Investigation of the Effect of Memorable Tourism Experiences on Destination Image, Satisfaction, Revisit and Recommendation Intention

Abstract

The study was carried out to measure the relationship between memorable tourism experiences, destination image, satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention. In the study, questionnaire technique was used to collect data. The “convenience sampling method” was used in the research. Data were collected from 397 domestic tourists visiting Antalya. Smart (PLS-SEM) was used for data analysis of the research. The bootstrapping technique was used to test the hypotheses. Structural equation modeling was used within the scope of the study. According to the results of the structural equation model, memorable tourism experience has a positive effect on revisit intention, recommendation intention, destination image, and satisfaction. According to the results of the study, destination image has a positive effect on revisit intention, recommendation intention and satisfaction. Moreover, satisfaction has a positive effect on revisit intention and recommendation intention. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the satisfaction variable showed a significant difference in different age ranges. Similarly, it was concluded that there were significant differences between individuals’ recommendation intention and their age and income status.

Keywords

• Memorable tourism experiences
• Destination image
• Satisfaction
• Revisit intention
• Recommendation intention

Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyimlerinin Destinasyon İmajı, Tatmin, Tekrar Ziyaret Etme ve Tavsiye Etme Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Çalışma, unutulmaz turizm deneyimleri (UTD), destinasyon imajı (Dİ), tatmin, tekrar ziyaret etme niyeti (TZEN) ve tavsiye etme niyeti (TN) arasındaki ilişkiyi ölçmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, veri toplamak amacıyla anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada “kolayda örneklem yöntemi” kullanılmıştır. Antalya’yı ziyaret eden 397 yerli turistten veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın veri analizi için Smart (PLS-SEM) kullanılmıştır. Hipotezlerin testi için bootstrapping tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kullanılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen yapısal eşitlik modeli sonuçlarına göre, unutulmaz turizm deneyiminin tekrar ziyaret etme niyeti, tavsiye etme niyeti, destinasyon imajı ve tatmin üzerinde pozitif bir etkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre destinasyon imajının tekrar ziyaret etme niyeti, tavsiye etme niyeti ve tatmin üzerinde pozitif etkisi bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, tatminin, tekrar ziyaret etme niyeti ve tavsiye etme niyeti üzerinde olumlu etkisi vardır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre tatmin değişkeninin farklı yaş aralıklarında anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Benzer şekilde bireylerin tavsiye etme niyeti ile yaş ve gelir durumu arasında anlamlı farklılıkların olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hafızaya dayalı turizm deneyimi
• Destinasyon imajı
• Tatmin
• Tekrar ziyaret etme niyeti
• Tavsiye etme niyeti

Kaynakça

1. Abubakar, A. M., Ilkan, M., Al-Tal, R. M. ve Eluwole, K. K. (2017). eWOM, revisit intention, destination trust and gender. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 220-227.
2. Adhikari, A. ve Bhattacharya, S. (2016). Appraisal of literature on customer experience in tourism sector: review and framework. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(4), 296-321.
3. Afshardoost, M. ve Eshaghi, M. S. (2020). Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 81, 104154.
4. Ahsanah, U. ve Artanti, Y. (2021). The role of memorable tourism experiences in the relation between city image and visitor engagement toward re-visit intention to Yogyakarta city. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 12(1), 56-70.
5. Al-Ansi, A., Olya, H. G. ve Han, H. (2019). Effect of general risk on trust, satisfaction, and recommendation intention for halal food. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 210-219.
6. Ali, F., Ryu, K. ve Hussain, K. (2016). Influence of experiences on memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 85-100.
7. Amenuvor, F. E. ve Tark, L. H. (2020). The effect of pre-purchase WOM seeking behavior on the WOM intention. Journal of Marketing Studies, 28(2), 15-30.
8. Arslan, A. ve Şimşek, G. (2022). Unutulmaz turizm deneyimlerinin sosyal medya paylaşım davranışı ve genel memnuniyet aracılığıyla davranışsal niyetlere etkisi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 744-762.

