Bipolar Mood Disorder in Older Age Individuals
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 439 - 446, 04.10.2024
Tuğba Kaya
,
Celaleddin Turgut
Öz
Since geriatric individuals are a rapidly growing segment of the population, the number of patients with bipolar mood disorder is increasing gradually. Treatment options become more difficult as a result of increasing organic diseases and comorbid psychiatric disorders with increasing age, and the treatment of geriatric bipolar mood disorder patients can be more complex than that of younger patients, considering the sensitivity to side effects due to pharmacological treatments. The aim of this study is to present the prevalence of bipolar mood disorder in the older age group, the symptoms affecting them, and the current status of comorbid disorders by collecting information from the studies in the related literature. It is of critical importance examining the neurodegeneration of bipolar mood disorder in more detail in future studies. With more interventional studies, it will be possible to support organic diseases and psychiatric comorbidities that occur with advancing age. Local studies on the treatment protocols will help to reduce the burden created on patients.
Kaynakça
- Koldaş ZL. What is old age and cardiovascular aging? Turkish Cardiovascular Ass. 2017; 45(5), 1–4.
- Kutsal YG. Turkish journal of geriatrics, 2019; 22,3.
- Akgun S, Bakar C, Budakoğlu İ. Elderly population trends, problems and improvement suggestions in the world and in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2004; 7: 105-110.
- Bauer M, Pfennig A. Epidemiology of bipolar disorders. Epilepsia. 2005; 46 (Suppl. 4):8–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005. 463003.
- Hirschfeld RMA, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM, Reed M, Davies MA, Frye MA, et al. Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64:53–9. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.v64n0111.
- Sajatovic M, Gyulai L, Calabrese JR, Thompson TR, Wilson BG, White R, at al. Maintenance treatment outcomes in older patients with bipolar I disorder. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2005; 13:305–311. DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200504000-00006.
- data.tuik.gov.tr[internet]. Turkey: Elderly with Statistics; 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 10]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/.
- Tsai SY, Chung KH, Wu JY, Kuo CJ, Lee HC, Huang SH. Inflammatory markers and their relationships with leptin and insulin from acute mania to full remission in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(1-2):110-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.022.
- Vieta E. Managing bipolar disorder in clinical practice. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013; 149p.
- Bellivier F, Golmard JL, Rietschel M, Schulze TG, Malafosse A, Preisig M, et al. Age at onset in bipolar I affective disorder: further evidence for three subgroups. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(5):999-1001. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.999.
- Almeida OP, Fenner S. Bipolar disorder: similarities and differences between patients with illness onset before and after 65 years of age. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002 ;14(3):311-22. DOI: 10.1017/s1041610202008517.
- Depp CA, Jeste DV. Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6(5):343-367. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00139.x.
- Hirschfeld RM, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM, Reed M, Davies MA, Frye MA, et al. Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 ;64(1):53-9. DOI: 10.4088/jcp. v64n0111.
- Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
- Greenwald BS, Kremen N, Aupperle P. Tailoring adult psychiatric practices to the field of geriatrics. Psychiatr Q. 1992;63(4):343-366. DOI:10.1007/BF01066763.
- Dols A, Kupka RW, van Lammeren A, Beekman AT, Sajatovic M, Stek ML. The prevalence of late-life mania: a review. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16(2):113-118. DOI:10.1111/bdi.12104.
- Young, AH and H MacPherson. Detection of bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2011; 199(1): p. 3-4.
- Craddock N, Sklar P. Genetics of bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2013; 381(9878):1654-1662. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60855-7.
- Schürhoff F, Bellivier F, Jouvent R, Mouren-Siméoni MC, Bouvard M, Allilaire JF, et al. Early and late onset bipolar disorders: two different forms of manic-depressive illness? J Affect Disord. 2000 ;58(3):215-21. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00111-1.
- Cassidy F, Carroll BJ. Vascular risk factors in late onset mania. Psychol Med. 2002; 32(2):359-62. DOI: 10.1017/s0033291701004718.
- Fujikawa T, Yamawaki S, Touhouda Y. Silent cerebral infarctions in patients with late-onset mania. Stroke. 1995; 26(6):946-949. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.6.946.
- Martino DJ, Strejilevich SA, Manes F. Neurocognitive functioning in early-onset and late-onset older patients with euthymic bipolar disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013; 28(2):142-148. DOI:10.1002/gps.3801.
- Depp CA & Jeste DV. Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review. Bipolar Disorders. 2004; 6(5), 343-367. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00139.x.
