female Gang Members from East Los Angeles

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 47 - 74, 30.05.2016

Öz

East Los Angeles cholas are the female counterparts of the cholos, the latter the street gang members that come from marginal situations and conditions. While there has been little research on female gang members overall, the role of females in the street life is significant. Sisters, girlfriends, and other relatives share the same backgrounds as male gang members but additionally carry on traditions of their own. Female gang cliques sometimes operate alongside the males, but mostly they are auxiliaries to the established gang. Domestic violence plaques the females but they also occasionally participate in street violence. Social life revolves dating, courting, partying, and sexual encounters and here females play a pivotal role. Dress, make-up, and other customs distinguish females from males in the street life that is the gang world.

Kaynakça

  • Szanton Blanc, C., with contributors. (1995). Urban Children in Distress: Global Predicaments and Innovative Strategies. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.
  • Brown, W. K. (1977). "Black Female Gangs in Philadelphia." International Journal of Offender Therapyand Comparative Criminology, 21(3), 221-228.
  • Campbell, A. (1991). The Girls in the Gang, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Campbell, A. (1990). "Female Participation in Gangs." In C.R. Huff (Ed) Gangs in America. Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications,.
  • Chesney-Lind, M.. (1992). "Girls Gangs and Violence: Anatomy of a Backlash." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology. New Orleans, Louisiana. November.
  • Chesney-Lind, M. & Hagedorn, J. eds. (1999). Female Gangs in America: Essays on girls, gangs, and gender. Chicago: Lake View.
  • Chesney-Lind, M. & Sheldon, R.G. (1992). Girls: Delinquency and Juvenile Justice.Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1992.
  • Chesney-Lind, M., Sheldon, R.G., & Joe, K.A. (1996). "Girls, Delinquency, and Gang Membership." In C.R. Huff (Ed.) Gangs in America, 2nd ed..Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 185-204.
  • Curry, D. G. (1995). "Responding to Female Gang Involvement." Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology Annual Meetings. November.
  • Daly, K. & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988) "Feminism and Criminology." Justice Quarterly. ( 4), December.
  • Esbensen, F-A., Tibbetts, S.G., & Gaines, L. (2004). American Youth Gangs at the Millennium. Prospect Heights, ILL: Waveland Press.
  • Fishman, L.T. (1988). "'The Vice Queens': An Ethnographic Study of Black Female Gang Behavior." Presented at the American Society of Criminology. Chicago, Illinois. November 11.
  • Fleisher, M. (1998) Dead End Kids. Madison: U. Wisconsin.
  • Franzese, R.J., Covey, H.C., & Menard, S. (2006). Youth Gangs. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, Pub. Ltd.
  • Fremon, C. (2004). G-Dog and the Homeboys. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Garland, R. (1996). "Gangs and Girls in the 'Hood." Reclaiming Children and Youth. (2), 74-75.
  • Geis, G. (1965). "Juvenile Gangs." President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime. Washington, D.C.
  • Giordano, P. C. (1978). "Girls, Guys and Gangs: The Changing Social Context of Female Delinquency." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 69(1), 126-132.
  • Gooselin, D.K. (2005). Heavy Hands: An Introduction to the Crimes of Family Violence. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
  • Hagedorn, J. (2007). Gangs in the Global City. Urbana, ILL: University of Illinois.
  • Hayden, T. (2004). Street Wars: Gangs and the Future of Violence. New York: The Free Press.
  • Hazlehurst, K, & Hazlehurst, C. (1998). Gangs and youth subcultures: International explorations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Pub.
  • Klein, M. W. (1995). The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Klein, M. W. (1971). Street Gangs and Street Workers. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc..
  • Klein, M.W., & Maxson, C. (2006). Street Gang Patterns and Policies. Oxford: University Press.
  • Kontos, L, Brotherton, D., & Barrios, L. (2003). Gangs and Society: Alternatives Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Maniglia, R. (1996). "New Directions for Young Women in the Juvenile Justice System." Reclaiming Children and Youth 5(2), 96-101.
  • Mazon, M (1984), The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Maynard, R. A. & Garry, E.M. (1997). "Adolescent Motherhood: Implications for the Juvenile Justice System." Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,Fact Sheet #50.
  • Maxson, C. & Whitlock, M.L. (2002).. Joining the Gang: Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Gang Membership. In C. R. Huff (Ed) Gangs in America, 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pub.
  • Mehren, E. (1996). "Jagged Justice." Los Angeles Times 9 July, E1.
