Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış

Öz

Probiyotikler insanlarda özellikle bağırsak mikrobiyal dengesini düzenleyerek sağlık üzerine olumlu etkiler gösterir. Probiyotikler, yeterli miktarda tüketildiğinde konakçıya sağlık açısından fayda sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotik olarak kullanılan mikroorganizmalar çeşitlilik gösterse de en önemli grubunu Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium türleri oluşturur. Probiyotikler patojen bakterilerin sayısını azaltmak için epitel yüzeye tutunma, kolonizasyon, bağışıklığı düzenleme, mikrobiyom modülasyonu, bağırsak epitel bariyer fonksiyonun iyileştirilmesi ve antimikrobiyal etki gösterme gibi mekanizmalar üzerinden etkilerini gösterir. Beklenen etki bir veya birkaç mekanizmanın birlikte çalışmasıyla ortaya çıkar. Probiyotik mikroorganizmaların patojen özellik göstermeme, safra tuzlarına direnç, epitel yüzeye tutunma ve gastrointestinal sistemde kolonize olabilme, immünmodülasyon, metabolik etki kabiliyeti ve teknolojik süreçlere dayanıklılık gibi özelliklere sahip olmaları gerekir. Probiyotiklerin etki mekanizmalarından bazıları aydınlatılmış olsa da gösterdikleri birçok biyolojik aktivitenin mekanizmaları tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu nedenle daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılarak araştırılmaların artırılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Probiyotikler
• etki mekanizması
• mikroorganizma
• immünmodülasyon.

Types, Mechanisms of Action, and Metabolic Effects of Probiotics: A Current Overview

Öz

Probiotics have positive effects on health, especially by regulating the microbial balance in the human intestine. Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in sufficient amounts. Although the multiple microorganisms are used as probiotics, the most important groups are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Probiotics reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria by attaching and colonizing the epithelial surface, regulating immunity, microbiome modulation, improving intestinal epithelial barrier function and antimicrobial action. The expected effect occurs with one or a combination of mechanisms. Probiotic microorganisms must be non-pathogenic, resistant to bile salts, adhere to the epithelial surface and colonize the gastrointestinal tract, immunomodulation, have metabolic activity, and be resistant to technological processes. While certain probiotic mechanisms of action have been clarified, the mechanisms underlying the majority of their biological activities are not fully understood. Consequently, further investigation is required through the implementation of more comprehensive studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Probiotics
• mechanism of action
• microorganism
• immunomodulation

Kaynakça

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