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TURKEY’S FOREIGN DEPENDENCE ON ENERGY AND WIND POWER AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 1 - 32, 28.02.2017

Öz

Negative impacts of fossil fuels on the environment and the search for energy alternatives to petroleum spurred many countries to turn to renewable energy resources. At present, these energy resources, including wind power, are preferred around the world because they are both clean and renewable. Turkey is a country dependent on foreign energy. Although it is not rich in fossil fuels, Turkey is dependent mainly because such resources are not favored owing to the nation’s high potential for wind power. Nevertheless, wind power holds a very low share in the country's energy production. Cost, technical concerns, public opposition and environmental problems are the causes of this low share. The objective of the present study is to give details of the problem of Turkey’s energy foreign dependence and determine the wind energy potential in Turkey. In the present study, the goal is to describe the country's potential for clean, local wind power and to propose recommendations for the policy-makers.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, Sevil; Kitson, Lucy; Bridle, Richard. (2015). Subsidies to Coal and Renewable Energy in Turkey. Manitoba, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
  • Akpınar, Adem.; Kömürcü, M. İhsan; Kankal, Murat (2011). “Development of Hydropower Energy in Turkey: The Case of Çoruh River Basin”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (15), 1201-1209.
  • Altuntaşoğlu, T. Zerrin (2011). “Türkiye'de Rüzgar Enerjisi, Mevcut Durum, Sorunlar”. Mühendis ve Makina, 52(617), 56-63.
  • Aydemir, G. Çelikyılmaz (2015). “Seragazı Karnemiz Kırıklarla Dolu”. Ekoiq (52), 74-76.
  • Bayraç, H. Naci (2011). “Küresel Rüzgar Enerjisi Politikaları ve Uygulamaları”. Uludağ Journal of Economy and Society, 30(1), 37-57.
  • BP. (2016). “BP Statistical Review of World Energy”. http://www.bp.com/content/ dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf (A.D. 07 10. 2016)
  • Climate Action Tracker (CTA). (2015). “Turkey rating”. http://climateaction tracker.org/countries/turkey.html (A.D. 10.10. 2015)
  • Çalışkan, Mustafa (2007). Wind Energy Potential of Turkey. Ankara: EIE.
  • Doukas, Alex; Acar, Sevil (2015). G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production: Turkey. Oil Change International (OCI) and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI).
  • EİGM. (2014). “Denge Tabloları” http://www.eigm.gov.tr/tr-TR/Denge Tablolari/Denge-Tablolari (A.D.15.03. 2016)
  • Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2014). “Turkey, International Energy Data and Analysis”, https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=TUR (A.D. 15 05, 2015).
  • Enerji Atlası. (2015). “Hidroelektrik Santralleri”. http://www.enerjiatlasi. com/hidroelektrik/ (A.D. 11. 10. 2015)
  • Erdogdu, Erkan (2009). “On the Wind Energy in Turkey”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews(13), 1361-1371.
  • Friedman, Lisa (2015). “Turkey: Can a country planning 80 coal-fired power plants get serious about climate change?” http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060026121 (A.D. 15.10. 2015)
  • Gençoğlu, Muhsin; Cebeci, Mehmet (2001). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Rüzgar Enerjisi. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu 18 - 20 Ocak.
  • Hamamcı, Rüçhan (2015). Türkiye'de Res'lerde İnşaat Süreci, İşletme ve Bakım. Turkish Wind Energy Congress 4-5 November 2015. Ankara: Turkish Wind Energy Association.
  • Hayfavi, Kenan (2014). Rüzgar Enerji Santralleri Yatırım Deneyimleri. Turkish Wind Energy Congress 5 - 6 November 2014. İstanbul: Turkish Wind Energy Association.
  • HEAL. (2015). “The Unpaid Health Bill,How coal power plants in Turkey make us sick”. Health and Environment Alliance. http://www.env-health.org/IMG/pdfheal_report_the_unpaid_health_bill_how_coal_power_plants_make_us_sick_final.pdf (A.D. 12.05.2015).