9. Azis, N., Amin, M., Chan, S. ve Aprilia, C. (2020). How smart tourism Technologies affect tourist destination loyalty. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 11(4), 603-625.
10. Beerli, A. ve Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of tourism research, 31(3), 657-681.
11. Biesok, G. ve Wyród-Wróbel, J. (2011). Customer satisfaction-Meaning and methods of measuring. Marketing and Logistic Problems in the Management of Organization, Wydawnic two AkademiiTechniczno-Humanistycznej W Bielsku-Białej, Bielsko-Biała, 23-41.
12. Chang, H. M., Yen-Chen, H. ve Shi-Hui, P. A. (2022). Study on the Effect of Different Demographic Variables on Tourists’ Tourism Behavior in Dajia Jenn Lann Temple. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality (IJRTH), 8(1), 16-26.
13. Celik, D. (2019). Revisit intention of tourists by demographic profiles: The case of bartin. Feb-Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 6675.
14. Chen, H. ve Rahman, I. (2018). Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 153-163.
15. Chen, L.-H., Wang, M.-J.S. ve Morrison, A.M. (2021). Extending the memorable tourism experience model: a study of coffee tourism in Vietnam. British Food Journal, 123(6), 2235-2257.
16. Chen, X., Cheng, Z. F. ve Kim, G. B. (2020). Make it memorable: Tourism experience, fun, recommendation and revisit intentions of Chinese outbound tourists. Sustainability, 12(5), 1904.
17. Chi, C. G. Q. ve Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism management, 29(4), 624-636.
18. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
19. Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of travel research, 17(4), 18-23.
20. Çavuşoğlu, S. (2021a). Yeşile Boyama ve Yeşil Satın Alma Davranışı Arasındaki İlişkide Yeşil Marka İmajı ve Yeşil Marka Sadakatinin Aracılık Rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2146-2161.
21. Çavuşoğlu, S. (2021b). Yeşil Reklam ve Yeşil Marka Farkındalığın Yeşil Müşteri Tatmini Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yeşil Satın Alma Davranışının Aracılık Rolü. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 20(3), 1355-1374.
22. Dagustani, D., Kartini, D., Oesman, Y. M. ve Kaltum, U. (2018). Destination image of tourist: Effect of travel motivation and memorable tourism experience. Etikonomi, 17(2), 307-318.
23. Demir, S. ve Demirel, E. Ü. (2019). Bir Deneyimi Unutulmaz Kılan Unsurlar Nedir? Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 661-682.
24. Diamantopoulos, A. ve Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. British journal of management, 17(4), 263-282.
25. Dias, C. ve Dias, V. (2019). Memorable tourism experience design an effective destination marketing tool. Anatolia, 30(4), 626-628.
26. Ersoy, M. ve Tuğal, F. N. (2018). Türkiye’yi ziyaret eden Rus turistlerin destinasyon imaj algılamaları ve hatırlanabilir turizm deneyimleri üzerine bir araştırma. Artıbilim: Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 64-78.
27. Esu, B. B. ve Arrey, V. M. E. (2009). Tourists’ satisfaction with cultural tourism festival: A case study of Calabar Carnival Festival, Nigeria. International journal of business and management, 4(3), 116-125.
28. George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step BysStep: A Simple Guide and Reference. Allyn & Bacon, Baston, USA.
29. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
30. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. ve Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
31. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L. ve Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. Europeanbusinessreview,26(2), 106-121.
32. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L. M. ve Ringle, C. M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: Part I–method. European Business Review, 28(1), 63-76.
33. Hallmann, K., Zehrer, A. ve Müller, S. (2015). Perceived destination image: An image model for a winter sports destination and its effect on intention to revisit. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 94-106.
34. Han, H., Back, K. J. ve Barrett, B. (2009). Influencing factors on restaurant customers’ revisit intention: The roles of emotions and switching barriers. International journal of hospitality management, 28(4), 563-572.
