Bağırsak Mikrobiyotasının Epigenetik ve Nutrigenetik Etkileşimi ve Longevity ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bağırsak mikrobiyotası, yaşam tarzı, beslenme alışkanlıkları, çevresel faktörler ve genetik etmenlerle şekillenen dinamik bir sistemdir. Mikrobiyota tarafından üretilen metabolitlerin epigenetik düzenleyicilerle etkileşimi; inflamatuar yanıtların düzenlenmesi, gen ekspresyonunun kontrolü ve bilişsel fonksiyonların korunması gibi yaşlanma sürecini etkileyen çeşitli fizyolojik mekanizmalarda rol oynar. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar, DNA metilasyonu, histon modifikasyonları ve mikroRNA’lar gibi epigenetik mekanizmaların uzun ömürlülük ile ilişkisini ortaya koyarken; nutrigenetik yaklaşımlar, bireyin genetik yapısına uygun olarak planlanan beslenme modellerinin mikrobiyota bileşimi ve fonksiyonları üzerinde belirleyici etkiler oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, mikrobiyota bileşimi bireyler arasında genetik çeşitlilik, yaşam tarzı ve çevresel maruziyetler gibi birçok faktöre bağlı olarak önemli ölçüde farklılık gösterebilir. Bu nedenle, tek bir beslenme modelinin tüm bireyler için aynı etkiyi göstermesi beklenemez; bunun yerine, genetik yapı, epigenetik profil ve mikrobiyal kompozisyon temel alınarak geliştirilen kişiye özgü beslenme stratejilerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, özellikle mikrobiyotayı hedef alan Akdeniz diyeti gibi beslenme yaklaşımları ile polifenol açısından zengin biyoaktif bileşiklerin ve probiyotik-prebiyotik takviyelerin yaşlanma üzerindeki etkilerinin daha fazla klinik çalışma ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, bağırsak mikrobiyotası ile epigenetik ve nutrigenetik mekanizmalar arasındaki etkileşimlerin sağlıklı yaşlanma üzerindeki etkileri; diyet modelleri (Akdeniz, Batı tarzı, vegan/vejetaryen), polifenoller, probiyotikler, prebiyotikler, kısa zincirli yağ asidi üretimi, epigenetik saat ile ilişkisi, vitamin-mineral etkileşimleri ve yüz yaş üzeri bireylerin mikrobiyal profilleri üzerinden güncel bilimsel veriler doğrultusunda ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Epigenetik
• longevity
• mikrobiyota
• nutrigenetik

Epigenetic and Nutrigenetic Interactions of Intestinal Microbiota and Their Relationship With Longevity

Öz

The gut microbiota is a dynamic system shaped by lifestyle, dietary habits, environmental factors and genetic factors. The interaction of metabolites produced by the microbiota with epigenetic regulators plays a role in many physiological processes such as control of inflammatory responses, epigenetic regulation of gene expression and protection of cognitive functions by affecting the aging process. While recent studies have revealed the relationship between longevity and epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs and longevity, nutrigenetic approaches show that nutritional models planned in accordance with the genetic makeup of the individual can have decisive effects on microbiota composition and functions. However, the composition of the microbiota can differ significantly between individuals depending on many factors such as genetic diversity, lifestyle and environmental exposures. Therefore, a single nutritional model cannot be expected to have the same effect for all individuals; instead, individualized nutritional strategies based on genetic makeup, epigenetic profile and microbial composition are needed. In this direction, nutritional approaches such as the Mediterranean diet, which specifically targets the microbiota, and the effects of polyphenol-rich bioactive compounds and probiotic-prebiotic supplements on aging need to be supported by more clinical studies. In this review, the effects of interactions between gut microbiota and epigenetic and nutrigenetic mechanisms on healthy aging are discussed in line with current scientific data on dietary patterns (Mediterranean, Western-style, vegan/vegetarian), polyphenols, probiotics, prebiotics, SCFA production, relationship with the epigenetic clock, vitamin-mineral interactions and microbial profiles of individuals over 100 years of age.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Epigenetic
• longevity
• microbiota
• nutrigenetic

Kaynakça

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