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PATRIMONIALISM IN MODERNISATION: A COMPARATIVE ESSAY TO INTERPRET RUSSIAN AND TURKISH POLITICAL CULTURES

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 125 - 154, 26.06.2019

Öz

The concept of patrimonialism, improved for describing the legitimate political authorities of pre-modern societies, has recently begun to attract top social science scholars with its appearances in modern societies. In this article the political cultures of Russia and Turkey which have similarities relating to history, geography and political behaviors are analysed within the scope of patrimonialism as well. Both political structures that have been world-systems-in-themselves in history, have also transferred the patrimonial culture of their imperial past to modern state-building. Even in the radicalization phases of modernization in both states’ histories, patrimonialism has manifested itself in the behaviour of political elites and the popular acceptance of them. It would be useful to consider patrimonialism as a dominant factor in approaching the actual problems like democratization in such political cultures.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Julia; Charrad, Mounira M. (2015). “Introduction: Old (Patrimonial) Political Forms Made New”. Political Power and Social Theory, 28, 1-5.
  • Amin, Samir (1977). Imperialism and Unequal Development. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Arat, Yeşim (1991). “Social Change and the 1983 Governing Elite in Turkey”. Kıray, Mübeccel (Ed.), Structural Change in Turkish Society, Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies,163-178.
  • Avcıoğlu, Doğan (1974). Türkiye’nin Düzeni: Dün-Bugün-Yarın. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1995). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Richard Nice (Trs.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1990). The Logic of Practice. Richard Nice (Trs.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Bratton, Michael; Van de Walle, Nicolas (1994). “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa”. World Politics, 46(4), 453-489.
  • Brown, Archie (1989). “Ideology and Political Culture”. Bialer, Seweryn (Ed.), Politics, Society and Nationality Inside Gorbachev’s Russia, Boulder: Westview, 1-40.
  • Brown, Archie (1984). “Soviet Political Culture through Soviet Eyes”. Brown, Archie (Ed.), Political Culture and Communist Studies, London: The Macmillan Press, 100-114.
  • Brezinski, Zbigniew (1992). Büyük Çöküş. Gül Keskil, Gülsev Pakkan (Trs.). Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1976). “Soviet Politics: From the Future to the Past?”. Cocks, Paul; Daniels, Robert V.; Heer, Nancy Whittier (Eds.), The Dynamics of Soviet Politics, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 337-351.
  • Burant, Stephen R. (1987). “The Influence of Russian Tradition on the Political Style of the Soviet Elite”. Political Science Quarterly, 102(2), 273-293.
  • Charrad, Mounira M.; Adams Julia (Eds.) (2015). Political Power and Social Theory, 28.
  • Chehabi, Houchang. E. ; Linz, Juan J. (1998). “A Theory of Sultanism 1: A Type of Nondemocratic Rule”. Chehabi, Houchang. E.; Linz, Juan J. (Eds.), Sultanistic Regimes, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 3-25.
  • Çakır, Ruşen (2002). Ayet ve Slogan: Türkiye’de İslamcı Oluşumlar: İstanbul: Metis.
  • Çakır, Ruşen (1994). Ne Şeriat Ne Demokrasi: Refah Partisini Anlamak. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Semiramis (2001). “Kadızâdeliler”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. XXIV, 100-102.
  • Daniels, Robert V. (1987). “Russian Political Culture and the Post-Revolutionary Impasse”. The Russian Review, 46(2), 165-175.
  • Eckstein, Harry (1988). “A Culturalist Theory of Political Change”. The American Political Science Review, 82(3), 789-804.
  • Eisenstadt, Samuel N.; Roniger, Luis (1984). Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frank, Andre. G.; Gills, Barry K. (1993). “The 5,000-Year of World System: An Interdisciplinary Introduction”. Frank, Andre G.; Gills, Barry, K. (Eds.), The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?, London-New York: Routledge, 3-53.
  • Freund, Julien (1968). The Sociology of Max Weber. Mary Ilford (Trs.). Toronto: Pantheon Books.
