Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Amerikan Gazetecilik Filmlerinde Anlatı Yapısı, Dönemsel Yansımalar ve Özgür Basın Miti*

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 47, 111 - 140, 11.12.2018

Öz

Amerikan sinemasında 1930’lardan bu yana gazeteci karakterlerine sıklıkla rastlanılırken, bu filmlerle bir yandan özgür basın miti kurulmakta, ayrıca basının iktidar ve toplumla sıkı sıkıya ilişkisi nedeniyle filmler aracılığıyla toplumsal ve siyasal söylemler inşa edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sinemada son dönemde inşa edilen özgür basın, Amerikan demokrasisi mitleriyle filmlerin dönemlerine dair içgörüleri ve öngörülerini teşhis edebilmek açısından 2010’dan sonra gösterime giren Spotlight, Truth ve Nightcrawler filmleri incelendi. Spotlight kahramanın zaferi, Truth kahramanın yenilgisi, Nightcrawler ise kötü adamın yükselmesi üzerine kurulu olduğundan Shock’un Birleşik Anlatı Teorisi temel alındı. Bu teoride filmlerde farklı sonlarla toplumsal değerlerin pekiştirildiği veya aksine değişimlerin önerildiği belirtilirken, filmlerin bu yöndeki söylemlerini belirleyebilmek açısından da Kellner’in teşhise yönelik eleştirisinden yararlanıldı. Bunların sonucunda, filmlerin farklı anlatı yapılarıyla basına ve dönemlerine dair belirli sorgulamalar ve eleştiriler getirdiği, öngörüler sunduğu, dönemlerinin siyasi liderlerinden etkilenebildikleri (Barack Obama) veya gelecek yeni lideri (Donald Trump) karakter yaratımında öngörebildikleri tespit edildi. Farklı anlatı yapılarına rağmen filmlerin hepsinde özgür basın miti inşa edilirken, mitin özellikle basının hakikatı arama ilkesi ve bağımsızlık temelinde yüceltildiği, bu mitlerin de Amerikan demokrasisi mitine hizmet ettiği görüldü.

