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Yeniliklerin Yayılmasında Sosyal Taklidin ve Kanaat Önderlerinin İşlevsel Önemi: Gabriel Tarde’ın Sosyal Taklit Teorisi Açısından Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 34, 1 - 18, 25.06.2012

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yeniliklerin yayılmasında sosyal taklidin ve kanaat önderlerinin işlevsel önemini anlamak ve yorumlamaktır. Bu konu incelenirken, Fransız sosyolog Gabriel Tarde‟ın sosyal
taklit teorisinden yola çıkılmıştır. Bu incelemede, beş sonuca ulaşılmıştır. Birincisi, toplum bir ruhlar/zihinler arası eylemler ağı veya birbirini etkileyen bir zihin halleri şebekesidir. İkincisi, sosyal taklit toplumu inşa etmekte, korumakta ve sürdürmektedir. Üçüncüsü, yeniliklerin yayılması, otorite ve güç sahibi toplumsal seçkinler ile madunların ruhlar/zihinler arası etkileşimlerine bağlıdır.
Dördüncüsü, yeniliklerin yayılması sosyal taklide; sosyal taklit ise zihinler arası etkileşimlere, iletişim ve mekâna bağlıdır. Beşincisi, yenilikler kanaat önderleri denilen toplumsal seçkinler tarafından ortaya çıkarılmakta ve yayılmakta, sosyal hiyerarşide daha aşağı konumda bulunan madunlar tarafından benimsenip taklit edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Allin, A. (1902). “The Basis of Sociality”, American Journal of Sociology, 8 (1), s. 75- 84.
  • Baller, R. D. ve Richardson K. K. (2002). “Social Integration, Imitation, and the Geographic Patterning of Suicide”, American Sociological Review, 67 (6), s. 873-888.
  • Barry, A. ve Thrift N. (2007). “Gabriel Tarde: Imitation, Invention and Economy”, Economy and Society, 36 (4), s. 509-525.
  • Berelson, B, Lazarsfeld P. F. ve McPhee W. N. (1954). Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Boodin, J. E. (1913). “The Existence of Social Minds”, American Journal of Sociology, 19 (1), s. 1-47.
  • Boodin, J. E. (1918). “Social Systems”, American Journal of Sociology, 23 (6), s. 705- 734.
  • Borch, C. (2005). “Urban Imitations: Tarde‟s Sociology Revisited”, Theory, Culture & Society, 22 (3), s. 81-100.
  • Clark, T. N. (Ed.) (1969). Gabriel Tarde on Communication and Social Influence: Selected Papers, Chicago ve London: University of Chicago Press
  • Davis, M. M. Jr. (1906). Gabriel Tarde: An Essay in Sociological Theory, Dissertation, New York: Columbia University.
  • Ellwood, C. A. (1901). “The Theory of Imitation in Social Psychology”, American Journal of Sociology, 6 (6), s. 721-741.
  • Glenn, S. A. (1998). “Give an Imitation of Me: Vaudeville Mimics and the Play of theSelf”, American Quarterly, 50 (1), s. 47-76.
  • Hamblin, R. L, Miller, J, Saxton, D. E. (1979). “Modeling Use Diffusion”, Social Forces, 57 (3), s. 799-811.Yeniliklerin Yayılmasında Sosyal Taklidin ve Kanaat Önderlerinin İşlevsel Önemi… İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi
  • Howard, G. E. (1912). “Social Psychology of the Spectator”, American Journal of Sociology, 18 (1), s. 33-50.
  • Hughes, E. C. (1961). “Tarde‟s Psychologie Économique: An Unknown Classic by a Forgotten Sociologist”, American Journal of Sociology, 66 (6), s. 553-559.