  • Gel’man, Vladimir (2004). “The Unrule of Law in the Making: The Politics of Informal Institution Building in Russia”. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(7), 1021-1040.
  • Getty, J. Arch (2016). Stalinizm Hükmederken: Bolşevikler, Boyarlar ve Geleneğin Ayak Direyişi. Gül Çağalı Güven (Trs.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Gill, Graeme (1990). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gray, John (2007). Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia. London: Allen Lane.
  • Hahn, Jeffrey W. (1991). “Continuity and Change in Russian Political Culture”. British Journal of Political Science, 21(4), 393-421.
  • Hall, John R. (2015). “Patrimonialism in America: The Public Domain in the Making of Modernity – From Colonial Times to the Late Nineteenth Century”. Political Power and Social Theory, 28, 7-41.
  • Hanioğlu, Şükrü (2012). “Modern Ottoman Period”. The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey, New York: Routledge, 15-25.
  • Heper, Metin (2010). Türkiye’de Devlet Geleneği. Nalan Soyarık, (Trs.). Ankara: Doğu Batı.
  • Heper, Metin (1976). “The Recalcitrance of the Turkish Public Bureaucracy to ‘Bourgeois Politics’: A Multi-factor Political Stratification Analysis”. Middle East Journal, 30(4), 485-500.
  • Hosking, Geoffrey (2000). “Patronage and the Russian State”. The Slavonic and East European Review, 78(2), 301-320.
  • Hough, Jerry F. (1980). Soviet Liedership in Transition. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2006). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300-1600). Ruşen Sezer (Trs.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2004). Doğu Batı Makaleler I. Ankara: Doğu Batı.
  • İnalcık, Halil (1992). “Comments on ‘Sultanism’: Max Weber’s Typification of the Ottoman Polity”. Princeton Papers on Near Eastern Studies, 1, 49-72.
  • Inkeles, Alex; Bauer, Raymond A. (1959). The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • İnsel, Ahmet. (1996). Düzen ve Kalkınma Kıskacında Türkiye: Kalkınma Sürecinde Devletin Rolü. Ayşegül Sönmezay (Trs.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • İnsel, Ahmet; Aktar, Cengiz (2005). “‘Devletin Bekası’ İçin Yürütülen Çağdaşlaşma Sürecinin Toplumsal Sorunları”. İnsel, Ahmet (Ed.), Türkiye Toplumunun Bunalımı, İstanbul: Birikim, 19-59.
  • Jowitt, Ken (1992). New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Joyce, John M. (1984). “The Old Russian Legacy”. Foreign Policy, 55, 132-153.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin (2001). “Turkish Democracy: Patronage versus Governance”. Turkish Studies, 2(1), 54-70.
  • Kazancıgil, Ali (2014). “Türkiye’de Modern Devletin Oluşumu ve Kemalizm”. Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Sarıbay, Ali Y. (Eds.), Türk Siyasal Hayatı: Türkiye’de Politik Değişim ve Modernleşme, Ankara: Sentez, 191-212.
  • Keenan, Edward L. (1986). “Muscovite Political Folkways”. The Russian Review, 45(2), 115-181.
  • Keyder, Çağlar (2015). Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Knight, Amy (2000). “The Two Worlds of Vladimir Putin: I. The KGB”. The Wilson Quarterly, 24(2), 32-37.
  • Köker, Levent (2016). Modernleşme, Kemalizm ve Demokrasi. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Küçükömer, İdris (2010). Batılılaşma: Düzenin Yabancılaşması. İstanbul: Profil.
  • Lapidus, Gail W. (1989). “State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union”. Bialer, Seweryn (Ed.), Politics, Society and Nationality Inside Gorbachev’s Russia, Boulder: Westview, 121-147.
  • Laqueur, Walter (1990). Soviet Realities: Culture and Politics from Stalin to Gorbachev. New Jersey: Transaction.