Kaynakça

  • American Press Association (2017). Principle of Journalism, http:// americanpressassociation.com/principles-of-journalism/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2017.
  • American Press Institute (2017): A new understanding: What makes people trust and rely on news, https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/surveyresearch/ trust-news/, Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2017.
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu. S. Gürses (çev). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Ethical Journalism Network (2017). Principles of Journalism, https:// ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/who-we-are/5-principles-of-journalism, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2017.
  • Ehrlich M. C. (2004). Journalism in the Movies. Chicago: University of Illinois.
  • Ehrlich M. C. Saltzman, J. (2015). Hereos and Scoundrels: The Image of the Journalist in Popular Culture. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Gallup (2015). Americans’ Trust in Media Remains at Historical Low, https://news. gallup.com/poll/185927/americans-trust-media-remains-historical-low.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2016
  • Galtung, J. (1999). “State, Capital, and the Civil Society: The Problem of Communication”. In R. Vincent, K. Nordenstreng and M. Traber (Eds.), Towards Equity in Global Communication: MacBride Update. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Ghiglione, L., Saltzman, J. (2005). “Fact or Fiction: Hollywood Looks at the News”. Exhibit Newseum, Washington D.C.
  • Good, H. (1989). Outcasts: The Image of Journalists in Contemporary Film. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.
  • Gür, T. (2013). “Post-Modern Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Söylem Çözümlemesi”. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken Journal of World of Turks. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2013)
  • Hallin, D. and Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Holden, S. (2015). “Review: ‘Truth’ Treads a Perilous Political Tightrope”, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/16/movies/review-truth-treadsa- perilous-political-tightrope.html?referrer=google_kp. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018.
  • IJPC. Journalist Image in Populer Culture. http://www.ijpc.org/ İnal (1996). Haberi Okumak. İstanbul: Temuçin Yayınları.
  • Kellner, D. (1995). Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and Post-Modern. London and New York: Roudledge.
  • Kellner, D. (2013). Sinema Savaşları: Bush-Cheney Döneminde Hollywood Sineması ve Siyaset. Ö. Çelik (çev). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Krauthammer, C. (2016). “Obama’s naive idealism has caused havoc as America makes the same mistakes over and over again”. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/2016/05/27/obamas-naive-idealism-has-caused-havoc-as-america-makesthe- same/, Erişim Tarihi: 27.06.2017
  • Ladd, J. (2010). Why Americans Distrust the News Media and How it Matters. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Lule, J. (2001). Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism. New York: Guilford.
  • McChesney, R.D. (2004). The Problem of the Media, U:S: Communication Politics in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • McQuail, D. (2005). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage. Nordenstreng, K. “Media and Society”, http://sockom.helsinki.fi/commedia/ Nordenstreng%20Media%20and%20Society.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2017.
  • Orr, C. (2015). “Truth: A Terrible, Terrible Movie About Journalism”. Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/10/truth-a-terrible-terriblemovie- about-journalism/412036/. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018.
  • Öztürk, S. (2016). “Profesyonel Eğlence Üretiminin Şizofrenisi: Nightcrawler’da İmaj Avı ve Avcıları”. TRTAkademi, 1 (1), 8-31.
  • Packer, G. (2018). “Witnessing the Obama Presidency, from Start to Finish”. New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/18/witnessing-the-obamapresidency- from-start-to-finish, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2017.
  • Parenti, M. (2007/2008). “Tekelci Medya Manipülasyonu”. Levent Yaylagül ve Nilüfer Korkmaz (der). Medya, Popüler Kültür ve İdeoloji. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Queenan, J. (2016). “Dan Rather on Truth, Robert Redford and taking on George Bush”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/mar/03/dan-ratherrobert- redford-made-me-look-better-in-truth. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018.
  • Ray, B. R. (1985). A Certain Tendency of The Hollywood Cinema, 1930-1980. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Ryan, M. (2015). “Sinema Politikaları: Söylem, Psikanaliz, İdeoloji”. H. Erkılıç (çev). Sinecine, 6(2), 77-90.
  • Saltzman, J. (2005). “Analyzing the Images of the Journalist in Popular Culture: a Unique Method of Studying the Public’s Perception of Its Journalists and the News Media”. Media History and History in the Media conference at the University of Wales at Gregynog, Wales, and at the Association for Education for Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC) in San Antonio, Texas.
  • Slotkin, R. (2005). “Fiction for the Purposes of History”. Rethinking History, Vol. 9, No. 2/3, June/September 2005, pp. 221–236.
  • Schock, M. W. (2017). “Screenwriting & The Unified Theory of Narrative: Part I”, MovieMaker, https://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/screenwriting/ hollywoods-four-classic-narrative-types-part-i-when-the-bad-guys-win/ Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2018.
  • Scoot, I. (2011). American Politics in Hollywood Film. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.
  • SPJ (2017). Code of Ethics, https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2017.
  • Specials, C. (2016). “A reflection on Barack Obama’s presidency”, Economist. https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2016/12/24/a-reflection-on-barackobamas- presidency. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2017.
  • Uzun, R. (2015). “Medya-Siyaset İlişkileri: Türkiye’de Savunucu Gazetecilik Olgusunun İncelenmesi”. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi. Sayı 39 / Güz 2014, s. 129-147.
  • Travers, P. (2015). “Truth”, Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/ movie-reviews/truth-116310/. Erişim Tarih: 15.06.2018.
  • Topçu, Y.G. (2005). Sinemada Yeni Yönelimler: Dogma 95 Örneği ve Anlatı Yapısının İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1991). “The interdisciplinary study of news as discourse.” K. Bruhn- Jensen&N. Jankowksi (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Mass Communication Research. London: Routledge. pp. 108-120
  • Vatican responds to UN panel’s sharp criticism of sex abuse scandal” (2014, 16 Ocak). Al Jazeera America. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/16/vatican-res pondstounpanelssharpcriticismofsexabusescandal.html. Erişim Tarihi: 22.04.2017.
  • Weales, G. (1985). “Canned Goods AS Caviar: American Film Comedy of the 1930s”. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1985. p. 184.
  • Zynda, T. H. (1979). “The Hollywood Version: Movie Portrayals of the Press”, Journalism History, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 16-25, 32.
  • Zuener, L. (2003). Cultural Sociology from Concern to Distance. Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press.