- Arora M, Daughton J. Mania in the medically ill. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007; 9(3):232-235. DOI:10.1007/s11920-007-0024-8.
- Brooks JO 3rd, Hoblyn JC. Secondary mania in older adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(11):2033-2038. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2033.
- Gildengers A, Tatsuoka C, Bialko C, Cassidy KA, Dines P, Emanuel J, et al. Correlates of disability in depressed older adults with bipolar disorder. Cut Edge Psychiatry Pract. 2013; 2013(1):332-338.
- Rajashekar N, Blumberg HP, Villa LM. Neuroimaging Studies of Brain Structure in Older Adults with Bipolar Disorder: A Review. J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2022;7(4):e220006. DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20220006.
- Gunde E, Blagdon R, Hajek T. White matter hyperintensities: from medical comorbidities to bipolar disorders and back. Ann Med. 2011;43(8):571-580. DOI:10.3109/07853890.2011.595733.
- Young RC, Jain H, Kiosses DN, Meyers BS. Antidepressant-associated mania in late life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(5):421-424. DOI:10.1002/gps.855.
- Fujiwara Y, Honda T, Tanaka Y, Aoki S, Kuroda S. Comparison of early- and late-onset rapid cycling affective disorders: clinical course and response to pharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998; 18(4):282–288.
- Evans DL: Bipolar disorder: diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61(suppl 13):26–31.
- Sajatovic M: Aging-related issues in bipolar disorder: a health services perspective. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2002; 15:128–133.
- Tueth MJ, Murphy TK, Evans KL: Special considerations: use of lithium in children, adolescents, and elderly populations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993; 5:29–33.
- Gildengers AG, Chisholm D, Butters MA, Anderson SJ, Begley A, Holm M, et al. Two-year course of cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living in older adults with bipolar disorder: evidence for neuroprogression? Psychol Med. 2013;43(4):801-811. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291712001614.
- Bearden CE, Shih VH, Green MF, Gitlin M, Sokolski KN, Levander E, et al. The impact of neurocognitive impairment on occupational recovery of clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):323-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011. 00928.x.
- Berk M, Conus P, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Yücel M, Wood SJ, et al. From neuroprogression to neuroprotection: implications for clinical care. Medical Journal of Australia. 2010;193: S36–S40.
- Gildengers AG, Mulsant BH, Begley A, Mazumdar S, Hyams AV, Reynolds CF, et al. The longitudinal course of cognition in older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2009; 11:744–752.
- Moorhead TWJ, McKirdy J, Sussmann JED, Hall J, Lawrie SM, Johnstone EC, et al. Progressive gray matter loss in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 62:894–900.
- Mora E, Portella MJ, Forcada I, Vieta E & Mur M. Persistence of cognitive impairment and its negative impact on psychosocial functioning in lithium-treated, euthymic bipolar patients: a 6-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2013; 43: 1187–96.
- Samame C, Martino DJ & Strejilevich SA. A quantitative review of neurocognition in euthymic late-life bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15: 633–44.
- Wu KY, Chang CM, Liang HY, Wu CS, Chia-Hsuan Wu E, Chen CH, et al. Increased risk of developing dementia in patients with bipolar disorder: a nested matched case-control study. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15(7):787- 794. DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12116.
- Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2112-2117. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0.
- Diniz BS, Teixeira AL, Cao F, Gildengers A, Soares JC, Butters MA, et al. History of Bipolar Disorder and the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25(4):357-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.014.
- Hunt GE, Malhi GS, Cleary M, Lai HM, Sitharthan T. Comorbidity of bipolar and substance use disorders in national surveys of general populations, 1990-2015: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.051.
- Rise IV, Haro JM, Gjervan B. Clinical features, comorbidity, and cognitive impairment in elderly bipolar patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016; 12:1203–13. DOI: 10.2147/ndt. s100843.
- Gildengers AG, Butters MA, Chisholm D, Anderson SJ, Begley A, Holm M, et al. Cognition in older adults with bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14(2):198–205.
- Kaya T. The Relationship of childhood traumatic experiences, dissociative symptoms and emotion regulation in patients with bipolar mood disorder. [Post graduate thesis]. [İstanbul]: Nişantaşı University; 2022. 146p.
- Bredemeier K, Miller IW. Executive function and suicidality: A systematic qualitative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015; 40:170–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.005.