35. Harun, A., Obong, A., Kassim, A. W. M. ve Lily, J. (2018). The effects of destination image and perceived risk on revisit intention: A study in the South Eastern Coast of Sabah, Malaysia. E-review of Tourism Research, 15(6), 540-559.
36. Henseler, J., Hubona, G. ve Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20.
37. Hong, S. Y. ve Yang, S. U. (2009). Effects of reputation, relational satisfaction, and customer-company identification on positive word-of-mouth intentions. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(4), 381-403.
38. Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
39. Huang, S. ve Hsu, C. H. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of travel research, 48(1), 29-44.
40. Ilieska, K. (2013). Customer Satisfaction Index-as a Base for Strategic Marketing Management. TEM Journal, 2(4), 327-331.
41. Jang, S. S. ve Feng, R. (2007). Temporal destination revisit intention: The effects of novelty seeking and satisfaction. Tourism management, 28(2), 580-590.
42. Jiewanto, A., Laurens, C. ve Nelloh, L. (2012). Influence of service quality, university image, and student satisfaction toward WOM intention: A case study on Universitas Pelita Harapan Surabaya. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 16-23.
43. Kato, T. (2022). Consumer response tendency and its implications for satisfaction and recommendation intention. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 32(2), 269-284.
44. Kement, Ü. ve Çavuşoğlu, S. (2017). Hafızaya yönelik müşteri deneyimlerinin müşteri sadakatine etkisi: yeşil oteller örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(8), 172-194.
45. Keskin, E., Sezen, N. ve Dağ, T. (2020). Unutulmaz turizm deneyimi, müşteri memnuniyeti, tekrar ziyaret ve tavsiye etme niyeti arasındaki ilişkiler: kapadokya bölgesini ziyaret eden turistlere yönelik araştırma. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 7(2), 239-264.
46. Kim, J. H. (2014). The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences. Tourism management, 44, 34-45.
47. Kim, Y. H., Duncan, J. ve Chung, B. W. (2015). Involvement, satisfaction, perceived value, and revisit intention: A case study of a food festival. Journal of culinary science & technology, 13(2), 133-158.
48. Kim, J. H. (2018). The impact of memorable tourism experiences on loyalty behaviors: The mediating effects of destination image and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 57(7), 856-870.
49. Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B. ve McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25.
50. Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R., B. ve Tung, V. W. S. (2010). The effect of memorable experience on behavioral intentions in tourism: A structural equation modeling approach. Tourism Analysis, 15(6), 637-648.
51. Kim, S. E., Lee, K. Y., Shin, S. I. ve Yang, S. B. (2017). Effects of tourism information quality in social media on destination image formation: The case of Sina Weibo. Information and management, 54(6), 687-702.
52. Li, F., Wen, J. ve Ying, T. (2018). The influence of crisis on tourists’ perceived destination image and revisit intention: An exploratory study of Chinese tourists to North Korea. Journal of destination marketing & management, 9, 104-111.
53. Liu, H., Meng-Lewis, Y., Ibrahim, F. ve Zhu, X. (2021). Superfoods, süper healthy: Myth or reality? Examining consumers’ repurchase and WOM intention regarding superfoods: A theory of consumption values perspective. Journal of Business Research, 137, 69-88.
54. Mahdzar, M., Shuib, A., Ramachandran, S. ve Afandi, S. H. M. (2015). The role of destination attributes and memorable tourism experience in understanding tourist revisit intentions. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Tourism and Environment, Social and Management Sciences), 15, 32-39.
55. Mahrous, A. A. ve Hassan, S. S. (2017). Achieving superior customer experience: An investigation of multichannel choices in the travel and tourism industry of an emerging market. Journal of Travel Research, 56(8), 1049-1064.
56. Malhotra, N.K. (2004). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation (4. Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
57. Mannan, M., Chowdhury, N., Sarker, P. ve Amir, R. (2019). Modeling customer satisfaction and revisit intention in Bangladeshi dining restaurants. Journal of Modelling in Management, 14(4), 922-947.
58. Marinkovic, V., Senic, V., Ivkov, D., Dimitrovski, D. ve Bjelic, M. (2014). The antecedents of satisfaction and revisit intentions for full-service restaurants. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 32(3), 311-327.
