Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Nazi Döneminde Sinemanın Propaganda Aracı Olarak İşlevi

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 47, 329 - 350, 11.12.2018

Öz

Sanatın iletişimsel, eğitsel, kültürel vs. gibi farklı işlevleri vardır. Sanatsal yapıtlar bazen yalnızca ‘kendisi için’ bir amaç taşırken, bazen de başka bir amacı gerçekleştirmek için üretilebilmektedir. Bu noktada sanatsal yapıtlar propagandanın önemli araçlarından birisi olarak da kullanılagelmiştir. Propaganda çalışmalarında kullanılan sanat yapıtlarının en önemlilerinden biri ‘sinema’dır. Bu makale içerisinde propaganda çalışmalarında sinema sanatının en etkin bir biçimde kullanan Alman sinema sanatının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Özellikle sinemanın bir propaganda aracı olarak kullanımı Nasyonal Sosyalist dönemde daha yoğun olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışma içerisinde Nasyonal Sosyalist dönemde Hitler ve Goebbels’in bir propaganda aracı olarak sinemayı nasıl kullandığı, sinema yapıtlarını Nasyonal Sosyalist amaçlar için nasıl oluşturduğu tarihsel olarak incelenerek film ve dönem analizi yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Albrecht, Gerd, (1969), “Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik”, Eine soziologische Untersuchung über die Spielfilme des Dritten Reichs. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
  • Albrecht, Gerd, (1979). Film im Dritten Reich Eine Dokumentation. Karlsruhe : Schauburg Fricker&Co OHG+DOKU-Verlag.
  • Altmann, John, (1948). “Movies’ Role in Hitler’s Conquest of German Youth”, Hollywood Quarterly, C. 3 No. 4, Yaz.
  • Altmann, John, (1959). “The Technique and Content of Hitler’s War Propaganda Films: Part I: Karl Ritter and His Early Films”, Hollywood Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, Summer, ss.385-391.
  • Bektaş, Arsev, (2000). Kamuoyu, İletişim ve Demokrasi, İstanbul : Bağlam Yayınları. Belling, Curt, ve Schütze, Alfred, (1937). Der Film in der Hitler-Jugend, Berlin.
  • Boelke, Willi A. (1996). Kriegspropaganda 1939-1941. Geheime Ministerkonferenzen im Reichspropagandaministerium, Stutgart : Deutsche-Verlagsanstalt.
  • Brady, Robert A., (1937). The Spirit and Struckture of German Fascism, New York: Viking Press.
  • Chomsky, Noam, (2005). Medya Denetimi, Elif Baki (çev.), İstanbul : Everest Yayınları.
  • Chomsky, Noam, (1991). Media Control, The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda, Open Media Pamphlet, New York.
  • Cocks, Geoffrey, (1997). “The Ministry of Amusements: Film, Commerce, and Politics in Germany, 1917-1945”, Central European History, 30, No.1.
  • Der Deutsche Film Broşürü, Özel Sayı 1940/1941., Der Völkische Beobachter, “Dr. Goebbels zu den Filmschaffenden”, 31.03.1940. Felinau, Pelz v., Ritter, Josef, (1915). Der Untergang des Titanic. Ein melodramatisches Epos, Wien: Waehringers Druck.
  • Goebbels, Joseph, (1943). Das eherne Herz: Reden und Aufsaetze aus den Jahren 1941-1942, Ed. M. A. v. Schirmmeister, München: Zentral Verlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachfolger.
  • Goebbels’in Günlükleri, Cilt 1, 22.12.1938. Goebbels Günlükleri 1, C.3/III, 11.11.1936. Goebbels’in Günlükleri, C. 3., 1942, 03.03.1942.
  • Grabowski, Jan, (2009). “German Anti-Jewish Propaganda in the Generalgouvernement, 1939–1945: Inciting Hate through Posters, Films, and Exhibitions”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23, S. 3, Kış, 381–412.
  • Güz, Nükhet, (2002). Etkili İletişim Terimleri, İnkılâp Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hippler, Fritz, (1942). Betrachtungen zum Filmschaften, Berlin: Max Hess Verlag.
  • Hippler, Fritz, (1982). Die Verstrickung, Einstellungen und Rückblenden von Fritz Hippler, egemaliger Reichsfilmintendant unter Joseph Goebbels. Auch Ein Filmbuch., 2. Baskı, Düsseldorf : Mehr Wissen Verlag.
  • Hippler, Fritz, (1982). Die Vertrickung: auch ein Filmbuch; Einstellungen und Rückblenden, 2. Baskı, Düsseldorf :Verlag Mehr Wissen.