- Richard-Devantoy S, Szanto K, Butters MA, Kalkus J, Dombrovski AY. Cognitive inhibition in older high-lethality suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(3):274–83. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4138.
- Kułak-Bejda A, Bejda G, Waszkiewicz N. Mental disorders, cognitive impairment and the risk of suicide in older adults. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12:695286. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695286.
- An JH, Lee KE, Jeon HJ, Son SJ, Kim SY, Hong JP. Risk of suicide and accidental deaths among elderly patients with cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019; 11:32. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0488-x.
- Bermejo-Pareja F, Antequera D, Vargas T, Molina JA, Carro E. Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. BMC Neurol. 2010; 10:108. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-108.
- O'Rourke N, Heisel MJ, Canham SL, Sixsmith A; BADAS Study Team. Predictors of suicide ideation among older adults with bipolar disorder. PLoS One. 2017;12(11): e0187632. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187632.
- Almeida OP, McCaul K, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L. Risk of dementia and death in community-dwelling older men with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2016; 209:121–6. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180059.
- Hofstetter JR, Lysaker PH, Mayeda AR. Quality of sleep-in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping. BMC Psychiatry. 2005; 5:5.
- Chiu VW, Ree M, Janca A, Waters F. Sleep in schizophrenia: exploring subjective experiences of sleep problems, and implications for treatment. Psychiatr Q. 2016;87(4):633–648.
- Samalin L, Bellivier F, Giordana B, Yon L, Milhiet V, El-Hage W, et al. Patients’ perspectives on residual symptoms in bipolar disorder: a focus group study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(7):550–555.
- Bertrand L, Bourguignon C, Beaulieu S, Storch KF, Linnaranta O. Suicidal ideation and insomnia in bipolar disorders: Ideation suicidaire et insomnie dans les troubles bipolaires. Can J Psychiatry. 2020;65(11):802-810. DOI: 10.1177/0706743720952226.
- Liao H, Liao S, Gao YJ, Mu JP, Wang X, Chen DS. Correlation between Sleep Time, Sleep Quality, and Emotional and Cognitive Function in the Elderly. Biomed Res Int. 2022; 2022:9709536. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9709536.
- Xi Z, Zhengrong Y & Li Z. Effects of daily activity ability, sleep quality and their interaction on cognitive function in the elderly. Modern preventive medicine. 2021;48(20).
- Kaili Z & du Xueyun WS. Study on neuropsychological and sleep microstructure changes in patients with circadian dysrhythmia sleepawakening disorder with depression and anxiety treated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021;36(10):1287–1291.
- Harvey AG, Talbot LS, Gershon A. Sleep Disturbance in Bipolar Disorder Across the Lifespan. Clin Psychol (New York). 2009; 16(2), 256–277.
- Lee E, Ramsey M, Malhotra A, Ancoli-Israel S, Kaufmann CN, Soontornniyomkij B, et al. Links between objective sleep and sleep variability measures and inflammatory markers in adults with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2021; 134:8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.019.
- Gold AK, Sylvia LG. The role of sleep-in bipolar disorder. Nat Sci Sleep. 2016; 8:207-214. DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S85754.
- Dols A, Beekman A. Older Age Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(1):95-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.10.008.
- Ljubic N, Ueberberg B, Grunze H, Assion HJ. Treatment of bipolar disorders in older adults: a review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2021; 21;20(1):45. DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00367-x.
- Dols A, Kessing LV, Strejilevich SA, Rej S, Tsai SY, Gildengers AG, et al. Do current national and international guidelines have specific recommendations for older adults with bipolar disorder? A brief report. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(12):1295-1300. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4534.
- Sun YR, Herrmann N, Scott C, Black SE, Khan MM, Lanctot KL. Global grey matter volume in adult bipolar patients with and without lithium treatment: a meta‐analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018; 225:599‐606.
- Gerhard T, Devanand DP, Huang C, Crystal S, Olfson M. Lithium treatment and risk for dementia in adults with bipolar disorder: population‐based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(1):46‐51.
- Huang RY, Hsieh KP, Huang WW, Yang YH. Use of lithium and cancer risk in patients with bipolar disorder: population‐based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):393‐399.
- Marras C, Herrmann N, Fischer HD, Fung K, Gruneir A, Rochon PA, et al. Lithium use in older adults is associated with increased prescribing of Parkinson medications. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(4):301‐309.
- Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, Geddes JR. Long‐term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. Lancet. 2015;386(9992):461‐468.