  • Lewin, Moshe (1988). The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Lukin, Alexander (2000). The Political Culture of the Russian “Democrats”. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mardin, Şerif (1983). “Religion and Politics in Modern Turkey”. Piscatori, James P. (Ed.), Islam in the Political Process, New York - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 139-183.
  • Mardin, Şerif (1981). “Religion and Secularism in Turkey”. Kazancıgil, Ali; Özbudun, Ergun (Eds.), Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State, London: C. Hurst & Co., 191-219.
  • Mardin, Şerif (1973). “Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?”. Daedalus, 102(1), 169-190.
  • McAuley, Mary (1984). “Political Culture and Communist Politics: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back”. Brown, Archie (Ed.), Political Culture and Communist Studies, London: The Macmillan, 13-39.
  • Moore, Barrington Jr. (1968). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of Modern World. Boston: Beacon.
  • Murvar, Vatro (1971). “Patrimonial – Feudal Dichotomy and Political Structure in Pre-Revolutianary Russia: One Aspect of the Dialogue between the Ghost of Marx and Weber”. The Sociological Quarterly, 12(4), 500-524.
  • Ortaylı, İlber (2004). İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Ortaylı, İlber (2004). “The Ottoman Millet System and its Social Dimensions”. Cemgil, Can (Ed.), Ottoman Studies, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press, 15-22.
  • Ozankaya, Özer (1971). Köyde Toplumsal Yapı ve Siyasal Kültür: İki Grup Köyde Yapılan Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Öğün, Süleyman S. (2004). Türk Politik Kültürü. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Öğün, Süleyman S. (2014). “Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Hâkim Millet Kodunun Dönüşümü”. Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Sarıbay, Ali Y. (Eds.), Türk Siyasal Hayatı: Türkiye’de Politik Değişim ve Modernleşme, Ankara: Sentez, 292-323.
  • Özbudun, Ergun (1995). “Türkiye’de Devlet Seçkinleri ve Demokratik Siyasal Kültür”. Özbudun, Ergun; Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Köker, Levent (Eds.), Türkiye’de Demokratik Siyasal Kültür, Ankara: Türk Demokrasi Vakfı Yayınları, 1-42.
  • Pipes, Richard (2005). Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Pipes, Richard (1974). Russia under the Old Regime. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Pitcher, Anne; Moran, Mary H.; Johnston, Michael (2009). “Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa”. African Studies Review, 52(1), 125-156.
  • Rigby, T. H. (1999). “New Top Elites for Old Russian Politics”. British Journal of Political Science, 29(2), 323-343.
  • Sarıbay, Ali Y. (1985). Türkiye’de Modernleşme Din ve Parti Politikası: Milli Selâmet Partisi Örnekolayı. İstanbul: Alan.
  • Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, Gerald H. (1997). “The Dichotomy of Politics and Corruption in a Neopatrimonial State: Evidence from Sierra Leone, 1968 – 1993”. A Journal of Opinion, 25(1), 58-62.
  • Sunar, İlkay (1974). State and Society in the Politics of Turkey’s Development. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
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  • White, Stephen (1979). Political Culture and Soviet Politics. London: The Macmillan Press.

MODERNLEŞMEDE PATRİMONYALİZM: RUS VE TÜRK POLİTİK KÜLTÜRLERİNİ AÇIKLAMAK İÇİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR DENEME

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 125 - 154, 26.06.2019

Öz

Modernite-öncesi toplumlarının meşru politik otoritelerini tanımlamak için geliştirilmiş olan Patrimonyalizm kavramı, modern toplumlardaki görünümleri nedeniyle son zamanlarda önde gelen sosyal bilimcilerin dikkatini çekmeye başlamıştır. Bu makalede de Rusya ve Türkiye gibi tarih, coğrafya ve politik davranışlara ilişkin benzerliklere sahip iki ülkenin modern politik kültürü patrimonyalizm çerçevesinde çözümlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Tarihte kendi içinde birer dünya-sistemi olmuş bu iki politik yapı, imparatorluk geçmişlerinin patrimonyal kültürünü modern devlet inşasına da taşımışlardır. Her iki devletin tarihinde modernleşmenin radikalleştiği evrelerde dahi patrimonyalizm, politik seçkinlerin davranışlarında ve bunlara yönelik toplumsal kabulde kendini göstermektedir. Bu tarz politik kültürlerde, demokratikleşme gibi güncel sorunlara yaklaşımda patrimonyalizmin başat bir etken olarak dikkate alınması yararlı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Julia; Charrad, Mounira M. (2015). “Introduction: Old (Patrimonial) Political Forms Made New”. Political Power and Social Theory, 28, 1-5.
