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Siyasal Liderlerin Haber Fotoğraflarında Görsel Çerçeveleme Yanlılığı: 2014 Türkiye Yerel Seçim Kampanyası Örneğinde Gazete Haberciliğinin Karşılaştırmalı Çözümlemesi

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 39, 1 - 25, 30.12.2014

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2014 yılının Mart ayındaki Türkiye yerel seçim kampanyası örneğinde, siyasal liderlerin (iktidar partisi lideri ve ana muhalefet partisi lideri) haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel çerçeveleme yanlılığını incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın üç temel amacı bulunmaktadır. Birincisi, gazete haberciliğindeki yanlılığın sürekliliğinin nedenini açıklamak için siyasal taraflılığı deşifre etmektir. İkincisi, gazete haberciliğinde, siyasal liderlerin haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel çerçevelemenin, siyasal liderlerden ve danışmanlarından ziyade, gazetecilerin ve editörlerin kontrolü altında olduğunu göstermektir. Üçüncüsü, gazete haberciliğinde, siyasal liderlerin haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel çerçeveleme yanlılığını ölçmek için metodolojik bir yaklaşım sunmaktır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, üç nedenle, çeşitli medya türlerindeki görsel yanlılık yerine yalnızca gazete içeriğindeki görsel yanlılığı araştırmaktadır. Birincisi, görsel haberleri ele alan pek çok araştırma televizyona odaklanmaktadır. İkincisi, izler kitlesini sürekli olarak görsellere maruz bırakan televizyonun aksine gazete içeriğinde birkaç fotoğraf yer almakta ve bu durum, potansiyel olarak herhangi bir fotoğrafın önemini artırmaktadır. Üçüncüsü, haber içeriği ve haberciliğin siyasal atmosferi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, gazete söz konusu olduğunda televizyondan daha kolaydır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki farklı medya gruplarından seçilen altı gazeteyi (Hürriyet, Sabah, Zaman, Radikal, Yeni Şafak ve Cumhuriyet) çözümlemekte ve haber fotoğraflarını incelemek için bir yöntem olarak hem nicel içerik çözümlemesi hem de görsel çerçeveleme çözümlemesi yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Siyasal liderlerin haber fotoğraflarındaki görsel haber çerçevelerini tanımlayan ve çözümleyen bir görsel çerçeveleme modeli sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, kodlama kategorilerini belirlemek ve siyasal liderlerin çerçevelenmiş görsel imajlarını incelemek için görsel çerçeveleme alanyazınını dikkate almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, 2014 Türkiye yerel seçim kampanyası örneğinde, gazete haberciliğinde, görsel çerçeveleme yanlılığının sıklıkla görüldüğü ortaya konulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, L. ve Appiah, O., (2006). “Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes”, Howard Journal of Communications, 17, (3), s. 183-203.
  • Barrett, A. W. ve Barrington, L. W., (2005a). “Bias in Newspaper Photograph Selection”, Political Research Quarterly, 58, (4), s. 609-618.
  • Barrett, A. W. ve Barrington, L. W., (2005b). “Is A Picture Worth A Thousand Words?: Newspaper Photographs and Voter Evaluations of Political Candidates”, The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10, (4), s. 98-113.
  • Becker, Howard S., (1995). “Visual Sociology, Documentary Photography and Photojournalism: It’s (almost) All A Matter of Context”, Visual Sociology, 10, (1–2), s. 5-14.
  • Bell, Philip, (2001). “Content Analysis of Visual Images”, Theo van Leeuwen ve Carey Jewitt (eds.), Handbook of Visual Analysis, London: Sage, s. 10-34.
  • Borah, Porismita, (2009). “Comparing Visual Framing in Newspapers: Hurricane Katrina versus Tsunami”, Newspaper Research Journal, 30, (1), s. 50-57.
  • Brantner, C., Lobinger, K. ve Wetzstein, I., (2011). “Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluations of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 2009”, Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly, 88, (3), s. 523-540.
  • Cappella, J. N. ve Jamieson, K. H., (1997). Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Carragee, K. M. ve Roefs, W., (2004). “The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research”, Journal of Communication, 54, (2), s. 214-233.