- Rej S, Herrmann N, Shulman K, Fischer HD, Fung K, Harel Z, et al. Lithium use, but not valproate use, is associated with a higher risk of chronic kidney disease in older adults with mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(8): e980–e985.
- Shulman KI, Sykora K, Gill SS, Mamdani M, Anderson G, Marras C, et al. New thyroxine treatment in older adults beginning lithium therapy: implications for clinical practice. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(4):299‐304.
- Nanau RM, Neuman MG. Adverse drug reactions induced by valproic acid. Clin Biochem. 2013;46(15):1323-1338. DOI: 10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2013.06.012.
- Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and metaanalysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Research. 2008;81(1):1‐13.
- Bromley R, Weston J, Adab N, Greenhalgh J, Sanniti A, McKay AJ, et al. Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD010236. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010236.pub2.
- Christensen J, Gronborg TK, Sorensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, et al. Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. Jama. 2013;309(16):1696‐703.
- Cummings C, Stewart M, Stevenson M, Morrow J, Nelson J. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Journal Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(7):643‐7.
- Allen MH, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ, Baker JD, Bowden CL. Linear relationship of valproate serum concentration to response and optimal serum levels for acute mania. AmJ Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):272–5.
- Walden J, Grunze H, Mayer A, Dusing R, Schirrmacher K, Liu Z, et al. Calcium-antagonistic effects of carbamazepine in epilepsies and affective psychoses. Neuropsychobiology. 1993; 27:171–175. DOI: 10.1159/000118975.
- Schmidt D & Elger CE. What is the evidence that oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine are distinctly different antiepileptic drugs? Epilepsy Behav. 2004; 5:627–635. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.07.004.
- Grunze H. Carbamazepine, other anticonvulsants and augmenting agents. In: Akiskal HS, Tohen M, editors. Bipolar psychopharmacotherapy: caring for the patient. London: Wiley; 2006; p. 63–84.
- Cates M, Powers R. Concomitant rash and blood dyscrasias in geriatric psychiatry patients treated with carbamazepine. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(9):884–7.
- Grunze A, Amann BL, Grunze H. Efficacy of carbamazepine and its derivatives in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):433. DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050433.
- Amann B & Grunze H. Neurochemical underpinnings in bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(Suppl. 4):26–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.463006. x.
- Hashimoto Y, Kotake K, Watanabe N, Fujiwara T, Sakamoto S. Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;9(9):CD013575. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD013575.pub2.
- Wesseloo R, Liu X, Clark CT, Kushner SA, Munk-Olsen T, Bergink V. Risk of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder after lamotrigine or lithium use during pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017; 218:394-7.
- Italiano D, Perucca E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of newgeneration antiepileptic drugs at the extremes of age: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(8):627–45.
- Caligiuri MP, Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Incidence and predictors of druginduced parkinsonism in older psychiatric patients treated with very low doses of neuroleptics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(4):322–8.
- Novick DM, Swartz HA. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Bipolar Disorder. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019;17(3):238-248. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190004.
- Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss R, McCarthy E, Limb K. Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. BMJ. 1999;318(7177):149-153. DOI:10.1136/bmj.318.7177.149.
- D'Souza R, Piskulic D, Sundram S. A brief dyadic group based psychoeducation program improves relapse rates in recently remitted bipolar disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2010;120(1-3):272-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.018.
- Novick DM, Swartz HA. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Bipolar Disorder. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019 Jul;17(3):238-248. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190004.
- Lam DH, Watkins ER, Hayward P, Bright J, Wright K, Kerr N, et al. A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;60(2):145-52. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.145.
- Swartz HA, Swanson J. Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Review of the Evidence. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2014 Summer;12(3):251-266. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.12.3.251.
- Chakrabarti S, Jolly AJ, Singh P, Yadhav N. Role of adjunctive nonpharmacological strategies for treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. World J Psychiatry. 2023 Aug 19;13(8):495-510. DOI: 10.5498/wjp. v13.i8.495.
- Amino K, Katayama S, Iimori M. Successful treatment with maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for a patient with medicationresistant rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Apr;65(3):299-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02195.x.