  • Hitler, Adolf, (1991). Mein Kampf, Raph Mannheim (çev.), New York: Houghton Miffin Company.
  • Hoffman, Hilmar, (1996). The Thriumph of Propaganda, Film and National Socialism, 1933-1945, John A. Broadwin/V.R. Berghahn(çev.), Frankfurt: Berghahn Books Inc.
  • Jason, Gary, (2013). “Film and Propaganda: The Lessons of the Nazi Film Industry”, Reason Papers, Vol. 35, No:1.
  • İnceoğlu, Metin, (1985). Güdüleme Yöntemleri, Ankara: A.Ü. BYYO Yayınları.
  • Kabaağaç, Sina, (1995). Latince/ Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul : Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Kellis, Aristotle A., (2005). Nazi Propaganda and The Second World War, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kracauer, Siegfried, (1942). Propaganda of The Nazi War Film, New York Museum of Modern Art Film Library, Edward Brothers Inc. Ann Arbor. Mishigan.
  • Kreimeier, Klaus, (1996). The Ufa Story: A History of Germany’s Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945, Robert and Rita Kimber (çev.). New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Lorenz, Dagmar C.G., (2018). Nazi Characters in German Propaganda and Literature, Leiden : Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing.
  • McFadden, Paul, (2012). “American Propaganda and the First World War: Megaphone or Gagging Order?, Issue 19, University of Glasgow, ss. 01-32.
  • Mutlu, Erol, (2004). İletişim Sözlüğü, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Narayanaswami, Karthik, (2018). Analysis of Nazi Propaganda, A Behavioral Study, https://blogs.harvard.edu/karthik/analysis-of-nazi-propaganda-a-behavioralstudy/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2018.
  • Nelson, Richard Alan, (1977). “Germany and the German Film, 1930-1945: An Annotated Research Bibliography”, Journal of the University Film Association, C. 29, No. 2,Bahar, ss. 67-80.
  • Neues Wiener Tagblatt, Nr.33, 03.02.1940.
  • Özsoy, Osman, (1998). Propaganda ve Kamuoyu Oluşturma, İstanbul : Alfa Yayınları .
  • Peck, Robert, (1944). Cassandre Gazetesi, Brüksel, 13.02.1944. Reeves, Nicholas, (1993). “The power of Film Propaganda-Myth or Reality?”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(2), ss.181-201.
  • Petro, Patrice, (1998). “Nazi Cinema at the Intersection of the Classical and the Popular”, New German Critique, S. 74, ss. 41-55.
  • Qualter, H. Terrence, (1980). “Propaganda Teorisi ve Propagandanın Gelişimi”, Ünsal Oskay (çev.), A.Ü. SBF Dergisi, 35(1), ss. 255-307.
  • Rentschler, Eric, (1996). The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Rentschler, Eric, (1996). The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Robert, Jeremy, Goebbels, Joseph,(1956). Nazi Propaganda Minister, New York : The Rosen Publishing Group.
  • Sander A.U., (1944). Jugend und Film, Berlin.
  • Schafer, Yvonne, (1995). “Nazi Berlin and the Grosses Schauspielhaus”, Theatre in the Third Reich, Prever Years: Essay on Theatre in Nazi Germany, Westprot: Green Wood Press, ss.103-119.
  • Semmler, Rudolf, (1947). Goebbels, the man next to Hitler, London: Westhouse.
  • Sennett, Alan, (2014). “Film Propaganda: Triumph of the Will as a Case Study”, The Journal of Cinema and Media, Vol. 55, No. 1, Wayne State University Press. Tagestpost Gazetesi, 27. 12.1943.
  • Tarhan, Nevzat, (2004). Psikolojik Savaş, Gri Propaganda, İstanbul : Timaş Yayınları.
  • Taylor, Richard, (2003). Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, (1998). Türkçe Sözlük, Ankara : Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Watson, Robert P., (2016). The Incredible Untold Story of a Doomed Shıp in Wolrd War II: The Nazi Titanic, Philadelphia: Da Capo Press.
  • Welch, David, (2001). Propaganda and the German Cinema 1933-1945, Lincolns Inn, I.B. Tauris, 2001.
  • Welch, David, (2007), The Third Reich, Politics and Propaganda, Taylor&Francis e-library.
  • Wilson, James, (2003). “Community, Civility and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Corps of the 1930s”, Theatre History Studies, 23.