  • Coleman, Renita, (2010). “Framing the Pictures in Our Heads: Exploring the Framing and Agenda-Setting Effects of Visual Images”, Paul D’Angelo ve Jim A. Kuypers (eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, New York: Routledge, s. 233-261.
  • Coleman, R. ve Banning, S., (2006). “Network TV News’ Affective Framing of the Presidential Candidates: Evidence for A Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effect Through Visual Framing”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, (2), s. 313-328.
  • Corrigall-Brown, C. ve Wilkes, R., (2012). “Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada”, American Behavioral Scientist, 56, (2), s. 223-243.
  • Domke, D., Perlmutter, D. ve Spratt, M., (2002). «The Primes of Our Times? An Examination of the ‘Power’ of Visual Images», Journalism, 3, (2), s. 131-159.
  • Entman, Robert M., (2007). “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power”, Journal of Communication, 57, (1), s. 163-173.
  • Entman, Robert M., (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Entman, Robert M., (1993). “Framing: Toward Clarification of A Fractured Paradigm”, Journal of Communication, 43, (4), s. 51-58.
  • Entman, Robert M., (1991). “Framing US Coverage of International News: Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air Incidents”, Journal of Communication, 41, (4), s. 6-27.
  • Fahmy, S. ve Neumann, R., (2011). “Shooting War or Peace Photographs? An Examination of Newswires’ Coverage of the Conflict in Gaza (2008-2009)”, American Behavioral Scientist, 55, (2), s. 1-26.
  • Fahmy, Shahira, (2010). “Contrasting Visual Frames of Our Times: A Framing Analysis of English- and Arabic-Language Press Coverage of War and Terrorism”, International Communication Gazette, 72, (8), s. 695-717.
  • Fahmy, S. ve Kim, D., (2008). “Picturing the Iraq War: Constructing the Image of War in the British and US Press”, International Communication Gazette, 70, (6), s. 443- 462.
  • Fahmy, Shahira, (2007). “They Took it Down: Exploring Determinants of Visual Reporting in the Toppling of the Saddam Hussein Statue in National and International Newspapers”, Mass Communication and Society, 10, (2), s. 143-170.
  • Fahmy, S., Kelly, J. D. ve Kim, Y. S., (2007). “What Hurricane Katrina Revealed: A Visual Analysis of the Hurricane Coverage by News Wires and U.S. Newspapers”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 84, (3), s. 546-561.
  • Fahmy, S., Cho, S., Wanta, W. ve Song, Y., (2006). “Visual Agenda-Setting after 9/11: Individuals’ Emotions, Image Recall and Concern with Terrorism”, Visual Communication Quarterly, 13, (1), s. 4-15.
  • Fahmy, Shahira, (2004). “Picturing Afghan Women: A Content Analysis of AP Wire Photographs during the Taliban Regime and after the Fall of the Taliban Regime”, The International Journal for Communication Studies, 66, (2), s. 91-112.
  • Goodnow, Trischa, (2013). “Facing Off: A Comparative Analysis of Obama and Romney Facebook Timeline Photographs”, American Behavioral Scientist, 57, (11), s. 1584-1595.
  • Goodnow, Trischa, (2010). “Visual Bias in Time’s ‘The Great Divide’: A Semiotic Analysis of Clinton and Obama Photographs”, American Behavioral Scientist, 54, (4), s. 406-416.
  • Grabe, M. E. ve Bucy, E. P., (2011). “Image Bite Analysis of Political Visuals: Understanding the Visual Framing Process in Election News”, Erik P. Bucy ve R. Lance Holbert (eds.), The Sourcebook for Political Communication Research: Methods, Measures and Analytical Techniques, New York: Routledge, s. 209-237.
  • Grabe, M. E. ve Bucy, E. P., (2009). Image Bite Politics: News and the Visual Framing of Elections, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Greenberg, Josh, (2002). “Framing and Temporality in Political Cartoons: A Critical Analysis of Visual News Discourse”, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 39, (2), s. 181-198.
  • Griffin, Michael, (2004). “Picturing America’s ‘War on Terrorism’ in Afghanistan and Iraq: Photographic Motifs as News Frames”, Journalism, 5, (4), s. 381-402.