  • Katz, E. ve Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal Influence: the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Katz, E. (1999). “Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566 (1), s. 144-155. Katz, E. (2006). “Rediscovering Gabriel Tarde”, Political Communication, 23 (3), s. 263-270.
  • Kinnunen, J. (1996). “Gabriel Tarde as a Founding Father of Innovation Diffusion Research”, Acta Sociologica, 39 (4), s. 431-441.
  • Latour, B. (2001). Gabriel Tarde und das Ende des Sozialen, s. 1-18, http://www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/downloads/82-TARDE-DE.pdf (21.09.2012).
  • Lazarsfeld, P. F, Berelson, B. ve Gaudet, H. (1944). The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind In a Presidential Campaign, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Marsden, P. (2000). “Forefathers of Memetics. Gabriel Tarde and the Laws of Imitation”, Journal of Memetics-Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 4 (1), s. 61-66.
  • Mazzarella, W. (2010). “The Myth of the Multitude, or, Who‟s Afraid of the Crowd?”, Critical Inquiry, 36 (4), s. 697-727.
  • Moscovici, S. (1985). The Age of the Crowd: A historical Treatise on Mass Psychology, (Translated J. C. Whitehouse), New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Park, R. E. (1921a). “Sociology and the Social Sciences”, The American Journal of Sociology, 26 (4), s. 401-424.
  • Park, R. E. (1921b). “Sociology and the Social Sciences: The Social Organism and the Collective Mind” The American Journal of Sociology, 27 (1), s. 1-21.
  • Park, R. E. (1938). “Reflections on Communication and Culture”, The American Journal of Sociology, 44 (2), s. 187-205.
  • Rogers, E. M. (1976). “New Product Adoption and Diffusion”, Journal of Consumer Research, 2 (4), s. 290-301.
  • Smieszek, T. (2006). How People Communicate about New Technologies and Ideas: Modeling Decision Coordination to Simulate the Diffusion of Innovations, Diploma Thesis, ETHZ, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule
  • Tarde, G. (1898). “Opinion and Conversation”, Terry N. Clark (Ed.) (1969), Gabriel Tarde on Communication and Social Influence: Selected Papers, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, s. 297-318.
  • Tarde, G. (1899). Social Laws: An Outline of A Sociology, (Translated Howard. C. Warren), New York: McMillan Company.
  • Tarde, G. (1903). The Laws of Imitations, (Translated Elsie Clews Parsons), New York: Henry Holt and Company.
  • Tarde, G. (1912). Penal Philosophy, (Translated Rapelje Howell), Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Tarde, G. (2004). Ekonomik Psikoloji, 1. Cilt, (Çev. Özcan Doğan), Ankara: Öteki Yayınevi.
  • Toews, D. (2003). “The New Tarde: Sociology after the End of the Social” Theory Culture & Society, 20 (5), s. 81-98.
  • Topçuoğlu, H. (1961). “XIX. Yüzyıl Sosyologlarında Hukuk Anlayışı”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 151, Ankara.
  • Tosti, G. (1897). “The Sociological Theories of Gabriel Tarde”, Political Science Quarterly, 12 (3), s. 490-511.
  • Yetişkin, E. (2010). “Tarde‟ın Toplum Yaklaşımı Açısından Kamuoyu ve Maduniyet”,

