The Effect of High Fat and High Carbohydrate Diets on Fetal Development and Baby Health

Öz

Fetal development means achieving the fetus's potential size in utero and, is affected by various environmental factors that a pregnant woman is exposed to. Maternal nutrition is also an environmental factor that ensures adequate growth and development of organism. For many women, maternal nutrition is inadequate or more than it should be during pregnancy and postpartum. Consumption of a western diet, which is high in fat and carbohydrate, is increasing rapidly among pregnant women. Many studies have been conducted on health problems that may occur in the baby due to malnutrition of the mother during pregnancy and lactation. Similar health problems occur in infants due to maternal overnutrition and consuming a high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate diets as well as maternal malnutrition. Exposure of infants to these diets during pregnancy increases the risk of chronic diseases, particularly obesity and diabetes, in infants. In animal models, in offsprings exposed to highfat and/or high-carbohydrates maternal diets have been observed development of obesity, increased adipose tissue, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired insulin sensitivity and liver dysfunction, chronic kidney diseases, and anxiety and depressive behaviors. The aim of this study is to compile studies on the effects of high-fat and/ or high-carbohydrate consumption on fetal development and infant health, and to emphasize importance of adequate and balanced maternal diet for a healthy termination of pregnancy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• High-fat diet
• carbohydrate
• nutrition
• fetal development
• gene expression

Yüksek Yağlı ve Yüksek Karbonhidratlı Diyetlerin Fetal Gelişim ve Bebek Sağlığına Etkisi

Öz

Fetal gelişim, uterodaki fetüsün potansiyel büyüklüğe ulaşmasıdır ve gebe bir kadının maruz kaldığı çeşitli çevresel faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Maternal beslenme de, organizmanın yeterli büyümesini ve gelişmesini sağlayan çevresel bir faktördür. Birçok kadında maternal beslenme, gebelikte ve doğum sonrasında yetersiz yada olması gerekenden fazladır. Gebeler arasında yağ ve basit şeker içeriği yüksek olan batı diyeti tüketimi hızla artmaktadır. Annenin gebelik ve laktasyon döneminde yetersiz beslenmesiyle bebekte ortaya çıkabilecek sağlık sorunlarıyla ilgili birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Annenin yetersiz beslenmesi gibi, aşırı beslenmesi ve yüksek yağlı ve/veya yüksek karbonhidratlı diyet tüketmesiyle de bebeklerde benzer sağlık sorunları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gebelik sırasında bebeklerin bu diyetlere maruz kalması, bebeklerde başta obezite ve diyabet olmak üzere kronik hastalık riskini artırmaktadır. Hayvan modellerinde yüksek yağlı ve/veya yüksek karbonhidratlı maternal diyetlere maruz kalan yavrularda; obezite gelişimi, artan adipoz doku, bozulmuş glikoz toleransı, bozulmuş insülin duyarlılığı ve karaciğer fonksiyon bozukluğu, kronik böbrek hastalıkları, anksiyete ve depresyon davranışları gibi durumlar gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yüksek yağlı ve/veya yüksek karbonhidratlı maternal diyetlerin tüketiminin fetüsün gelişimi ve bebek sağlığına etkileri üzerine yapılan çalışmaları derlemek ve gebeliğin sağlıklı sonlanması için gerekli olan yeterli ve dengeli maternal diyetin önemini vurgulamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yüksek yağlı diyet
• karbonhidrat
• beslenme
• fetal gelişim
• gen ekspresyonu

Kaynakça

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