- Huber JP, Burke D. ECT and lithium in old age depression- cause or treatment of rapid cycling? Australas Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;23(5):500-2. DOI: 10.1177/1039856215591328
İleri Yaş Bireylerde Bipolar Duygudurum Bozukluğu
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 439 - 446, 04.10.2024
Tuğba Kaya
,
Celaleddin Turgut
Öz
Geriatrik bireylerin nüfusun hızla büyüyen bir kesimi olmasından dolayı ileri yaşta bipolar duygudurum bozukluğu hasta sayısı da giderek artmaktadır. Yaşın ilerlemesi ile beraber artan organik hastalıklar ve komorbid olarak görülen psikiyatrik bozukluklar sonucunda tedavi seçenekleri zorlaşmakta, farmakolojik tedavilere bağlı yan etkilere duyarlılık dikkate alındığında da geriatrik bipolar duygudurum bozukluğu hastalarının tedavisi genç yaştaki hastalara göre daha karmaşık olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ileri yaş grubunda bipolar duygudurum bozukluğunun yaygınlığını, bunları etkileyen semptomları, komorbid olarak gelişen rahatsızlıkların güncel durumunu ilgili literatürde yapılan araştırmalardan bilgi toplayarak özet bir çalışma olarak sunmaktır. Daha fazla girişimsel çalışmalar yardımıyla ilerleyen yaşla birlikte ortaya çıkan organik hastalıkların ve psikiyatrik ek tanıların desteklenmesi mümkün olabilecektir. Tedavi protokollerine ilişkin yapılacak olan çalışmalar hastaların üzerinde oluşan yükün azaltılmasına yardımcı olacaktır.
Kaynakça
- Koldaş ZL. What is old age and cardiovascular aging? Turkish Cardiovascular Ass. 2017; 45(5), 1–4.
- Kutsal YG. Turkish journal of geriatrics, 2019; 22,3.
- Akgun S, Bakar C, Budakoğlu İ. Elderly population trends, problems and improvement suggestions in the world and in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2004; 7: 105-110.
- Bauer M, Pfennig A. Epidemiology of bipolar disorders. Epilepsia. 2005; 46 (Suppl. 4):8–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005. 463003.
- Hirschfeld RMA, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM, Reed M, Davies MA, Frye MA, et al. Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64:53–9. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.v64n0111.
- Sajatovic M, Gyulai L, Calabrese JR, Thompson TR, Wilson BG, White R, at al. Maintenance treatment outcomes in older patients with bipolar I disorder. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2005; 13:305–311. DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200504000-00006.
- data.tuik.gov.tr[internet]. Turkey: Elderly with Statistics; 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 10]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/.
- Tsai SY, Chung KH, Wu JY, Kuo CJ, Lee HC, Huang SH. Inflammatory markers and their relationships with leptin and insulin from acute mania to full remission in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(1-2):110-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.022.
- Vieta E. Managing bipolar disorder in clinical practice. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013; 149p.
- Bellivier F, Golmard JL, Rietschel M, Schulze TG, Malafosse A, Preisig M, et al. Age at onset in bipolar I affective disorder: further evidence for three subgroups. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(5):999-1001. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.999.
- Almeida OP, Fenner S. Bipolar disorder: similarities and differences between patients with illness onset before and after 65 years of age. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002 ;14(3):311-22. DOI: 10.1017/s1041610202008517.
- Depp CA, Jeste DV. Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6(5):343-367. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00139.x.
- Hirschfeld RM, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM, Reed M, Davies MA, Frye MA, et al. Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 ;64(1):53-9. DOI: 10.4088/jcp. v64n0111.
- Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
- Greenwald BS, Kremen N, Aupperle P. Tailoring adult psychiatric practices to the field of geriatrics. Psychiatr Q. 1992;63(4):343-366. DOI:10.1007/BF01066763.
- Dols A, Kupka RW, van Lammeren A, Beekman AT, Sajatovic M, Stek ML. The prevalence of late-life mania: a review. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16(2):113-118. DOI:10.1111/bdi.12104.
- Young, AH and H MacPherson. Detection of bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2011; 199(1): p. 3-4.
- Craddock N, Sklar P. Genetics of bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2013; 381(9878):1654-1662. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60855-7.
- Schürhoff F, Bellivier F, Jouvent R, Mouren-Siméoni MC, Bouvard M, Allilaire JF, et al. Early and late onset bipolar disorders: two different forms of manic-depressive illness? J Affect Disord. 2000 ;58(3):215-21. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00111-1.
- Cassidy F, Carroll BJ. Vascular risk factors in late onset mania. Psychol Med. 2002; 32(2):359-62. DOI: 10.1017/s0033291701004718.
- Fujikawa T, Yamawaki S, Touhouda Y. Silent cerebral infarctions in patients with late-onset mania. Stroke. 1995; 26(6):946-949. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.6.946.