Significance and Functions of Social Repetition and Opinion Leaders in Diffusion of Innovations: A Study from the Perspective of Gabriel Tarde’s Social Imitation Theory

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 34, 1 - 18, 25.06.2012

Öz

The purpose of this study is to understand and explain the functional significance
of social imitation and opinion leaders in diffusion of innovations. While this subject is
examined, have been based on the social imitation theory of French sociologist Gabriel
Tarde. In this study, five results have been acquired. The first one is that, society is a
network of acts among souls/minds or network of state of minds that affect each other.
The second is that social imitation builds, maintains and sustains society. The third one
is that the emergence and diffusion of innovations depend on the interactions of
souls/minds of the social elites and subordinate people of society. The fourth is that
diffusion of innovations depends on imitation and imitation depends on interactions
among minds, communication and place. The fifth one is that innovations are brought
out, disseminated by social elites called opinion leaders and they are adopted and
imitated by subordinates who are at a lower level in social hierarchy.

Kaynakça

  • Allin, A. (1902). “The Basis of Sociality”, American Journal of Sociology, 8 (1), s. 75- 84.
  • Baller, R. D. ve Richardson K. K. (2002). “Social Integration, Imitation, and the Geographic Patterning of Suicide”, American Sociological Review, 67 (6), s. 873-888.
  • Barry, A. ve Thrift N. (2007). “Gabriel Tarde: Imitation, Invention and Economy”, Economy and Society, 36 (4), s. 509-525.
  • Berelson, B, Lazarsfeld P. F. ve McPhee W. N. (1954). Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Boodin, J. E. (1913). “The Existence of Social Minds”, American Journal of Sociology, 19 (1), s. 1-47.
  • Boodin, J. E. (1918). “Social Systems”, American Journal of Sociology, 23 (6), s. 705- 734.
  • Borch, C. (2005). “Urban Imitations: Tarde‟s Sociology Revisited”, Theory, Culture & Society, 22 (3), s. 81-100.
  • Clark, T. N. (Ed.) (1969). Gabriel Tarde on Communication and Social Influence: Selected Papers, Chicago ve London: University of Chicago Press
  • Davis, M. M. Jr. (1906). Gabriel Tarde: An Essay in Sociological Theory, Dissertation, New York: Columbia University.
  • Ellwood, C. A. (1901). “The Theory of Imitation in Social Psychology”, American Journal of Sociology, 6 (6), s. 721-741.
  • Glenn, S. A. (1998). “Give an Imitation of Me: Vaudeville Mimics and the Play of theSelf”, American Quarterly, 50 (1), s. 47-76.
  • Hamblin, R. L, Miller, J, Saxton, D. E. (1979). “Modeling Use Diffusion”, Social Forces, 57 (3), s. 799-811.Yeniliklerin Yayılmasında Sosyal Taklidin ve Kanaat Önderlerinin İşlevsel Önemi… İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi
  • Howard, G. E. (1912). “Social Psychology of the Spectator”, American Journal of Sociology, 18 (1), s. 33-50.
  • Hughes, E. C. (1961). “Tarde‟s Psychologie Économique: An Unknown Classic by a Forgotten Sociologist”, American Journal of Sociology, 66 (6), s. 553-559.
  • Katz, E. ve Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal Influence: the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Katz, E. (1999). “Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566 (1), s. 144-155. Katz, E. (2006). “Rediscovering Gabriel Tarde”, Political Communication, 23 (3), s. 263-270.
  • Kinnunen, J. (1996). “Gabriel Tarde as a Founding Father of Innovation Diffusion Research”, Acta Sociologica, 39 (4), s. 431-441.
  • Latour, B. (2001). Gabriel Tarde und das Ende des Sozialen, s. 1-18, http://www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/downloads/82-TARDE-DE.pdf (21.09.2012).
  • Lazarsfeld, P. F, Berelson, B. ve Gaudet, H. (1944). The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind In a Presidential Campaign, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Marsden, P. (2000). “Forefathers of Memetics. Gabriel Tarde and the Laws of Imitation”, Journal of Memetics-Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 4 (1), s. 61-66.
  • Mazzarella, W. (2010). “The Myth of the Multitude, or, Who‟s Afraid of the Crowd?”, Critical Inquiry, 36 (4), s. 697-727.
  • Moscovici, S. (1985). The Age of the Crowd: A historical Treatise on Mass Psychology, (Translated J. C. Whitehouse), New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Park, R. E. (1921a). “Sociology and the Social Sciences”, The American Journal of Sociology, 26 (4), s. 401-424.
  • Park, R. E. (1921b). “Sociology and the Social Sciences: The Social Organism and the Collective Mind” The American Journal of Sociology, 27 (1), s. 1-21.
  • Park, R. E. (1938). “Reflections on Communication and Culture”, The American Journal of Sociology, 44 (2), s. 187-205.
  • Rogers, E. M. (1976). “New Product Adoption and Diffusion”, Journal of Consumer Research, 2 (4), s. 290-301.
  • Smieszek, T. (2006). How People Communicate about New Technologies and Ideas: Modeling Decision Coordination to Simulate the Diffusion of Innovations, Diploma Thesis, ETHZ, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule
  • Tarde, G. (1898). “Opinion and Conversation”, Terry N. Clark (Ed.) (1969), Gabriel Tarde on Communication and Social Influence: Selected Papers, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, s. 297-318.
  • Tarde, G. (1899). Social Laws: An Outline of A Sociology, (Translated Howard. C. Warren), New York: McMillan Company.
  • Tarde, G. (1903). The Laws of Imitations, (Translated Elsie Clews Parsons), New York: Henry Holt and Company.
  • Tarde, G. (1912). Penal Philosophy, (Translated Rapelje Howell), Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Tarde, G. (2004). Ekonomik Psikoloji, 1. Cilt, (Çev. Özcan Doğan), Ankara: Öteki Yayınevi.
  • Toews, D. (2003). “The New Tarde: Sociology after the End of the Social” Theory Culture & Society, 20 (5), s. 81-98.
  • Topçuoğlu, H. (1961). “XIX. Yüzyıl Sosyologlarında Hukuk Anlayışı”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 151, Ankara.
  • Tosti, G. (1897). “The Sociological Theories of Gabriel Tarde”, Political Science Quarterly, 12 (3), s. 490-511.
  • Yetişkin, E. (2010). “Tarde‟ın Toplum Yaklaşımı Açısından Kamuoyu ve Maduniyet”,
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Murat Sadullah Çebi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Haziran 2012
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mart 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Çebi, M. S. (2012). Yeniliklerin Yayılmasında Sosyal Taklidin ve Kanaat Önderlerinin İşlevsel Önemi: Gabriel Tarde’ın Sosyal Taklit Teorisi Açısından Bir İnceleme. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2012(34), 1-18.