59. Mattila, A. (2005). Relationship between seamless use experience, customer satisfaction and recommendation. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 3(1), 96-108.
60. Mehran, J.ve Olya, H. G. (2020). Canal boat tourism: Application of complexity theory. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101954.
61. Melo, H. M. P., Moniz, A. I. A. ve Silva, F. (2016). Tourist destination image and consumer behaviour: The case of the Azores. CEEAplA-A-Working Paper Series, 1-9.
62. Melon, M. P. A., Fandos-Herrera, C. ve Sarasa, R. G. (2021). Analysis of antecedents and consequences of memorable tourist experiences (MTEs): A Spanish case study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20(10), 1, 15.
63. Mohamad, M., Ali, A. M. ve Ab Ghani, N. I. (2011). A structural model of destination image, tourists’ satisfaction and destination loyalty. International journal of business and management studies, 3(2), 167-177.
64. Munawar, M. M., Hurriyati, R., Sultan, M. A. ve Suarsa, S. H. (2020). Satisfaction and revisit intention of tourists in Bandung. In Advances in Business, Management and Entrepreneurship (pp. 284-290). CRC Press.
65. Olsen, S. O. (2007). Repurchase Loyalty: The Role of Involvement and Satisfaction .Psychology and Marketing 24(4), 315-341.
66. Öztürk, Y. ve Şahbaz, R. P. (2017). Algılanan destinasyon imajının tekrar ziyaret niyeti ve tavsiye davranışı üzerine etkisi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda bir araştırma. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(2), 3-21.
67. Pine, B. J. ve Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review. Reprint 98407
68. Podsakoff, P. M. ve Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Peports in organizational research: Problems and prospects, Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.
69. Pratminingsih, S. A., Rudatin, C. L. ve Rimenta, T. (2014). Roles of motivation and destination image in predicting tourist revisit intention: A case of Bandung-Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 5(1), 19-24.
70. Prayogo, R. R. ve Kusumawardhani, A. (2017). Examining relationships of destination image, service quality, e-WOM, and revisit intention to Sabang Island, Indonesia. APMBA (Asia Pacific Management and Business Application), 5(2), 89-102.
71. Puh, B. (2014). Destination image and tourism satisfaction: The case of a Mediterranean destination. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(13), 538-544.
72. Rather, R. A. (2020). Customer experience and engagement in tourism destinations: the experiential marketing perspective. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 37(1), 15-32.
73. Ratih, N.S. ve Naili, F. (2020). The Effect of Destination Image, Memorable Tourism Experience with Second Order Construct towards Revisit Intention: Study in Karimunjawa National Park. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pages 538-543.
74. Razak, I., Nirwanto, N. ve Triatmanto, B. (2016). The impact of product quality and price on customer satisfaction with the mediator of customer value. IISTE: Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 30, 59-68.
75. Salleh, M., Omar, K., Yaakop, A. Y. ve Mahmmod, A. R. (2013). Tourist satisfaction in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5), 221-226.
76. San Martín, H. ve Del Bosque, I. A. R. (2008). Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism management, 29(2), 263-277.
77. Seetanah, B., Teeroovengadum, V. ve Nunkoo, R. (2020). Destination satisfaction and revisit intention of tourists: does the quality of airport services matter?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 44(1), 134-148.
78. Shahrivar, R. B. (2012). Factors that influence tourist satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research (Online), 12(1), 61-79.
79. Shankar, S. R. (2019). The impact of tourists' sociodemographic characteristics on perceived destination image. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 16(2), 26-44.
80. Shafiee, M. M., Tabaeeian, R. A. ve Tavakoli, H. (2016, April). The effect of destination image on tourist satisfaction, intention to revisit and WOM: An empirical research in Foursquare social media. In 2016 10th International Conference on e-Commerce in Developing Countries: with focus on e-Tourism (ECDC) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
81. Shabnam, S., Quaddus, M., Ali, M. ve Shanka, T. (2022). Memorable Tourism Experience: Formative Conceptualization and tests of Socio-demographic Moderators. Tourism Analysis, 27(3), 409-415.