  • Hermansson, Helene (2007). “The Ethics of NIMBY Conflicts. Ethic Theory” Moral Prac(10), 23-34.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2010). Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Turkey 2009 Review. 9 Rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, Soregraph: IEA Publications.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). “IEA Energy Atlas”. http://energyatlas.iea.org/?subject=-297203538 (A.D. 07.07. 2016)
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). “Oil and Gas Emergency Policy - Turkey 2013 update”.27 IJSI 9/2 Aralık/ December 2016 https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/2013_ Turkey_ Country_ Chapterfinal_with_last _page.pdf (A.D. 31. 06. 2015)
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014a). Emergency Response Systems of Individual IEA Countries. 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France: IEA.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014b). “Turkey energy statistics”. http://www. iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country =TURKEY=&product=balances&year=Select (A.D. 07. 12. 2015).
  • Karaca, Coşkun; Erdoğdu, Mustafa (2012). “Türkiye'de Rüzgar Çiftliklerinden Elektirik Üretilmesiyle Sağlanabilecek Çevresel ve Ekonomik Kazançlar”. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi(23), 156-188.
  • Karagöl, E. Tanas.; Mıhçıokur, Ü. İstiklal (2013). “Enerji Görünümü: Türkiye”. Seta Perspektif, 1-4(16).
  • Karakış, Esra. (2014). “Aylık Enerji İstatistikleri Raporu-5”. Ankara: Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü., http://www.enerji.gov.tr/yayinlar_raporlar/ (A.D. 07. 04. 2015).
  • Katsanu, E., Zafiraki, D., Kondilli, E., & Kaldellis, J. (2011). Recent views on the public acceptance of wind energy and photovoltaic applications in Greece. EWEC - 2011, Brussels. Belgium.
  • Kaygusuz, Kamil. (2010). “Electricity Generation: A Case Study in Turkey”. Energy Sources, 21(3), 275-290.
  • Keith, Stephene. E; Michaud, David. S.; Bly, Stephene. H. (2008). “A Proposal for Evaluating the Potential Health Effects of Wind Turbine Noise for Projects Under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Journal of Low Frequency Noise”, Vibration and Active Control, 27(4), 253-267.
  • Kick, Christopher (2011). How is 100% Renewable Energy Possible for Turkey by 2020? Global Energy Network Institute (GENI).
  • Kiliç, A.M. (2006). “Turkey’s Natural Gas Necessity, Consumption and Future Perspectives”. Energy Policy(34), 1928-1934.
  • Kocagöz, Barış. (2015). Res'lerde İzin ve İnşaat Süreçlerinde Yaşananlar. Turkish Wind Energy Congress 4-5 November 2015. Ankara: Turkish Wind Energy Association.
  • Kraft, Michael. E.; Clary, B. Bruce (1991). “Citizen Participation and The Nimby Syndrome: Public Response to Radioactive Waste Disposal.” The Western Political Quarterly, 44(2), 299-328.
  • Leung, Dennis. Y.; Yang, Yuan (2012). “Wind Energy Development and its Environmental Impact: A Review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews(16), 1031-1039.
  • Mertoglu, Orhan; Şimsek, Şakir; Basarir, Nilgün (2015). Geothermal Country Update Report of Turkey (2010-2015). Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 19-25 April 2015. Melbourne, Australia.
  • Oğulata, R. Tuğrul. (2003). “Energy Sector and Wind Energy Potential in Turkey”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 7, 469–484.
  • Özata, Erkan. (2014). “Sustainability of Current Account Deficit with High Oil Prices: Evidence from Turkey”. International Journal of Economic Sciences (Vol. III / No. 2), 71 - 88.
  • Özgören, Muharrem; Köse, Faruk; Aksoy, M. H., Canlı, E., Solmaz, Ö., Doğan: ; Yağmur: (2012). Konya'da Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Malzeme Üretilebilirlik Araştırması. Konya: Yeryüzü Enerji Sistemleri.
  • Palabıyık, Hamit; Yavaş, Hikmet; Aydın, Murat (2010). “Nükleer Enerji ve Sosyal Kabul Sorunu: NIMBY Sendromu Üzerine Kritik Bir Literatür İncelemesi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 45-66.
  • REN21. (2016). Renewables Global Status Report . Renewable Energy Policy Network.