  • Mendoza-Denton, N. (1996). "'Muy Macha': Gender and Ideology in Gang Girls' Discourse about Makeup." Ethnos. 61, 47-63.
  • Miller, J. (2002). The Girls in the Gang: What We’ve Learned From Two Decades of Research. In C.R. Huff, (Ed). Gangs in America, 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Miller, J. (2001). One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs, and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Moore, J. W. (1991). Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Moore, J. W. & Hagedorn, J.M.. (1996). "What Happens to Girls in the Gang?" In C.R. Huff (Ed) Gangs in America, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 205-220.
  • Moore, J. W.; Vigil, J.D., & Levy, J. (1995). "Huisas of the Street: Chicana Gang Members." Latino Studies Journal 6( 1), 27-48.
  • Moore, J.W., & Vigil, J.D. (1987). Chicano Gangs: Group Norms and Individual Factors Related to Adult Criminality. Joan W. Moore (second author). Aztlan (2):27-44.
  • Moore, J. W. & Mata, A. (1981). Women and Heroin in Chicano Communities. Los Angeles: Chicano Pinto Research Project.
  • National Institute of Justice (NIJ). (1994). "Gender and Gangs." Washington, D.C.: Prepared by Gang Crime and Law Enforcement Record keeping. August.
  • Oehme, C.G. (1997). Gangs, Groups, and Crime. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). (1996). "Female Offenders in the Juvenile Justice Systyem: Statistic Summary." June.
  • Quicker, J. C. (1983). Homegirls: Characterizing Chicana Gangs. San Pedro California: International Universities Press.
  • Rodriguez, D. (1990). Chicana Gang Members. Undergraduate Paper, in course Culture Change and the Mexican People. University of Southern California.
  • Short, James F. & Strodtbeck, F.L (1965) Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Valdez, A. (2007). Mexican American Girls and Gang Violence. New York: Palgrave.
  • Vigil, J.D. nd. (2007) Mexican Migrants in Gangs: A Second Generation History. In Euro-Gangs: Theories and Methods. Forthcoming.
  • Vigil, J.D. (2007). The Projects: Gang and Non-Gang Families in East Los Angeles. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Vigil, J.D. (2002). A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Subcultures in the Mega-City. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Vigil, J.D. (1993). Gangs, Social Control, and Ethnicity: Ways to Redirect Street Youth. IN S. B. Heath and M. W. McLaughlin (Eds.), Identity and Inner-CityYouth: Beyond Ethnicity and Gender. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 94-
  • Vigil, J.D. (1988a). Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Vigil, J.D. (1988b). Group Processes and Street Identity: Adolescent Chicano Gang Members. Ethos 16(4):421-445.
Yıl 2008, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 47 - 74, 30.05.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Szanton Blanc, C., with contributors. (1995). Urban Children in Distress: Global Predicaments and Innovative Strategies. Florence, Italy: UNICEF.
  • Brown, W. K. (1977). "Black Female Gangs in Philadelphia." International Journal of Offender Therapyand Comparative Criminology, 21(3), 221-228.
  • Campbell, A. (1991). The Girls in the Gang, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Campbell, A. (1990). "Female Participation in Gangs." In C.R. Huff (Ed) Gangs in America. Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications,.
  • Chesney-Lind, M.. (1992). "Girls Gangs and Violence: Anatomy of a Backlash." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology. New Orleans, Louisiana. November.
  • Chesney-Lind, M. & Hagedorn, J. eds. (1999). Female Gangs in America: Essays on girls, gangs, and gender. Chicago: Lake View.
  • Chesney-Lind, M. & Sheldon, R.G. (1992). Girls: Delinquency and Juvenile Justice.Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1992.
  • Chesney-Lind, M., Sheldon, R.G., & Joe, K.A. (1996). "Girls, Delinquency, and Gang Membership." In C.R. Huff (Ed.) Gangs in America, 2nd ed..Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 185-204.
  • Curry, D. G. (1995). "Responding to Female Gang Involvement." Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology Annual Meetings. November.
  • Daly, K. & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988) "Feminism and Criminology." Justice Quarterly. ( 4), December.
  • Esbensen, F-A., Tibbetts, S.G., & Gaines, L. (2004). American Youth Gangs at the Millennium. Prospect Heights, ILL: Waveland Press.
  • Fishman, L.T. (1988). "'The Vice Queens': An Ethnographic Study of Black Female Gang Behavior." Presented at the American Society of Criminology. Chicago, Illinois. November 11.
  • Fleisher, M. (1998) Dead End Kids. Madison: U. Wisconsin.
  • Franzese, R.J., Covey, H.C., & Menard, S. (2006). Youth Gangs. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, Pub. Ltd.
  • Fremon, C. (2004). G-Dog and the Homeboys. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Garland, R. (1996). "Gangs and Girls in the 'Hood." Reclaiming Children and Youth. (2), 74-75.