The Function of Cinema as a Propaganda Tool in the Nazi-Era

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 47, 329 - 350, 11.12.2018

Öz

There are some varied functions of the art such as communicational, educational, cultural etc. Sometimes work of art has a mission only for it-self and sometimes it can be produced or performed to be able to reach to the aim of someone else. Herein, work of art has been used as an important tool of propaganda. One of the most significant instruments used in propaganda-works is ‘cinema’ as well. In this essay, it is intended to investigate to art of German-Cinema having effectively used art of cinema in propagandaworks. Particularly, using art of cinema as a propaganda tool was intensively happened in the National Socialist era. In this study, it is carried out the movie and period analysis as investigating the questions of how Hitler and Goebbels used cinema as a propaganda tool in National Socialist era and how they formed these movies for the national-socialist targets.

Kaynakça

  • Albrecht, Gerd, (1969), “Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik”, Eine soziologische Untersuchung über die Spielfilme des Dritten Reichs. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
  • Albrecht, Gerd, (1979). Film im Dritten Reich Eine Dokumentation. Karlsruhe : Schauburg Fricker&Co OHG+DOKU-Verlag.
  • Altmann, John, (1948). “Movies’ Role in Hitler’s Conquest of German Youth”, Hollywood Quarterly, C. 3 No. 4, Yaz.
  • Altmann, John, (1959). “The Technique and Content of Hitler’s War Propaganda Films: Part I: Karl Ritter and His Early Films”, Hollywood Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, Summer, ss.385-391.
  • Bektaş, Arsev, (2000). Kamuoyu, İletişim ve Demokrasi, İstanbul : Bağlam Yayınları. Belling, Curt, ve Schütze, Alfred, (1937). Der Film in der Hitler-Jugend, Berlin.
  • Boelke, Willi A. (1996). Kriegspropaganda 1939-1941. Geheime Ministerkonferenzen im Reichspropagandaministerium, Stutgart : Deutsche-Verlagsanstalt.
  • Brady, Robert A., (1937). The Spirit and Struckture of German Fascism, New York: Viking Press.
  • Chomsky, Noam, (2005). Medya Denetimi, Elif Baki (çev.), İstanbul : Everest Yayınları.
  • Chomsky, Noam, (1991). Media Control, The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda, Open Media Pamphlet, New York.
  • Cocks, Geoffrey, (1997). “The Ministry of Amusements: Film, Commerce, and Politics in Germany, 1917-1945”, Central European History, 30, No.1.
  • Der Deutsche Film Broşürü, Özel Sayı 1940/1941., Der Völkische Beobachter, “Dr. Goebbels zu den Filmschaffenden”, 31.03.1940. Felinau, Pelz v., Ritter, Josef, (1915). Der Untergang des Titanic. Ein melodramatisches Epos, Wien: Waehringers Druck.
  • Goebbels, Joseph, (1943). Das eherne Herz: Reden und Aufsaetze aus den Jahren 1941-1942, Ed. M. A. v. Schirmmeister, München: Zentral Verlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachfolger.
  • Goebbels’in Günlükleri, Cilt 1, 22.12.1938. Goebbels Günlükleri 1, C.3/III, 11.11.1936. Goebbels’in Günlükleri, C. 3., 1942, 03.03.1942.
  • Grabowski, Jan, (2009). “German Anti-Jewish Propaganda in the Generalgouvernement, 1939–1945: Inciting Hate through Posters, Films, and Exhibitions”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23, S. 3, Kış, 381–412.
  • Güz, Nükhet, (2002). Etkili İletişim Terimleri, İnkılâp Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hippler, Fritz, (1942). Betrachtungen zum Filmschaften, Berlin: Max Hess Verlag.
  • Hippler, Fritz, (1982). Die Verstrickung, Einstellungen und Rückblenden von Fritz Hippler, egemaliger Reichsfilmintendant unter Joseph Goebbels. Auch Ein Filmbuch., 2. Baskı, Düsseldorf : Mehr Wissen Verlag.
  • Hippler, Fritz, (1982). Die Vertrickung: auch ein Filmbuch; Einstellungen und Rückblenden, 2. Baskı, Düsseldorf :Verlag Mehr Wissen.
  • Hitler, Adolf, (1991). Mein Kampf, Raph Mannheim (çev.), New York: Houghton Miffin Company.
  • Hoffman, Hilmar, (1996). The Thriumph of Propaganda, Film and National Socialism, 1933-1945, John A. Broadwin/V.R. Berghahn(çev.), Frankfurt: Berghahn Books Inc.