  • Richert, J. (2015). Reinvigoratin Turkey's Energy Leadership – Turkey as a Sustainable Energy Leader Among Emerging Economies. İstanbul: Sabanci University Istanbul Policy Center; Stiftung Mercator Initiative.
  • Rzayeva, Gulmira. (2014). Natural Gas in the Turkish Domestic Energy Market: Policies and Challenges (Registered Charity, No. 286084). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
  • Shearer, C., Ghio, N., Myllyvirta, L., & Nace, T. (2015). “Boom and Bust”. CoalSwarm and Sierra Club. http://sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-ysiwig/final%20boom%20and%20bust%20 2017 % 20(3-27-16).pdf (A.D. 07.10. 2016).
  • Shearer, C., Ghio, N., Myllyvirta, L., & Nace, T. (2015). “Boom and Bust”. CoalSwarm and Sierra Club. http://sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-ysiwig/final%20boom%20and%20bust%20 2017 % 20(3-27-16).pdf (A.D. 07.10. 2016).
  • Terzi, N. (2014). “Curren Account Deficit and Global Competiteveness in Turkey”. Business Systems and Economics (Vol. 4 (2), 126 - 138.
  • The World Bank (WB). (2012). “Overview of Turkey”., http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE. ELEC.KH.PC (A. D. 14.10.2015).
  • TPAO. (2014). “Ham Petrol ve Doğalgaz Sektör Raporu”. http://www.tpao.gov.tr/tp5 /docs/rapor/2013-YILI-HAM-PETROL-VE-DOGAL-GAZ-SEKTOR-RAPO RU.pdf (A.D. 25.06.2015)
  • Turkish Wind Energy Association (TWEA). (2015). Turkish Wind Energy Statistic Report. TWEA.
  • Ulutas, B. Haktanırlar (2005). “Determination of The Appropriate Energy Policy for Turkey”. Energy, 30 (7). 1146-1161.
  • UNFCCC. (2015). “Republic of Turkey Intended Nationally Determined Contribution”. http://www4.unfccc. int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Turkey/1/The_INDC_of_TURKEY_v.15.19.30.pdf (A.D. 10.12.2015).
  • Uygun, Can; Eker, M. Kubilay (2009). Rüzgar Enerji Santrallerinin Şebekeye Bağlanması Durumunda Enerji Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Türkiye 11. Enerji Kongresi 21 - 23 Ekim 2009. İzmir.
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 1 - 32, 28.02.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acar, Sevil; Kitson, Lucy; Bridle, Richard. (2015). Subsidies to Coal and Renewable Energy in Turkey. Manitoba, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
  • Akpınar, Adem.; Kömürcü, M. İhsan; Kankal, Murat (2011). “Development of Hydropower Energy in Turkey: The Case of Çoruh River Basin”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (15), 1201-1209.
  • Altuntaşoğlu, T. Zerrin (2011). “Türkiye'de Rüzgar Enerjisi, Mevcut Durum, Sorunlar”. Mühendis ve Makina, 52(617), 56-63.
  • Aydemir, G. Çelikyılmaz (2015). “Seragazı Karnemiz Kırıklarla Dolu”. Ekoiq (52), 74-76.
  • Bayraç, H. Naci (2011). “Küresel Rüzgar Enerjisi Politikaları ve Uygulamaları”. Uludağ Journal of Economy and Society, 30(1), 37-57.
  • BP. (2016). “BP Statistical Review of World Energy”. http://www.bp.com/content/ dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf (A.D. 07 10. 2016)
  • Climate Action Tracker (CTA). (2015). “Turkey rating”. http://climateaction tracker.org/countries/turkey.html (A.D. 10.10. 2015)
  • Çalışkan, Mustafa (2007). Wind Energy Potential of Turkey. Ankara: EIE.
  • Doukas, Alex; Acar, Sevil (2015). G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production: Turkey. Oil Change International (OCI) and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI).
  • EİGM. (2014). “Denge Tabloları” http://www.eigm.gov.tr/tr-TR/Denge Tablolari/Denge-Tablolari (A.D.15.03. 2016)
  • Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2014). “Turkey, International Energy Data and Analysis”, https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=TUR (A.D. 15 05, 2015).