82. Sharma, P. ve Nayak, J. K. (2019). Understanding memorable tourism experiences as the determinants of tourists' behaviour. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(4), 504-518.
83. Souiden, N., Ladhari, R. ve Chiadmi, N. E. (2017). Destination personality and destination image. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 54-70.
84. Stavrianea, A. ve Kamenidou, I.(E). (2022). Memorable tourism experiences, destination image, satisfaction, and loyalty: An empirical study of Santorini Island. EuroMed Journal of Business, 17(1), 1-20.
85. Süer, S. (2021). The relationship between tourist satisfaction and service quality with recommendation intention: Study of a cultural heritage site. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 9(2), 710-724.
86. Tasci, A. D. ve Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of travel research, 45(4), 413-425.
87. Timur, B. (2018). Service Quality, Destination Image and Revisit Intention Relationships at Thermal Tourism Businesses, Journal of Gastronomy Hospitality and Travel, 1(1), 38-48.
88. Tripathi, G. (2017). Customer satisfaction and word of mouth intentions: testing the mediating effect of customer loyalty. Journal of Services Research, 17(2), 1-16.
89. Tung, V. W. S. ve Ritchie, J. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of tourism research, 38(4), 1367-1386.
90. Tiwari, A. V., Bajpai, N., Singh, D. ve Vyas, V. (2021). Antecedents of hedonism affecting memorable tourism experience (MTE) leading to revisit intention in tourists. International Journal of Tourism Cities.
91. Um, S., Chon, K. ve Ro, Y. (2006). Antecedents of revisit intention. Annals of tourism research, 33(4), 1141-1158.
92. Uslu, A. ve İnanır, A. (2020). Destinasyon İmajının Destinasyon Memnuniyetine Etkisi ve Destinasyonun Algılanan Kalitesinin Aracı Rolü: Manavgat Örneği, BMIJ, 8(2), 1753-1776.
93. Ünal, A. ve Bayar, S.B. (2020). Destinasyonlara İlişkin Hatırlanabilir Deneyimlerin Turistlerin Tekrar Seyahat Niyetlerine Etkileri: Side Örneği. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-13.
94. Van Tonder, E., Petzer, D. J., Van Vuuren, N. ve De Beer, L. T. (2018). Perceived value, relationship quality and positive WOM intention in banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 36(7), 1347-1366.
95. Veasna, S., Wu, W. Y. ve Huang, C. H. (2013). The impact of destination source credibility on destination satisfaction: The mediating effects of destination attachment and destination image. Tourism Management, 36, 511-526.
96. Vinzi, V. E., Trinchera, L. ve Amato, S. (2010). PLS path modeling: from foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement. Handbook of partial least squares, 47-82.
97. Wei, C., Zhao, W., Zhang, C. ve Huang, K. (2019). Psychological factors affecting memorable tourism experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(7), 619-632.
98. Wong, J. W. C., Lai, I. K. W. ve Tao, Z. (2019). Memorable ethnic minority tourism experiences in China: a case study of Guangxi Zhuang Zu. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 17(4), 508-525.
99. Yang, Z. ve Peterson, R. T. (2004). Customer perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: The role of switching costs. Psychology and marketing, 21(10), 799-822.
100. Yıldız, S. B. ve Kılıç, S. N. (2016). Kültür Turizmine Katılan Yerli Turistlerin Kapadokya Algısının Tekrar Ziyaret Etme ve Tavsiye Etme Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (53), 166-185.
101. Yoon, S. J. (2012). A social network approach to the influences of shopping experiences on e-wom. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 13(3), 213-223.
102. Yu, C. P., Chang, W. C. ve Ramanpong, J. (2019). Assessing visitors’ memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) in forest recreation destination: A case study in Xitou natüre education area. Forests, 10(8), 636.
103. Zhang, H., Wu, Y. ve Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of destination marketing and management, 8, 326-336.