  • Geis, G. (1965). "Juvenile Gangs." President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime. Washington, D.C.
  • Giordano, P. C. (1978). "Girls, Guys and Gangs: The Changing Social Context of Female Delinquency." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 69(1), 126-132.
  • Gooselin, D.K. (2005). Heavy Hands: An Introduction to the Crimes of Family Violence. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
  • Hagedorn, J. (2007). Gangs in the Global City. Urbana, ILL: University of Illinois.
  • Hayden, T. (2004). Street Wars: Gangs and the Future of Violence. New York: The Free Press.
  • Hazlehurst, K, & Hazlehurst, C. (1998). Gangs and youth subcultures: International explorations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Pub.
  • Klein, M. W. (1995). The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Klein, M. W. (1971). Street Gangs and Street Workers. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc..
  • Klein, M.W., & Maxson, C. (2006). Street Gang Patterns and Policies. Oxford: University Press.
  • Kontos, L, Brotherton, D., & Barrios, L. (2003). Gangs and Society: Alternatives Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Maniglia, R. (1996). "New Directions for Young Women in the Juvenile Justice System." Reclaiming Children and Youth 5(2), 96-101.
  • Mazon, M (1984), The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Maynard, R. A. & Garry, E.M. (1997). "Adolescent Motherhood: Implications for the Juvenile Justice System." Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,Fact Sheet #50.
  • Maxson, C. & Whitlock, M.L. (2002).. Joining the Gang: Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Gang Membership. In C. R. Huff (Ed) Gangs in America, 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pub.
  • Mehren, E. (1996). "Jagged Justice." Los Angeles Times 9 July, E1.
  • Mendoza-Denton, N. (1996). "'Muy Macha': Gender and Ideology in Gang Girls' Discourse about Makeup." Ethnos. 61, 47-63.
  • Miller, J. (2002). The Girls in the Gang: What We’ve Learned From Two Decades of Research. In C.R. Huff, (Ed). Gangs in America, 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Miller, J. (2001). One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs, and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Moore, J. W. (1991). Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Moore, J. W. & Hagedorn, J.M.. (1996). "What Happens to Girls in the Gang?" In C.R. Huff (Ed) Gangs in America, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 205-220.
  • Moore, J. W.; Vigil, J.D., & Levy, J. (1995). "Huisas of the Street: Chicana Gang Members." Latino Studies Journal 6( 1), 27-48.
  • Moore, J.W., & Vigil, J.D. (1987). Chicano Gangs: Group Norms and Individual Factors Related to Adult Criminality. Joan W. Moore (second author). Aztlan (2):27-44.
  • Moore, J. W. & Mata, A. (1981). Women and Heroin in Chicano Communities. Los Angeles: Chicano Pinto Research Project.
  • National Institute of Justice (NIJ). (1994). "Gender and Gangs." Washington, D.C.: Prepared by Gang Crime and Law Enforcement Record keeping. August.
  • Oehme, C.G. (1997). Gangs, Groups, and Crime. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). (1996). "Female Offenders in the Juvenile Justice Systyem: Statistic Summary." June.
  • Quicker, J. C. (1983). Homegirls: Characterizing Chicana Gangs. San Pedro California: International Universities Press.
  • Rodriguez, D. (1990). Chicana Gang Members. Undergraduate Paper, in course Culture Change and the Mexican People. University of Southern California.
  • Short, James F. & Strodtbeck, F.L (1965) Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Valdez, A. (2007). Mexican American Girls and Gang Violence. New York: Palgrave.
  • Vigil, J.D. nd. (2007) Mexican Migrants in Gangs: A Second Generation History. In Euro-Gangs: Theories and Methods. Forthcoming.
  • Vigil, J.D. (2007). The Projects: Gang and Non-Gang Families in East Los Angeles. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Vigil, J.D. (2002). A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Subcultures in the Mega-City. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Vigil, J.D. (1993). Gangs, Social Control, and Ethnicity: Ways to Redirect Street Youth. IN S. B. Heath and M. W. McLaughlin (Eds.), Identity and Inner-CityYouth: Beyond Ethnicity and Gender. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 94-
  • Vigil, J.D. (1988a). Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Vigil, J.D. (1988b). Group Processes and Street Identity: Adolescent Chicano Gang Members. Ethos 16(4):421-445.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22SA56KK
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

James Diego Vıgıl Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2008 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Vıgıl, J. D. (2016). Female Gang Members from East Los Angeles. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 1(1), 47-74.

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