Stres ve İnternet Kullanımı İlişkisi: Türkiye’deki Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Bir Alan Araştırması

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 42, 37 - 57, 22.07.2016

Birol Gülnar

Öz

Türkiye’de ve dünyada son yıllarda büyük artış gösteren internet kullanımı, yeni iletişim biçimleri ve bunların sosyal ve psikolojik etkilerini gündeme getirmiştir. İnternet kullanımı ile depresyon, yalnızlık ve stres gibi modern toplumun psikolojik sorunları arasındaki ilişkiye dair, gerek kitle iletişim araçlarında gerekse akademik çevrelerde sıkça tartışmalar yaşanmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin bir ruh sağlığı göstergesi olarak stres düzeylerini ve internet kullanım tiplerini (iletişim, eğlence ve bilgilenme) ve bu değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Tüm Türkiye’ye konumlanmış, yirmi altı (26) üniversitede, toplam iki bin sekiz yüz altı (2806) öğrenci arasında bir alan alaştırması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm Türkiye’deki üniversiteleri ve öğrencileri temsil etmek amacıyla, küme, amaçlı ve olasılıklı örneklem teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Stres, internet kullanım tipleri ve bireysel farklılıklar gibi alt ölçekleri içeren bir soru formu aracılığıyla veri toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, katılımcıların % 68.5’inin stres altında olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, katılımcıların günlük ortalama internet kullanım süreleri 118 dakikadır. Öğrenciler interneti daha çok iletişim ve eğlence amaçlı kullanırken, daha az sıklıkta bilgilenme amaçlı kullanmaktadırlar. Buna ek olarak internet kullanım boyutları ile stres pozitif anlamlı ilişkilidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Üniversite Öğrencileri, Ruh Sağlığı, Stres, İnternet Kullanımı

The Relationship Between Stress And Internet Usage: A Survey Among Turkish University Students

Öz

Internet usage that shows huge increase in recent years in Turkey and all world revives new communication forms and their psychological effects. About the relation between internet usage and psychological problems of modern society such as depression, loneliness, and stress discussions are made frequently in both academic circles and the mass media. This research intended to state stage of Turkish University students’ stress as a indicator of psychological well-being, and types of internet usage (communication, entertainment, and informative). Add to this, the study purpose to show the relationship between stress, and internet usage types (communication, entertainment, and informative) among Turkish university students. A survey was conducted on two thousand eight hundred and six (2806) students who attend twenty six (26) universities that located on whole Turkey. Different sampling techniques were used such as cluster, purposeful and random sampling for representing all Turkey university students. Data was collected via a questionnaire which included different subscales such as stress, internet usage styles and individual differences. Results showed that 68.5 % of participants live stress. Also participants’ daily average internet usage time is 118 minutes. Students most frequently use to internet purpose of communication and entertainment while they use less purpose of information. In additionally, internet usage dimension were positively and significantly correlated with stress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