  • Amin, Samir (1977). Imperialism and Unequal Development. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Arat, Yeşim (1991). “Social Change and the 1983 Governing Elite in Turkey”. Kıray, Mübeccel (Ed.), Structural Change in Turkish Society, Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies,163-178.
  • Avcıoğlu, Doğan (1974). Türkiye’nin Düzeni: Dün-Bugün-Yarın. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1995). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Richard Nice (Trs.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1990). The Logic of Practice. Richard Nice (Trs.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Bratton, Michael; Van de Walle, Nicolas (1994). “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa”. World Politics, 46(4), 453-489.
  • Brown, Archie (1989). “Ideology and Political Culture”. Bialer, Seweryn (Ed.), Politics, Society and Nationality Inside Gorbachev’s Russia, Boulder: Westview, 1-40.
  • Brown, Archie (1984). “Soviet Political Culture through Soviet Eyes”. Brown, Archie (Ed.), Political Culture and Communist Studies, London: The Macmillan Press, 100-114.
  • Brezinski, Zbigniew (1992). Büyük Çöküş. Gül Keskil, Gülsev Pakkan (Trs.). Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1976). “Soviet Politics: From the Future to the Past?”. Cocks, Paul; Daniels, Robert V.; Heer, Nancy Whittier (Eds.), The Dynamics of Soviet Politics, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 337-351.
  • Burant, Stephen R. (1987). “The Influence of Russian Tradition on the Political Style of the Soviet Elite”. Political Science Quarterly, 102(2), 273-293.
  • Charrad, Mounira M.; Adams Julia (Eds.) (2015). Political Power and Social Theory, 28.
  • Chehabi, Houchang. E. ; Linz, Juan J. (1998). “A Theory of Sultanism 1: A Type of Nondemocratic Rule”. Chehabi, Houchang. E.; Linz, Juan J. (Eds.), Sultanistic Regimes, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 3-25.
  • Çakır, Ruşen (2002). Ayet ve Slogan: Türkiye’de İslamcı Oluşumlar: İstanbul: Metis.
  • Çakır, Ruşen (1994). Ne Şeriat Ne Demokrasi: Refah Partisini Anlamak. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Semiramis (2001). “Kadızâdeliler”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. XXIV, 100-102.
  • Daniels, Robert V. (1987). “Russian Political Culture and the Post-Revolutionary Impasse”. The Russian Review, 46(2), 165-175.
  • Eckstein, Harry (1988). “A Culturalist Theory of Political Change”. The American Political Science Review, 82(3), 789-804.
  • Eisenstadt, Samuel N.; Roniger, Luis (1984). Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frank, Andre. G.; Gills, Barry K. (1993). “The 5,000-Year of World System: An Interdisciplinary Introduction”. Frank, Andre G.; Gills, Barry, K. (Eds.), The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?, London-New York: Routledge, 3-53.
  • Freund, Julien (1968). The Sociology of Max Weber. Mary Ilford (Trs.). Toronto: Pantheon Books.
  • Gel’man, Vladimir (2004). “The Unrule of Law in the Making: The Politics of Informal Institution Building in Russia”. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(7), 1021-1040.
  • Getty, J. Arch (2016). Stalinizm Hükmederken: Bolşevikler, Boyarlar ve Geleneğin Ayak Direyişi. Gül Çağalı Güven (Trs.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Gill, Graeme (1990). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gray, John (2007). Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia. London: Allen Lane.