  • İrvan, Süleyman, (2000). “Metin Çözümlemelerinde Yöntem Sorunu”, Medya ve Kültür, 1. Ulusal İletişim Sempozyumu Bildirileri, İletişim Dergisi Yayınları, s. 73-86.
  • McCombs, M. ve Ghanem, S., (2001). “The Convergence of Agenda Setting and Framing”, Stephen D. Reese ve diğerleri (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, s. 67-81.
  • Messaris, P. ve Abraham, L., (2001). “The Role of Images in Framing News Stories”, Stephen D. Reese ve diğerleri (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, s. 215-226.
  • Parry, Katy, (2011). “Images of Liberation? Visual Framing, Humanitarianism and British Press Photography during the 2003 Iraq Invasion”, Media, War&Society, 33, (8), s. 1185-1201.
  • Parry, Katy, (2010). “A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict”, Media, War&Conflict, 3, (1), s. 67-85.
  • Perlmutter, D. D. ve Wagner, G. L., (2004). “The Anatomy of A Photojournalistic Icon: Marginalization of Dissent in the Selection and Framing of A Death in Genoa”, Visual Communication, 3, (1), s. 91-108.
  • Rodriguez, L. ve Dimitrova, D. V., (2011). “The Levels of Visual Framing”, Journal of Visual Literacy, 30, (1), s. 48-65.
  • Scheufele, Dietram A., (1999). “Framing as A Theory of Media Effects”, Journal of Communication, 49, (1), s. 103-122.
  • Schwalbe, Carol B., (2006). “Remembering Our Shared Past: Visually Framing the Iraq War on US News Websites”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, (1), s. 264-289.
  • Silcock, B. William, (2008). “The Battle of Ideological Images: CNN vs. FOX in Visual Framing of the Invasion of Iraq”, Electronic News, 2, (3), s. 153-177.
  • Sözen, Edibe, (1999). Söylem, Belirsizlik, Mübadele, Bilgi, Güç ve Refleksivite, İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Tankard, James W., (2001). “The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing”, Stephen D. Reese ve diğerleri (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, s. 95-106.
  • Verser, R. ve Wicks, R. H., (2006). “Managing Voter Impressions: The Use of Images on Presidential Candidate Web Sites During the 2000 Campaign”, Journal of Communication, 56, (1), s. 178-197.
  • Waldman, P. ve Devitt, J., (1998). “Newspaper Photographs and the 1996 Presidential Election: The Question of Bias”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, (2), s. 302-311.

Visual Framing Bias in News Photographs of Political Leaders: A Comparative Analysis of Newspaper Journalism in the Case of 2014 Turkey's Local Election Campaign

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 39, 1 - 25, 30.12.2014

Öz

This study examines visual framing bias in news photographs of political leaders (who are leader of the party in power and leader of the main opposition party) in the case of Turkey’s local election campaign in March 2014. There are three main objectives of this study. Firstly, it is to uncover the political partisanship in order to account for the persistence of the bias in newspaper journalism. Secondly, it is to demonstrate that visual framing in news photographs of political leaders in newspaper journalism is under the control of journalists and editors rather than political leaders and their consultants. Thirdly, it is to provide a methodological approach to measure visual framing bias in news photographs of political leaders in newspaper journalism. Also, this study examines visual bias only in newspaper coverage for three reasons instead of visual bias in a variety of media. Firstly, most researches on visual news have focused on television. Secondly, unlike television where viewers are exposed to a continuous stream of visuals, fewer photographs accompany newspaper coverage, and this case potentially increases the importance of any single photograph. Thirdly, examining the relationship between news coverage and journalism’s political atmosphere is easier for newspaper than it is for television. This study analyzes six newspapers (Hürriyet, Sabah, Zaman, Radikal, Yeni Şafak and Cumhuriyet) which selected from different media groups in the Turkey and uses both quantitative content analysis and visual framing analysis as a method for examining news photographs. It provides a model of visual framing which identifies and analyses visual news frames in news photographs of political leaders. Furthermore, it considers visual framing literature to designate coding categories and to examine framed visual images of political leaders. As a result of this study, it’s appeared that the visual framing bias occurres frequently in newspaper journalism in the case of 2014 Turkey’s local election campaign.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, L. ve Appiah, O., (2006). “Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes”, Howard Journal of Communications, 17, (3), s. 183-203.