Narratives, Politics and Myths in American Journalism Movies

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 47, 111 - 140, 11.12.2018

Öz

While cinema depicts journalist since the 1930s, films on journalism establish and reinforce the free press myth, and also reflect tendencies of their society in its discourse. In this perspective, we have chosen Spotlight since its protagonists have a victory; Truth due to its heroine has a defeat; and Nightcrawler, in which the villain has a victory. In the
study, to look at the free myth on journalism and to designate films insights on social and political situations at a given point in history, protagonists and narratives were analyzed
according to Schock’s The United Theory of Narrative and diagnostic critique of Douglas Kellner. In the analysis, we have seen that movies reinforce the free press and American
democracy myths through all type journalists and narratives. Besides, these films appear to reflect their period’s desire, fear, and conflicts, and also inspired by the leaders of their
period (Barack Obama) or predict the future leaders (Donald Trump). In conclusion, the analysis shows that films about journalism reinforce the free press myth, and also represent
their period’s tendencies, conflicts, and crises and have some prediction about the future, and give messages to the society

Kaynakça

  • American Press Association (2017). Principle of Journalism, http:// americanpressassociation.com/principles-of-journalism/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2017.
  • American Press Institute (2017): A new understanding: What makes people trust and rely on news, https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/surveyresearch/ trust-news/, Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2017.
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu. S. Gürses (çev). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Ethical Journalism Network (2017). Principles of Journalism, https:// ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/who-we-are/5-principles-of-journalism, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2017.
  • Ehrlich M. C. (2004). Journalism in the Movies. Chicago: University of Illinois.
  • Ehrlich M. C. Saltzman, J. (2015). Hereos and Scoundrels: The Image of the Journalist in Popular Culture. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Gallup (2015). Americans’ Trust in Media Remains at Historical Low, https://news. gallup.com/poll/185927/americans-trust-media-remains-historical-low.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2016
  • Galtung, J. (1999). “State, Capital, and the Civil Society: The Problem of Communication”. In R. Vincent, K. Nordenstreng and M. Traber (Eds.), Towards Equity in Global Communication: MacBride Update. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Ghiglione, L., Saltzman, J. (2005). “Fact or Fiction: Hollywood Looks at the News”. Exhibit Newseum, Washington D.C.
  • Good, H. (1989). Outcasts: The Image of Journalists in Contemporary Film. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.
  • Gür, T. (2013). “Post-Modern Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Söylem Çözümlemesi”. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken Journal of World of Turks. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2013)
  • Hallin, D. and Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Holden, S. (2015). “Review: ‘Truth’ Treads a Perilous Political Tightrope”, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/16/movies/review-truth-treadsa- perilous-political-tightrope.html?referrer=google_kp. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018.
  • IJPC. Journalist Image in Populer Culture. http://www.ijpc.org/ İnal (1996). Haberi Okumak. İstanbul: Temuçin Yayınları.
  • Kellner, D. (1995). Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and Post-Modern. London and New York: Roudledge.
  • Kellner, D. (2013). Sinema Savaşları: Bush-Cheney Döneminde Hollywood Sineması ve Siyaset. Ö. Çelik (çev). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Krauthammer, C. (2016). “Obama’s naive idealism has caused havoc as America makes the same mistakes over and over again”. The Telegraph, https://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/2016/05/27/obamas-naive-idealism-has-caused-havoc-as-america-makesthe- same/, Erişim Tarihi: 27.06.2017
  • Ladd, J. (2010). Why Americans Distrust the News Media and How it Matters. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Lule, J. (2001). Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism. New York: Guilford.