  • Hahn, Jeffrey W. (1991). “Continuity and Change in Russian Political Culture”. British Journal of Political Science, 21(4), 393-421.
  • Hall, John R. (2015). “Patrimonialism in America: The Public Domain in the Making of Modernity – From Colonial Times to the Late Nineteenth Century”. Political Power and Social Theory, 28, 7-41.
  • Hanioğlu, Şükrü (2012). “Modern Ottoman Period”. The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey, New York: Routledge, 15-25.
  • Heper, Metin (2010). Türkiye’de Devlet Geleneği. Nalan Soyarık, (Trs.). Ankara: Doğu Batı.
  • Heper, Metin (1976). “The Recalcitrance of the Turkish Public Bureaucracy to ‘Bourgeois Politics’: A Multi-factor Political Stratification Analysis”. Middle East Journal, 30(4), 485-500.
  • Hosking, Geoffrey (2000). “Patronage and the Russian State”. The Slavonic and East European Review, 78(2), 301-320.
  • Hough, Jerry F. (1980). Soviet Liedership in Transition. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2006). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300-1600). Ruşen Sezer (Trs.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2004). Doğu Batı Makaleler I. Ankara: Doğu Batı.
  • İnalcık, Halil (1992). “Comments on ‘Sultanism’: Max Weber’s Typification of the Ottoman Polity”. Princeton Papers on Near Eastern Studies, 1, 49-72.
  • Inkeles, Alex; Bauer, Raymond A. (1959). The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • İnsel, Ahmet. (1996). Düzen ve Kalkınma Kıskacında Türkiye: Kalkınma Sürecinde Devletin Rolü. Ayşegül Sönmezay (Trs.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • İnsel, Ahmet; Aktar, Cengiz (2005). “‘Devletin Bekası’ İçin Yürütülen Çağdaşlaşma Sürecinin Toplumsal Sorunları”. İnsel, Ahmet (Ed.), Türkiye Toplumunun Bunalımı, İstanbul: Birikim, 19-59.
  • Jowitt, Ken (1992). New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Joyce, John M. (1984). “The Old Russian Legacy”. Foreign Policy, 55, 132-153.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin (2001). “Turkish Democracy: Patronage versus Governance”. Turkish Studies, 2(1), 54-70.
  • Kazancıgil, Ali (2014). “Türkiye’de Modern Devletin Oluşumu ve Kemalizm”. Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Sarıbay, Ali Y. (Eds.), Türk Siyasal Hayatı: Türkiye’de Politik Değişim ve Modernleşme, Ankara: Sentez, 191-212.
  • Keenan, Edward L. (1986). “Muscovite Political Folkways”. The Russian Review, 45(2), 115-181.
  • Keyder, Çağlar (2015). Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Knight, Amy (2000). “The Two Worlds of Vladimir Putin: I. The KGB”. The Wilson Quarterly, 24(2), 32-37.
  • Köker, Levent (2016). Modernleşme, Kemalizm ve Demokrasi. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Küçükömer, İdris (2010). Batılılaşma: Düzenin Yabancılaşması. İstanbul: Profil.
  • Lapidus, Gail W. (1989). “State and Society: Toward the Emergence of Civil Society in the Soviet Union”. Bialer, Seweryn (Ed.), Politics, Society and Nationality Inside Gorbachev’s Russia, Boulder: Westview, 121-147.
  • Laqueur, Walter (1990). Soviet Realities: Culture and Politics from Stalin to Gorbachev. New Jersey: Transaction.
  • Lewin, Moshe (1988). The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Lukin, Alexander (2000). The Political Culture of the Russian “Democrats”. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mardin, Şerif (1983). “Religion and Politics in Modern Turkey”. Piscatori, James P. (Ed.), Islam in the Political Process, New York - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 139-183.