  • Barrett, A. W. ve Barrington, L. W., (2005a). “Bias in Newspaper Photograph Selection”, Political Research Quarterly, 58, (4), s. 609-618.
  • Barrett, A. W. ve Barrington, L. W., (2005b). “Is A Picture Worth A Thousand Words?: Newspaper Photographs and Voter Evaluations of Political Candidates”, The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10, (4), s. 98-113.
  • Becker, Howard S., (1995). “Visual Sociology, Documentary Photography and Photojournalism: It’s (almost) All A Matter of Context”, Visual Sociology, 10, (1–2), s. 5-14.
  • Bell, Philip, (2001). “Content Analysis of Visual Images”, Theo van Leeuwen ve Carey Jewitt (eds.), Handbook of Visual Analysis, London: Sage, s. 10-34.
  • Borah, Porismita, (2009). “Comparing Visual Framing in Newspapers: Hurricane Katrina versus Tsunami”, Newspaper Research Journal, 30, (1), s. 50-57.
  • Brantner, C., Lobinger, K. ve Wetzstein, I., (2011). “Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluations of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 2009”, Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly, 88, (3), s. 523-540.
  • Cappella, J. N. ve Jamieson, K. H., (1997). Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Carragee, K. M. ve Roefs, W., (2004). “The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research”, Journal of Communication, 54, (2), s. 214-233.
  • Coleman, Renita, (2010). “Framing the Pictures in Our Heads: Exploring the Framing and Agenda-Setting Effects of Visual Images”, Paul D’Angelo ve Jim A. Kuypers (eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, New York: Routledge, s. 233-261.
  • Coleman, R. ve Banning, S., (2006). “Network TV News’ Affective Framing of the Presidential Candidates: Evidence for A Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effect Through Visual Framing”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, (2), s. 313-328.
  • Corrigall-Brown, C. ve Wilkes, R., (2012). “Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada”, American Behavioral Scientist, 56, (2), s. 223-243.
  • Domke, D., Perlmutter, D. ve Spratt, M., (2002). «The Primes of Our Times? An Examination of the ‘Power’ of Visual Images», Journalism, 3, (2), s. 131-159.
  • Entman, Robert M., (2007). “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power”, Journal of Communication, 57, (1), s. 163-173.
  • Entman, Robert M., (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Entman, Robert M., (1993). “Framing: Toward Clarification of A Fractured Paradigm”, Journal of Communication, 43, (4), s. 51-58.
  • Entman, Robert M., (1991). “Framing US Coverage of International News: Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air Incidents”, Journal of Communication, 41, (4), s. 6-27.
  • Fahmy, S. ve Neumann, R., (2011). “Shooting War or Peace Photographs? An Examination of Newswires’ Coverage of the Conflict in Gaza (2008-2009)”, American Behavioral Scientist, 55, (2), s. 1-26.
  • Fahmy, Shahira, (2010). “Contrasting Visual Frames of Our Times: A Framing Analysis of English- and Arabic-Language Press Coverage of War and Terrorism”, International Communication Gazette, 72, (8), s. 695-717.
  • Fahmy, S. ve Kim, D., (2008). “Picturing the Iraq War: Constructing the Image of War in the British and US Press”, International Communication Gazette, 70, (6), s. 443- 462.
  • Fahmy, Shahira, (2007). “They Took it Down: Exploring Determinants of Visual Reporting in the Toppling of the Saddam Hussein Statue in National and International Newspapers”, Mass Communication and Society, 10, (2), s. 143-170.
  • Fahmy, S., Kelly, J. D. ve Kim, Y. S., (2007). “What Hurricane Katrina Revealed: A Visual Analysis of the Hurricane Coverage by News Wires and U.S. Newspapers”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 84, (3), s. 546-561.
  • Fahmy, S., Cho, S., Wanta, W. ve Song, Y., (2006). “Visual Agenda-Setting after 9/11: Individuals’ Emotions, Image Recall and Concern with Terrorism”, Visual Communication Quarterly, 13, (1), s. 4-15.
  • Fahmy, Shahira, (2004). “Picturing Afghan Women: A Content Analysis of AP Wire Photographs during the Taliban Regime and after the Fall of the Taliban Regime”, The International Journal for Communication Studies, 66, (2), s. 91-112.