- Martino DJ, Strejilevich SA, Manes F. Neurocognitive functioning in early-onset and late-onset older patients with euthymic bipolar disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013; 28(2):142-148. DOI:10.1002/gps.3801.
- Depp CA & Jeste DV. Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review. Bipolar Disorders. 2004; 6(5), 343-367. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00139.x.
- Arora M, Daughton J. Mania in the medically ill. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007; 9(3):232-235. DOI:10.1007/s11920-007-0024-8.
- Brooks JO 3rd, Hoblyn JC. Secondary mania in older adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(11):2033-2038. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2033.
- Gildengers A, Tatsuoka C, Bialko C, Cassidy KA, Dines P, Emanuel J, et al. Correlates of disability in depressed older adults with bipolar disorder. Cut Edge Psychiatry Pract. 2013; 2013(1):332-338.
- Rajashekar N, Blumberg HP, Villa LM. Neuroimaging Studies of Brain Structure in Older Adults with Bipolar Disorder: A Review. J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2022;7(4):e220006. DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20220006.
- Gunde E, Blagdon R, Hajek T. White matter hyperintensities: from medical comorbidities to bipolar disorders and back. Ann Med. 2011;43(8):571-580. DOI:10.3109/07853890.2011.595733.
- Young RC, Jain H, Kiosses DN, Meyers BS. Antidepressant-associated mania in late life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(5):421-424. DOI:10.1002/gps.855.
- Fujiwara Y, Honda T, Tanaka Y, Aoki S, Kuroda S. Comparison of early- and late-onset rapid cycling affective disorders: clinical course and response to pharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998; 18(4):282–288.
- Evans DL: Bipolar disorder: diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61(suppl 13):26–31.
- Sajatovic M: Aging-related issues in bipolar disorder: a health services perspective. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2002; 15:128–133.
- Tueth MJ, Murphy TK, Evans KL: Special considerations: use of lithium in children, adolescents, and elderly populations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993; 5:29–33.
- Gildengers AG, Chisholm D, Butters MA, Anderson SJ, Begley A, Holm M, et al. Two-year course of cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living in older adults with bipolar disorder: evidence for neuroprogression? Psychol Med. 2013;43(4):801-811. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291712001614.
- Bearden CE, Shih VH, Green MF, Gitlin M, Sokolski KN, Levander E, et al. The impact of neurocognitive impairment on occupational recovery of clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(4):323-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011. 00928.x.
- Berk M, Conus P, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Yücel M, Wood SJ, et al. From neuroprogression to neuroprotection: implications for clinical care. Medical Journal of Australia. 2010;193: S36–S40.
- Gildengers AG, Mulsant BH, Begley A, Mazumdar S, Hyams AV, Reynolds CF, et al. The longitudinal course of cognition in older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2009; 11:744–752.
- Moorhead TWJ, McKirdy J, Sussmann JED, Hall J, Lawrie SM, Johnstone EC, et al. Progressive gray matter loss in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 62:894–900.
- Mora E, Portella MJ, Forcada I, Vieta E & Mur M. Persistence of cognitive impairment and its negative impact on psychosocial functioning in lithium-treated, euthymic bipolar patients: a 6-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2013; 43: 1187–96.
- Samame C, Martino DJ & Strejilevich SA. A quantitative review of neurocognition in euthymic late-life bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15: 633–44.
- Wu KY, Chang CM, Liang HY, Wu CS, Chia-Hsuan Wu E, Chen CH, et al. Increased risk of developing dementia in patients with bipolar disorder: a nested matched case-control study. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15(7):787- 794. DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12116.
- Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2112-2117. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0.
- Diniz BS, Teixeira AL, Cao F, Gildengers A, Soares JC, Butters MA, et al. History of Bipolar Disorder and the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25(4):357-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.014.
- Hunt GE, Malhi GS, Cleary M, Lai HM, Sitharthan T. Comorbidity of bipolar and substance use disorders in national surveys of general populations, 1990-2015: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.051.
- Rise IV, Haro JM, Gjervan B. Clinical features, comorbidity, and cognitive impairment in elderly bipolar patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016; 12:1203–13. DOI: 10.2147/ndt. s100843.
- Gildengers AG, Butters MA, Chisholm D, Anderson SJ, Begley A, Holm M, et al. Cognition in older adults with bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14(2):198–205.
- Kaya T. The Relationship of childhood traumatic experiences, dissociative symptoms and emotion regulation in patients with bipolar mood disorder. [Post graduate thesis]. [İstanbul]: Nişantaşı University; 2022. 146p.