  • Mardin, Şerif (1981). “Religion and Secularism in Turkey”. Kazancıgil, Ali; Özbudun, Ergun (Eds.), Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State, London: C. Hurst & Co., 191-219.
  • Mardin, Şerif (1973). “Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?”. Daedalus, 102(1), 169-190.
  • McAuley, Mary (1984). “Political Culture and Communist Politics: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back”. Brown, Archie (Ed.), Political Culture and Communist Studies, London: The Macmillan, 13-39.
  • Moore, Barrington Jr. (1968). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of Modern World. Boston: Beacon.
  • Murvar, Vatro (1971). “Patrimonial – Feudal Dichotomy and Political Structure in Pre-Revolutianary Russia: One Aspect of the Dialogue between the Ghost of Marx and Weber”. The Sociological Quarterly, 12(4), 500-524.
  • Ortaylı, İlber (2004). İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Ortaylı, İlber (2004). “The Ottoman Millet System and its Social Dimensions”. Cemgil, Can (Ed.), Ottoman Studies, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press, 15-22.
  • Ozankaya, Özer (1971). Köyde Toplumsal Yapı ve Siyasal Kültür: İki Grup Köyde Yapılan Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Öğün, Süleyman S. (2004). Türk Politik Kültürü. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Öğün, Süleyman S. (2014). “Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Hâkim Millet Kodunun Dönüşümü”. Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Sarıbay, Ali Y. (Eds.), Türk Siyasal Hayatı: Türkiye’de Politik Değişim ve Modernleşme, Ankara: Sentez, 292-323.
  • Özbudun, Ergun (1995). “Türkiye’de Devlet Seçkinleri ve Demokratik Siyasal Kültür”. Özbudun, Ergun; Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin; Köker, Levent (Eds.), Türkiye’de Demokratik Siyasal Kültür, Ankara: Türk Demokrasi Vakfı Yayınları, 1-42.
  • Pipes, Richard (2005). Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Pipes, Richard (1974). Russia under the Old Regime. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Pitcher, Anne; Moran, Mary H.; Johnston, Michael (2009). “Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa”. African Studies Review, 52(1), 125-156.
  • Rigby, T. H. (1999). “New Top Elites for Old Russian Politics”. British Journal of Political Science, 29(2), 323-343.
  • Sarıbay, Ali Y. (1985). Türkiye’de Modernleşme Din ve Parti Politikası: Milli Selâmet Partisi Örnekolayı. İstanbul: Alan.
  • Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, Gerald H. (1997). “The Dichotomy of Politics and Corruption in a Neopatrimonial State: Evidence from Sierra Leone, 1968 – 1993”. A Journal of Opinion, 25(1), 58-62.
  • Sunar, İlkay (1974). State and Society in the Politics of Turkey’s Development. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Szyliowicz, Joseph S. (1966). “Political Participation and Modernization in Turkey”. The Western Political Quarterly, 19(2), 266-284.
  • Taylor, Scott D. (2012). Globalization and the Cultures of Business in Africa: From Patrimonialism to Profit. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Tucker, Robert C. (1987). Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Tilly, Charles (1992). Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990-1990. Cambridge-Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Trimberger, Ellen K. (1978). Revolution from Above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt and Peru. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
  • Tütengil, Cavit O. (1975). 100 Soruda Kırsal Türkiye’nin Yapısı ve Sorunları. İstanbul: Gerçek.
  • Walker, Barbara (2002). “Kruzhok Culture: The Meaning of Patronage in the Early Soviet Literary World”. Contemporary European History, 11(1), 107-123.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel M. (2006). World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Weber, Max (1964). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Henderson, A. M.; Parsons, Talcott (Trs.). New York: The Free Press.
  • White, Stephen (1979). Political Culture and Soviet Politics. London: The Macmillan Press.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Halil Kanadıkırık

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kanadıkırık, H. (2019). PATRIMONIALISM IN MODERNISATION: A COMPARATIVE ESSAY TO INTERPRET RUSSIAN AND TURKISH POLITICAL CULTURES. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 12(1), 125-154.

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