  • Goodnow, Trischa, (2013). “Facing Off: A Comparative Analysis of Obama and Romney Facebook Timeline Photographs”, American Behavioral Scientist, 57, (11), s. 1584-1595.
  • Goodnow, Trischa, (2010). “Visual Bias in Time’s ‘The Great Divide’: A Semiotic Analysis of Clinton and Obama Photographs”, American Behavioral Scientist, 54, (4), s. 406-416.
  • Grabe, M. E. ve Bucy, E. P., (2011). “Image Bite Analysis of Political Visuals: Understanding the Visual Framing Process in Election News”, Erik P. Bucy ve R. Lance Holbert (eds.), The Sourcebook for Political Communication Research: Methods, Measures and Analytical Techniques, New York: Routledge, s. 209-237.
  • Grabe, M. E. ve Bucy, E. P., (2009). Image Bite Politics: News and the Visual Framing of Elections, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Greenberg, Josh, (2002). “Framing and Temporality in Political Cartoons: A Critical Analysis of Visual News Discourse”, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 39, (2), s. 181-198.
  • Griffin, Michael, (2004). “Picturing America’s ‘War on Terrorism’ in Afghanistan and Iraq: Photographic Motifs as News Frames”, Journalism, 5, (4), s. 381-402.
  • İrvan, Süleyman, (2000). “Metin Çözümlemelerinde Yöntem Sorunu”, Medya ve Kültür, 1. Ulusal İletişim Sempozyumu Bildirileri, İletişim Dergisi Yayınları, s. 73-86.
  • McCombs, M. ve Ghanem, S., (2001). “The Convergence of Agenda Setting and Framing”, Stephen D. Reese ve diğerleri (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, s. 67-81.
  • Messaris, P. ve Abraham, L., (2001). “The Role of Images in Framing News Stories”, Stephen D. Reese ve diğerleri (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, s. 215-226.
  • Parry, Katy, (2011). “Images of Liberation? Visual Framing, Humanitarianism and British Press Photography during the 2003 Iraq Invasion”, Media, War&Society, 33, (8), s. 1185-1201.
  • Parry, Katy, (2010). “A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict”, Media, War&Conflict, 3, (1), s. 67-85.
  • Perlmutter, D. D. ve Wagner, G. L., (2004). “The Anatomy of A Photojournalistic Icon: Marginalization of Dissent in the Selection and Framing of A Death in Genoa”, Visual Communication, 3, (1), s. 91-108.
  • Rodriguez, L. ve Dimitrova, D. V., (2011). “The Levels of Visual Framing”, Journal of Visual Literacy, 30, (1), s. 48-65.
  • Scheufele, Dietram A., (1999). “Framing as A Theory of Media Effects”, Journal of Communication, 49, (1), s. 103-122.
  • Schwalbe, Carol B., (2006). “Remembering Our Shared Past: Visually Framing the Iraq War on US News Websites”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, (1), s. 264-289.
  • Silcock, B. William, (2008). “The Battle of Ideological Images: CNN vs. FOX in Visual Framing of the Invasion of Iraq”, Electronic News, 2, (3), s. 153-177.
  • Sözen, Edibe, (1999). Söylem, Belirsizlik, Mübadele, Bilgi, Güç ve Refleksivite, İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Tankard, James W., (2001). “The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing”, Stephen D. Reese ve diğerleri (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, s. 95-106.
  • Verser, R. ve Wicks, R. H., (2006). “Managing Voter Impressions: The Use of Images on Presidential Candidate Web Sites During the 2000 Campaign”, Journal of Communication, 56, (1), s. 178-197.
  • Waldman, P. ve Devitt, J., (1998). “Newspaper Photographs and the 1996 Presidential Election: The Question of Bias”, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, (2), s. 302-311.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İlker Erdoğan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Sayı: 39

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğan, İ. (2014). Siyasal Liderlerin Haber Fotoğraflarında Görsel Çerçeveleme Yanlılığı: 2014 Türkiye Yerel Seçim Kampanyası Örneğinde Gazete Haberciliğinin Karşılaştırmalı Çözümlemesi. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2014(39), 1-25.