University Students, Psychological Well-Being, Stress, Internet Usage

Kaynakça

• Arnetz B.B., Wikholm C. (1997). “Technological Stress: Psychophysiological Symptoms in Modern Offices”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43 (1), s. 35-42.
• Aa van der N., Overbeek G., Engels R., Scholte, R., Meerkerk, G., Eijnden, R. (2009). “Daily and Compulsive Internet Use and Well-Being in Adolescence: A Diathesis- Stress Model Based on Big Five Personality Traits”, J Youth Adolescence, 38, s. 765-776.
• Berg M., Arnetz BB., Liden S., Eneroth P., Kallner A. (1992). “Techno-Stress. A Psychophysiological study of Employees With VDU-Associated Skin Complaints”, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 34 (7): 698-701.
• Biocca, F. (2000). “New Media Technology and Youth: Trends in the Evolution of New Media”, Journal of Adolescent Health, 27 (2): 22-29.
• Bradley, G. (2000). The Information and Communication Society: How People Will Live and Work in the New Millennium, Ergonomics, 43 (7), s. 844-857.
• Campbell, A.J., Cumming, S.R., & Hughes, I. (2006). Internet Use by The Socially Fearful: Addiction or Therapy?, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, (1), s. 69-81
• Caplan, G. (1981). Mastery of Stress: Psychosocial Aspects, American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, s. 413-420.
• Caplan, S. (2002). Problematic Internet Use and Psychosocial Well-Being: Development of a Theory-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Measurement Instrument, Computers in Human Behavior, 18, s. 553-575
• Chou, C. (2001). Internet Heavy Use and Addiction Among Taiwanese College Students: An Online Interview Study, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 4, s. 573-585.
• Dator, J.W. (2014). The Impact of Genetic Disease on The Family: Examining The Relationship Between Psychological Well Being, Social Support, And Spirituality in Unaffected Carriers of Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Seton Hall University.
• De Rijk, A. E., Schreurs, K. M., & Bensing, J. M. (1999). What is Behind I’m So Tired. Fatigue Experiences and Their Relations to The Quality and Quantity of External Stimulation, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, (6), s. 509-523.
• Devine, P., Lloyd, K. (2012). Internet Use and Psychological Well-Being Among 10 Year Old and 11 Year Old Children, Child Care in Practice, 18, (1), s. 5-22.
• Diekman, A. B., & Schneider, M. C. (2010). A Social Role Theory Perspective on Gender Gaps in Political Attitudes, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34 (4), s. 486-497.
• Heim, J., Brandtzaeg, P. B., Kaare, B. H. Endestad, T., & Torgerson, L. (2007). Children’s Usage of Media Technologies and Psychosocial Factors, New Media and Society, 9, s. 425-454.
• Ekman A., Andersson A., Hagberg M., Hjelm EW (2000). Gender Differerences in Musculoskeletal Health of Computer and Mouse Users in the Swedish Workforce, International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 50 (8), s. 608- 613.
• Gerr, F., Monteilh CP., Marcus, M. (2006). Keyboard Use and Musculoskeletal Outcomes Among Computer Users, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16 (3), s. 265-277.
• Johnson, G. M. (2007). College Student Internet Use: Convenience and Amusement, Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 33, s. 141-157.
• Johnson, G. M. (2008). Cognitive Processing Differences Between Frequent and Infrequent Internet Users, Computers and Human Behavior, 24, s. 2094-2106.
• Kessler, R. C. (1979). Stress, Social Status, and Psychological Distress, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20, s. 259-272.
• Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being?, American Psychologist, 53 (9), s. 1017-1031
• La Rose, R., Lin, C.A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated Internet Usage: Addiction, Habit, or Deficient Self-Regulation?, Media Psychology, 5, s. 225-253.
• Lavoie, J. A. A., & Pychyl, T. A. (2001). Cyberslacking and the Procrastination Superhighway: A Web Based Survey of Online Procrastination, Attitudes and Emotion, Social Science Computer Review, 19, (4), s. 431-444.
• Leung, L. (2007). Stressful Life Events, Motives For Internet Use, and Social Support Among Digital Kids, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, (2), s. 204-214.
• Mathers, M., Canterfold, L., Olds, T., Hesketh, K., Ridley, K., & Wake, M. (2009). Electronic Media Use and Adolescent Health and Well-Being: Cross-Sectional Community Study, Academic Pediatrics, 9 (5), 307-314.
• Morahan-Martin, J. (2005). Internet Abuse – Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative Explanations?, Social Science Computer Review, 23, 39-48.
• Nakazawa T., Okubo Y., Suwazono Y., Kobayashi E., Komine S., Kato N., Nogawa K. (2002). Association Between Duration of Daily VDT Use and Subjective Symptoms, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42 (5), s. 421-426.
• Rosen, L. (2006). “Adolescent in MySpace: Identity Formation, Frieendship and Sexual Predators”, http://www.csudh.edu/psych/Adolescent in MySpace-Executive Summary.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2015. Rosen, L., Cheever, N., & Carrier, L. (2008). The Association of Parenting Style and Child age With Parental Limit Setting and Adolescent MySpace Bahevior, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, (6), s. 459-471.
• Sunding, E. C., & Horowitz, M. J. (2002). Impact of Event Scale: Psychometric Properties, British Journal of Psychiatry, s. 205-209.
• Thewes, B., Meiser, B., & Hickie, I. B. (2001). Psychometric Prpperties of the Impact of Event Scale Amongst Women at Increased Risk for Hereditary Breast Cancer, Psycho-Oncology, 10, (6), s. 459-468. Tennant, C. (2001). Work-Related Stress and Depressive Disorders, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, s. 697-704.
• Thomée, S., Eklöf, M., Gustafsson, E., Nilsson, R., Hagberg, M. (2007). Prevelance of Perceived Stress, Symptoms of Depression and Sleep Disturbances in Relation to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Use Among Young Adults - an Explorative Prospective Study, Computer Human Behavior, 23 (3), s. 1300-1321.
• Weiser, E. (2001). The Functions of Internet Use and Their Social and Psychological Consequences, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4, (6), s. 723-743.