  • Enerji Atlası. (2015). “Hidroelektrik Santralleri”. http://www.enerjiatlasi. com/hidroelektrik/ (A.D. 11. 10. 2015)
  • Erdogdu, Erkan (2009). “On the Wind Energy in Turkey”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews(13), 1361-1371.
  • Friedman, Lisa (2015). “Turkey: Can a country planning 80 coal-fired power plants get serious about climate change?” http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060026121 (A.D. 15.10. 2015)
  • Gençoğlu, Muhsin; Cebeci, Mehmet (2001). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Rüzgar Enerjisi. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu 18 - 20 Ocak.
  • Hamamcı, Rüçhan (2015). Türkiye'de Res'lerde İnşaat Süreci, İşletme ve Bakım. Turkish Wind Energy Congress 4-5 November 2015. Ankara: Turkish Wind Energy Association.
  • Hayfavi, Kenan (2014). Rüzgar Enerji Santralleri Yatırım Deneyimleri. Turkish Wind Energy Congress 5 - 6 November 2014. İstanbul: Turkish Wind Energy Association.
  • HEAL. (2015). “The Unpaid Health Bill,How coal power plants in Turkey make us sick”. Health and Environment Alliance. http://www.env-health.org/IMG/pdfheal_report_the_unpaid_health_bill_how_coal_power_plants_make_us_sick_final.pdf (A.D. 12.05.2015).
  • Hermansson, Helene (2007). “The Ethics of NIMBY Conflicts. Ethic Theory” Moral Prac(10), 23-34.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2010). Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Turkey 2009 Review. 9 Rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, Soregraph: IEA Publications.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). “IEA Energy Atlas”. http://energyatlas.iea.org/?subject=-297203538 (A.D. 07.07. 2016)
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). “Oil and Gas Emergency Policy - Turkey 2013 update”.27 IJSI 9/2 Aralık/ December 2016 https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/2013_ Turkey_ Country_ Chapterfinal_with_last _page.pdf (A.D. 31. 06. 2015)
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014a). Emergency Response Systems of Individual IEA Countries. 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France: IEA.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014b). “Turkey energy statistics”. http://www. iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country =TURKEY=&product=balances&year=Select (A.D. 07. 12. 2015).
  • Karaca, Coşkun; Erdoğdu, Mustafa (2012). “Türkiye'de Rüzgar Çiftliklerinden Elektirik Üretilmesiyle Sağlanabilecek Çevresel ve Ekonomik Kazançlar”. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi(23), 156-188.
  • Karagöl, E. Tanas.; Mıhçıokur, Ü. İstiklal (2013). “Enerji Görünümü: Türkiye”. Seta Perspektif, 1-4(16).
  • Karakış, Esra. (2014). “Aylık Enerji İstatistikleri Raporu-5”. Ankara: Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü., http://www.enerji.gov.tr/yayinlar_raporlar/ (A.D. 07. 04. 2015).
  • Katsanu, E., Zafiraki, D., Kondilli, E., & Kaldellis, J. (2011). Recent views on the public acceptance of wind energy and photovoltaic applications in Greece. EWEC - 2011, Brussels. Belgium.
  • Kaygusuz, Kamil. (2010). “Electricity Generation: A Case Study in Turkey”. Energy Sources, 21(3), 275-290.
  • Keith, Stephene. E; Michaud, David. S.; Bly, Stephene. H. (2008). “A Proposal for Evaluating the Potential Health Effects of Wind Turbine Noise for Projects Under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Journal of Low Frequency Noise”, Vibration and Active Control, 27(4), 253-267.
  • Kick, Christopher (2011). How is 100% Renewable Energy Possible for Turkey by 2020? Global Energy Network Institute (GENI).
  • Kiliç, A.M. (2006). “Turkey’s Natural Gas Necessity, Consumption and Future Perspectives”. Energy Policy(34), 1928-1934.
  • Kocagöz, Barış. (2015). Res'lerde İzin ve İnşaat Süreçlerinde Yaşananlar. Turkish Wind Energy Congress 4-5 November 2015. Ankara: Turkish Wind Energy Association.