  • Jason, Gary, (2013). “Film and Propaganda: The Lessons of the Nazi Film Industry”, Reason Papers, Vol. 35, No:1.
  • İnceoğlu, Metin, (1985). Güdüleme Yöntemleri, Ankara: A.Ü. BYYO Yayınları.
  • Kabaağaç, Sina, (1995). Latince/ Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul : Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Kellis, Aristotle A., (2005). Nazi Propaganda and The Second World War, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kracauer, Siegfried, (1942). Propaganda of The Nazi War Film, New York Museum of Modern Art Film Library, Edward Brothers Inc. Ann Arbor. Mishigan.
  • Kreimeier, Klaus, (1996). The Ufa Story: A History of Germany’s Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945, Robert and Rita Kimber (çev.). New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Lorenz, Dagmar C.G., (2018). Nazi Characters in German Propaganda and Literature, Leiden : Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing.
  • McFadden, Paul, (2012). “American Propaganda and the First World War: Megaphone or Gagging Order?, Issue 19, University of Glasgow, ss. 01-32.
  • Mutlu, Erol, (2004). İletişim Sözlüğü, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Narayanaswami, Karthik, (2018). Analysis of Nazi Propaganda, A Behavioral Study, https://blogs.harvard.edu/karthik/analysis-of-nazi-propaganda-a-behavioralstudy/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2018.
  • Nelson, Richard Alan, (1977). “Germany and the German Film, 1930-1945: An Annotated Research Bibliography”, Journal of the University Film Association, C. 29, No. 2,Bahar, ss. 67-80.
  • Neues Wiener Tagblatt, Nr.33, 03.02.1940.
  • Özsoy, Osman, (1998). Propaganda ve Kamuoyu Oluşturma, İstanbul : Alfa Yayınları .
  • Peck, Robert, (1944). Cassandre Gazetesi, Brüksel, 13.02.1944. Reeves, Nicholas, (1993). “The power of Film Propaganda-Myth or Reality?”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(2), ss.181-201.
  • Petro, Patrice, (1998). “Nazi Cinema at the Intersection of the Classical and the Popular”, New German Critique, S. 74, ss. 41-55.
  • Qualter, H. Terrence, (1980). “Propaganda Teorisi ve Propagandanın Gelişimi”, Ünsal Oskay (çev.), A.Ü. SBF Dergisi, 35(1), ss. 255-307.
  • Rentschler, Eric, (1996). The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Rentschler, Eric, (1996). The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Robert, Jeremy, Goebbels, Joseph,(1956). Nazi Propaganda Minister, New York : The Rosen Publishing Group.
  • Sander A.U., (1944). Jugend und Film, Berlin.
  • Schafer, Yvonne, (1995). “Nazi Berlin and the Grosses Schauspielhaus”, Theatre in the Third Reich, Prever Years: Essay on Theatre in Nazi Germany, Westprot: Green Wood Press, ss.103-119.
  • Semmler, Rudolf, (1947). Goebbels, the man next to Hitler, London: Westhouse.
  • Sennett, Alan, (2014). “Film Propaganda: Triumph of the Will as a Case Study”, The Journal of Cinema and Media, Vol. 55, No. 1, Wayne State University Press. Tagestpost Gazetesi, 27. 12.1943.
  • Tarhan, Nevzat, (2004). Psikolojik Savaş, Gri Propaganda, İstanbul : Timaş Yayınları.
  • Taylor, Richard, (2003). Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, (1998). Türkçe Sözlük, Ankara : Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Watson, Robert P., (2016). The Incredible Untold Story of a Doomed Shıp in Wolrd War II: The Nazi Titanic, Philadelphia: Da Capo Press.
  • Welch, David, (2001). Propaganda and the German Cinema 1933-1945, Lincolns Inn, I.B. Tauris, 2001.
  • Welch, David, (2007), The Third Reich, Politics and Propaganda, Taylor&Francis e-library.
  • Wilson, James, (2003). “Community, Civility and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Corps of the 1930s”, Theatre History Studies, 23.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İbrahim Sarıtaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıtaş, İ. (2018). Nazi Döneminde Sinemanın Propaganda Aracı Olarak İşlevi. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2022(47), 329-350.