- Bredemeier K, Miller IW. Executive function and suicidality: A systematic qualitative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015; 40:170–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.005.
- Richard-Devantoy S, Szanto K, Butters MA, Kalkus J, Dombrovski AY. Cognitive inhibition in older high-lethality suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(3):274–83. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4138.
- Kułak-Bejda A, Bejda G, Waszkiewicz N. Mental disorders, cognitive impairment and the risk of suicide in older adults. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12:695286. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695286.
- An JH, Lee KE, Jeon HJ, Son SJ, Kim SY, Hong JP. Risk of suicide and accidental deaths among elderly patients with cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019; 11:32. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0488-x.
- Bermejo-Pareja F, Antequera D, Vargas T, Molina JA, Carro E. Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. BMC Neurol. 2010; 10:108. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-108.
- O'Rourke N, Heisel MJ, Canham SL, Sixsmith A; BADAS Study Team. Predictors of suicide ideation among older adults with bipolar disorder. PLoS One. 2017;12(11): e0187632. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187632.
- Almeida OP, McCaul K, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L. Risk of dementia and death in community-dwelling older men with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2016; 209:121–6. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180059.
- Hofstetter JR, Lysaker PH, Mayeda AR. Quality of sleep-in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping. BMC Psychiatry. 2005; 5:5.
- Chiu VW, Ree M, Janca A, Waters F. Sleep in schizophrenia: exploring subjective experiences of sleep problems, and implications for treatment. Psychiatr Q. 2016;87(4):633–648.
- Samalin L, Bellivier F, Giordana B, Yon L, Milhiet V, El-Hage W, et al. Patients’ perspectives on residual symptoms in bipolar disorder: a focus group study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(7):550–555.
- Bertrand L, Bourguignon C, Beaulieu S, Storch KF, Linnaranta O. Suicidal ideation and insomnia in bipolar disorders: Ideation suicidaire et insomnie dans les troubles bipolaires. Can J Psychiatry. 2020;65(11):802-810. DOI: 10.1177/0706743720952226.
- Liao H, Liao S, Gao YJ, Mu JP, Wang X, Chen DS. Correlation between Sleep Time, Sleep Quality, and Emotional and Cognitive Function in the Elderly. Biomed Res Int. 2022; 2022:9709536. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9709536.
- Xi Z, Zhengrong Y & Li Z. Effects of daily activity ability, sleep quality and their interaction on cognitive function in the elderly. Modern preventive medicine. 2021;48(20).
- Kaili Z & du Xueyun WS. Study on neuropsychological and sleep microstructure changes in patients with circadian dysrhythmia sleepawakening disorder with depression and anxiety treated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021;36(10):1287–1291.
- Harvey AG, Talbot LS, Gershon A. Sleep Disturbance in Bipolar Disorder Across the Lifespan. Clin Psychol (New York). 2009; 16(2), 256–277.
- Lee E, Ramsey M, Malhotra A, Ancoli-Israel S, Kaufmann CN, Soontornniyomkij B, et al. Links between objective sleep and sleep variability measures and inflammatory markers in adults with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2021; 134:8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.019.
- Gold AK, Sylvia LG. The role of sleep-in bipolar disorder. Nat Sci Sleep. 2016; 8:207-214. DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S85754.
- Dols A, Beekman A. Older Age Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(1):95-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.10.008.
- Ljubic N, Ueberberg B, Grunze H, Assion HJ. Treatment of bipolar disorders in older adults: a review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2021; 21;20(1):45. DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00367-x.
- Dols A, Kessing LV, Strejilevich SA, Rej S, Tsai SY, Gildengers AG, et al. Do current national and international guidelines have specific recommendations for older adults with bipolar disorder? A brief report. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(12):1295-1300. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4534.
- Sun YR, Herrmann N, Scott C, Black SE, Khan MM, Lanctot KL. Global grey matter volume in adult bipolar patients with and without lithium treatment: a meta‐analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018; 225:599‐606.
- Gerhard T, Devanand DP, Huang C, Crystal S, Olfson M. Lithium treatment and risk for dementia in adults with bipolar disorder: population‐based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(1):46‐51.
- Huang RY, Hsieh KP, Huang WW, Yang YH. Use of lithium and cancer risk in patients with bipolar disorder: population‐based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):393‐399.
- Marras C, Herrmann N, Fischer HD, Fung K, Gruneir A, Rochon PA, et al. Lithium use in older adults is associated with increased prescribing of Parkinson medications. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(4):301‐309.
- Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, Geddes JR. Long‐term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. Lancet. 2015;386(9992):461‐468.
- Rej S, Herrmann N, Shulman K, Fischer HD, Fung K, Harel Z, et al. Lithium use, but not valproate use, is associated with a higher risk of chronic kidney disease in older adults with mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(8): e980–e985.
- Shulman KI, Sykora K, Gill SS, Mamdani M, Anderson G, Marras C, et al. New thyroxine treatment in older adults beginning lithium therapy: implications for clinical practice. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(4):299‐304.
- Nanau RM, Neuman MG. Adverse drug reactions induced by valproic acid. Clin Biochem. 2013;46(15):1323-1338. DOI: 10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2013.06.012.
- Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and metaanalysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Research. 2008;81(1):1‐13.
- Bromley R, Weston J, Adab N, Greenhalgh J, Sanniti A, McKay AJ, et al. Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD010236. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010236.pub2.
- Christensen J, Gronborg TK, Sorensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, et al. Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. Jama. 2013;309(16):1696‐703.
- Cummings C, Stewart M, Stevenson M, Morrow J, Nelson J. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Journal Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(7):643‐7.
- Allen MH, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ, Baker JD, Bowden CL. Linear relationship of valproate serum concentration to response and optimal serum levels for acute mania. AmJ Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):272–5.
- Walden J, Grunze H, Mayer A, Dusing R, Schirrmacher K, Liu Z, et al. Calcium-antagonistic effects of carbamazepine in epilepsies and affective psychoses. Neuropsychobiology. 1993; 27:171–175. DOI: 10.1159/000118975.
- Schmidt D & Elger CE. What is the evidence that oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine are distinctly different antiepileptic drugs? Epilepsy Behav. 2004; 5:627–635. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.07.004.
- Grunze H. Carbamazepine, other anticonvulsants and augmenting agents. In: Akiskal HS, Tohen M, editors. Bipolar psychopharmacotherapy: caring for the patient. London: Wiley; 2006; p. 63–84.
- Cates M, Powers R. Concomitant rash and blood dyscrasias in geriatric psychiatry patients treated with carbamazepine. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(9):884–7.
- Grunze A, Amann BL, Grunze H. Efficacy of carbamazepine and its derivatives in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):433. DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050433.
- Amann B & Grunze H. Neurochemical underpinnings in bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(Suppl. 4):26–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.463006. x.
- Hashimoto Y, Kotake K, Watanabe N, Fujiwara T, Sakamoto S. Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;9(9):CD013575. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD013575.pub2.
- Wesseloo R, Liu X, Clark CT, Kushner SA, Munk-Olsen T, Bergink V. Risk of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder after lamotrigine or lithium use during pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017; 218:394-7.
- Italiano D, Perucca E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of newgeneration antiepileptic drugs at the extremes of age: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(8):627–45.
- Caligiuri MP, Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Incidence and predictors of druginduced parkinsonism in older psychiatric patients treated with very low doses of neuroleptics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(4):322–8.
- Novick DM, Swartz HA. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Bipolar Disorder. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019;17(3):238-248. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190004.
- Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss R, McCarthy E, Limb K. Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. BMJ. 1999;318(7177):149-153. DOI:10.1136/bmj.318.7177.149.
- D'Souza R, Piskulic D, Sundram S. A brief dyadic group based psychoeducation program improves relapse rates in recently remitted bipolar disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2010;120(1-3):272-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.018.
- Novick DM, Swartz HA. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Bipolar Disorder. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019 Jul;17(3):238-248. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190004.
- Lam DH, Watkins ER, Hayward P, Bright J, Wright K, Kerr N, et al. A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;60(2):145-52. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.145.
- Swartz HA, Swanson J. Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Review of the Evidence. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2014 Summer;12(3):251-266. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.12.3.251.
- Chakrabarti S, Jolly AJ, Singh P, Yadhav N. Role of adjunctive nonpharmacological strategies for treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. World J Psychiatry. 2023 Aug 19;13(8):495-510. DOI: 10.5498/wjp. v13.i8.495.
- Amino K, Katayama S, Iimori M. Successful treatment with maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for a patient with medicationresistant rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Apr;65(3):299-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02195.x.
- Huber JP, Burke D. ECT and lithium in old age depression- cause or treatment of rapid cycling? Australas Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;23(5):500-2. DOI: 10.1177/1039856215591328