Gözün Refraksiyon Kusurlarında Uygulanabilecek Farklı Göz Egzersizleri

Öz

Işık ışınlarının, ortamlar arası yoğunluk farkı nedeni ile ortam değişikliğine uğrarken hızını ve açısını değiştirmesi refraksiyon (kırılma) olarak isimlendirilir. Gözde bulunan refraksiyon kusurları miyopi, astigmatizma, hipermetropi ve presbiyopi olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Çeşitli yayınlarda, göz refraksiyon kusurlarının görülme sıklığının değiştiği bildirilmiştir. Literatürde yer alan birçok çalışmaya göre, konverjans yetmezliği, akomodasyon disfonksiyonu, gözün hareket bozuklukları, dijital göz yorgunluğu ve göz kuruluğu gibi birçok durumda göz egzersizleri herhangi bir komplikasyon oluşturmaksızın önleyici ve tedavi edicidir. Göz egzersizleri ile oküler bölgede kan dolaşımı artmakta, hümör dolaşım uyarılmakta, ekstraoküler kasların gerilimi azalmakta, göz kasları arasındaki koordinasyon artmakta, göz yorgunluğu ve stres azalmaktadır. Bu etkilerin sonucuna bağlı olarak da görme problemleri üzerinde olumlu yönde değişiklikler görülmektedir. Çalışmalar incelendiğinde genel olarak yoga göz egzersizleri, göz egzersiz protokolü, konverjans göz egzersizleri, okülomotor egzersiz protokolü, kalem takip terapisinin uygulandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu derlemede literatürde gözün refraksiyon kusurlarında farklı göz egzersizlerini içeren çalışmalar incelenmiş, bu egzersizlerin etkileri ve uygulama yöntemleri özetlenmiştir. Literatürde bu konuda sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemenin, bu alanda yapılacak çalışmalara ışık tutarak, literatüre ve klinisyenlere katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Görme bozukluğu
• refraksiyon
• oküler
• egzersiz

Different Eye Exercises for Refraction Defects of the Eye

Öz

The change in speed and angle of light rays while undergoing a change in the medium due to the density difference between the mediums is called refraction (defects). The refractive errors in the eye can be classified as myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, and presbyopia. It has been reported in various publications that the incidence of eye refractive errors varies. According to many studies in the literature, eye exercises are preventive and therapeutic in many cases, such as convergence failure, accommodation dysfunction, eye movement disorders, digital eye fatigue, and dry eye without any complications. With eye exercises, blood circulation in the ocular region is increased, humoral circulation is stimulated, the tension of extraocular muscles is reduced, coordination between eye muscles increases, eye fatigue and stress are reduced. Depending on the results of these effects, positive changes are seen in vision problems. When the studies were examined, it was determined that yoga eye exercises, eye exercise protocol, convergence eye exercises, oculomotor exercise protocol, and pencil follow-up therapy were applied in general. In this review, studies in the literature that include different eye exercises for refractive defects of the eye are examined, the effects of these exercises and their application methods are summarized. There are a limited number of studies on this subject in the literature. It is thought that this review will contribute to the literature and clinicians by highlighting the studies to be done in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Visual impairment
• refraction
• ocular
• exercise

Kaynakça

1. Blindness and visual impairment. [Internet]. World Health Organization. . 2014.
2. Gursoy H, Basmak H, Yaz Y, Colak E. Vision screening in children entering school: Eskisehir, Turkey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2013;20(4):232-8.
3. Aras Bayram G, Kutlutürk Karagöz I, Algun ZC. Investigation of the effect of different eye exercises on hypermetropia in school-aged children: A randomized single-blind trial. Eastern Journal of Medicine. 2020.
4. Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay U, Maji D, Bhaduri G. Visual impairment in urban school children of low-income families in Kolkata, India. Indian J Public Health. 2012;56(2):163-7.
5. Doğan M. REFRAKSİYON NEDİR?
6. Khalaj M, Gasemi H, Barikani A, Ebrahimi M, Rastak S. Prevalence of presbyopia among smoking population. J Eye Ophthalmol. 2014;1(1):1.
7. Bates WH, Bates W. The cure of imperfect sight by treatment without glasses: Mary I. Oliver, Clark Night; 2011.
8. Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ. A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2005;42(2):82- 8.

9. Li SM, Kang MT, Peng XX, Li SY, Wang Y, Li L, et al. Efficacy of Chinese eye exercises on reducing accommodative lag in school-aged children: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0117552.
10. The convergence insufficiency treatment trial: design, methods, and baseline data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008;15(1):24-36.
11. Herdman SJ, Schubert MC, Das VE, Tusa RJ. Recovery of dynamic visual acuity in unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129(8):819-24.
12. Horwood A, Toor S. Clinical test responses to different orthoptic exercise regimes in typical young adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2014;34(2):250-62.
13. Horwood AM, Toor SS, Riddell PM. Change in convergence and accommodation after two weeks of eye exercises in typical young adults. J aapos. 2014;18(2):162-8.
14. Cacho Martínez P, García Muñoz A, Ruiz-Cantero MT. Treatment of accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions: a systematic review. Optometry. 2009;80(12):702-16.
15. Gallaway M, Scheiman M, Malhotra K. The effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment for convergence insufficiency: a pilot study. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79(4):265-7.
16. Saraswati SS, Hiti JK. Asana pranayama mudra bandha: Yoga Publications Trust Bihar, India; 1996.
17. Langer E, Djikic M, Pirson M, Madenci A, Donohue R. Believing is seeing: using mindlessness (mindfully) to improve visual acuity. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(5):661-6.
18. Minoonejad H, Barati AH, Naderifar H, Heidari B, Kazemi AS, Lashay A. Effect of four weeks of ocular-motor exercises on dynamic visual acuity and stability limit of female basketball players. Gait Posture. 2019;73:286-90.
19. Park SE, Oh DS, Moon SH. Effects of oculo-motor exercise, functional electrical stimulation and proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulation on visual perception of spatial neglect patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(4):1111-5.
20. Morimoto H, Asai Y, Johnson EG, Lohman EB, Khoo K, Mizutani Y, et al. Effect of oculo-motor and gaze stability exercises on postural stability and dynamic visual acuity in healthy young adults. Gait Posture. 2011;33(4):600-3.
21. Momeni-Moghaddam H, Kundart J, Azimi A, Hassanyani F. The effectiveness of home-based pencil push-up therapy versus office-based therapy for the treatment of symptomatic convergence insufficiency in young adults. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22(1):97-102.
22. Singh A, Saxena V, Yadav S, Agrawal A, Ramawat A, Samanta R, et al. Comparison of home-based pencil push-up therapy and office-based orthoptic therapy in symptomatic patients of convergence insufficiency: a randomized controlled trial. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(4):1327-36.
23. Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Kulp MT, Cooper J, Rouse M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of vision therapy/orthoptics versus pencil pushups for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in young adults. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82(7):583-95.