  • Kraft, Michael. E.; Clary, B. Bruce (1991). “Citizen Participation and The Nimby Syndrome: Public Response to Radioactive Waste Disposal.” The Western Political Quarterly, 44(2), 299-328.
  • Leung, Dennis. Y.; Yang, Yuan (2012). “Wind Energy Development and its Environmental Impact: A Review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews(16), 1031-1039.
  • Mertoglu, Orhan; Şimsek, Şakir; Basarir, Nilgün (2015). Geothermal Country Update Report of Turkey (2010-2015). Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 19-25 April 2015. Melbourne, Australia.
  • Oğulata, R. Tuğrul. (2003). “Energy Sector and Wind Energy Potential in Turkey”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 7, 469–484.
  • Özata, Erkan. (2014). “Sustainability of Current Account Deficit with High Oil Prices: Evidence from Turkey”. International Journal of Economic Sciences (Vol. III / No. 2), 71 - 88.
  • Özgören, Muharrem; Köse, Faruk; Aksoy, M. H., Canlı, E., Solmaz, Ö., Doğan: ; Yağmur: (2012). Konya'da Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Malzeme Üretilebilirlik Araştırması. Konya: Yeryüzü Enerji Sistemleri.
  • Palabıyık, Hamit; Yavaş, Hikmet; Aydın, Murat (2010). “Nükleer Enerji ve Sosyal Kabul Sorunu: NIMBY Sendromu Üzerine Kritik Bir Literatür İncelemesi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 45-66.
  • REN21. (2016). Renewables Global Status Report . Renewable Energy Policy Network.
  • Richert, J. (2015). Reinvigoratin Turkey's Energy Leadership – Turkey as a Sustainable Energy Leader Among Emerging Economies. İstanbul: Sabanci University Istanbul Policy Center; Stiftung Mercator Initiative.
  • Rzayeva, Gulmira. (2014). Natural Gas in the Turkish Domestic Energy Market: Policies and Challenges (Registered Charity, No. 286084). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
  • Shearer, C., Ghio, N., Myllyvirta, L., & Nace, T. (2015). “Boom and Bust”. CoalSwarm and Sierra Club. http://sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-ysiwig/final%20boom%20and%20bust%20 2017 % 20(3-27-16).pdf (A.D. 07.10. 2016).
  • Shearer, C., Ghio, N., Myllyvirta, L., & Nace, T. (2015). “Boom and Bust”. CoalSwarm and Sierra Club. http://sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-ysiwig/final%20boom%20and%20bust%20 2017 % 20(3-27-16).pdf (A.D. 07.10. 2016).
  • Terzi, N. (2014). “Curren Account Deficit and Global Competiteveness in Turkey”. Business Systems and Economics (Vol. 4 (2), 126 - 138.
  • The World Bank (WB). (2012). “Overview of Turkey”., http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE. ELEC.KH.PC (A. D. 14.10.2015).
  • TPAO. (2014). “Ham Petrol ve Doğalgaz Sektör Raporu”. http://www.tpao.gov.tr/tp5 /docs/rapor/2013-YILI-HAM-PETROL-VE-DOGAL-GAZ-SEKTOR-RAPO RU.pdf (A.D. 25.06.2015)
  • Turkish Wind Energy Association (TWEA). (2015). Turkish Wind Energy Statistic Report. TWEA.
  • Ulutas, B. Haktanırlar (2005). “Determination of The Appropriate Energy Policy for Turkey”. Energy, 30 (7). 1146-1161.
  • UNFCCC. (2015). “Republic of Turkey Intended Nationally Determined Contribution”. http://www4.unfccc. int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Turkey/1/The_INDC_of_TURKEY_v.15.19.30.pdf (A.D. 10.12.2015).
  • Uygun, Can; Eker, M. Kubilay (2009). Rüzgar Enerji Santrallerinin Şebekeye Bağlanması Durumunda Enerji Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Türkiye 11. Enerji Kongresi 21 - 23 Ekim 2009. İzmir.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ferhat Arslan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, F. (2017). TURKEY’S FOREIGN DEPENDENCE ON ENERGY AND WIND POWER AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 9(2), 1-32.

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