  • McChesney, R.D. (2004). The Problem of the Media, U:S: Communication Politics in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • McQuail, D. (2005). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage. Nordenstreng, K. “Media and Society”, http://sockom.helsinki.fi/commedia/ Nordenstreng%20Media%20and%20Society.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2017.
  • Orr, C. (2015). “Truth: A Terrible, Terrible Movie About Journalism”. Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/10/truth-a-terrible-terriblemovie- about-journalism/412036/. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018.
  • Öztürk, S. (2016). “Profesyonel Eğlence Üretiminin Şizofrenisi: Nightcrawler’da İmaj Avı ve Avcıları”. TRTAkademi, 1 (1), 8-31.
  • Packer, G. (2018). “Witnessing the Obama Presidency, from Start to Finish”. New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/18/witnessing-the-obamapresidency- from-start-to-finish, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2017.
  • Parenti, M. (2007/2008). “Tekelci Medya Manipülasyonu”. Levent Yaylagül ve Nilüfer Korkmaz (der). Medya, Popüler Kültür ve İdeoloji. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Queenan, J. (2016). “Dan Rather on Truth, Robert Redford and taking on George Bush”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/mar/03/dan-ratherrobert- redford-made-me-look-better-in-truth. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018.
  • Ray, B. R. (1985). A Certain Tendency of The Hollywood Cinema, 1930-1980. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Ryan, M. (2015). “Sinema Politikaları: Söylem, Psikanaliz, İdeoloji”. H. Erkılıç (çev). Sinecine, 6(2), 77-90.
  • Saltzman, J. (2005). “Analyzing the Images of the Journalist in Popular Culture: a Unique Method of Studying the Public’s Perception of Its Journalists and the News Media”. Media History and History in the Media conference at the University of Wales at Gregynog, Wales, and at the Association for Education for Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC) in San Antonio, Texas.
  • Slotkin, R. (2005). “Fiction for the Purposes of History”. Rethinking History, Vol. 9, No. 2/3, June/September 2005, pp. 221–236.
  • Schock, M. W. (2017). “Screenwriting & The Unified Theory of Narrative: Part I”, MovieMaker, https://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/screenwriting/ hollywoods-four-classic-narrative-types-part-i-when-the-bad-guys-win/ Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2018.
  • Scoot, I. (2011). American Politics in Hollywood Film. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.
  • SPJ (2017). Code of Ethics, https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2017.
  • Specials, C. (2016). “A reflection on Barack Obama’s presidency”, Economist. https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2016/12/24/a-reflection-on-barackobamas- presidency. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2017.
  • Uzun, R. (2015). “Medya-Siyaset İlişkileri: Türkiye’de Savunucu Gazetecilik Olgusunun İncelenmesi”. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi. Sayı 39 / Güz 2014, s. 129-147.
  • Travers, P. (2015). “Truth”, Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/ movie-reviews/truth-116310/. Erişim Tarih: 15.06.2018.
  • Topçu, Y.G. (2005). Sinemada Yeni Yönelimler: Dogma 95 Örneği ve Anlatı Yapısının İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1991). “The interdisciplinary study of news as discourse.” K. Bruhn- Jensen&N. Jankowksi (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Mass Communication Research. London: Routledge. pp. 108-120
  • Vatican responds to UN panel’s sharp criticism of sex abuse scandal” (2014, 16 Ocak). Al Jazeera America. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/16/vatican-res pondstounpanelssharpcriticismofsexabusescandal.html. Erişim Tarihi: 22.04.2017.
  • Weales, G. (1985). “Canned Goods AS Caviar: American Film Comedy of the 1930s”. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1985. p. 184.
  • Zynda, T. H. (1979). “The Hollywood Version: Movie Portrayals of the Press”, Journalism History, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 16-25, 32.
  • Zuener, L. (2003). Cultural Sociology from Concern to Distance. Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Barışkan Ünal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, B. (2018). Amerikan Gazetecilik Filmlerinde Anlatı Yapısı, Dönemsel Yansımalar ve Özgür Basın Miti*. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2022(47), 111-140.